Short Distance Runners Research Articles

Жоғары оқу орындары студенттерінің қысқа қашықтыққа жүгірудегі техникалық дайындығын жетілдіру

Pedagogical observations of students during physical fitness and a questionnaire survey of university teachers revealed an insufficient volume and a small variety of exercises for improving running technique. The specificity of physical and technical training of short-distance runners lies in the need to use speed and power exercises, providing strengthening of individual muscle groups involved in the execution of running steps under the condition of their precise dosage. Taking into account the above features, the methodological orientation of the pedagogical process in teaching movement technique in short distance running should be achieved by a special selection of means and methods of teaching. Therefore, the aim of the work is to develop a technique to improve individual technique of running for short distances based on rational use of a system of special exercises providing an increase in speed and power qualities, on revealing and analyzing parameters of running steps, as well as to check the effectiveness of this technique in the educational and training process of students.

The development of speed and speed-strength qualities in shortdistance runners in complicated training conditions

Background The problem of developing the speed of movement and speed-strength qualities of sprinters can be solved by applying special exercises in artificially difficult training conditions.
 The purpose of the study is to explore the possibilities of using special training tools, in particular running in artificially difficult conditions at the stage of special physical training of sprinters of mass categories.
 Materials and methods: The study involved young men aged 17-19 years old in the number of 28 people who were engaged in sprint running in the athletics section at the sports school of the Olympic reserve of the city of Kirov (Russia). The pedagogical experiment began on November 5, 2022 and ended on May 24, 2023. By the method of random sampling, all athletes were differentiated into a control group that practiced according to the standard methodology for training sprinters in natural conditions of difficulty and an experimental group in which sprinters practiced in artificially created conditions of difficulty. When processing the results of the study, the Student’s T-test was used.
 Results After the end of the pedagogical experiment, the indicators in both groups improved. The sprinters from the control group had higher scores from 1% to 3% in all tests (p>0.05). In the athletes from the experimental group, from the beginning to the end of the study, the indicators improved from 4.5% to 5.9% on all tests (p<0.05). This proves the effectiveness of using a set of exercises and load components in working with athletes in artificially created difficult exercise conditions.
 Conclusion: If you use a special set of exercises in artificially created difficult conditions when working with sprinters aged 17-19, then the indicators of speed and strength abilities and speed of movement will significantly improve in comparison with athletes who train in natural conditions of difficulty.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 368-376

Investigation of the Effects of Caffeine Intake on Reaction Time, Acceleration, Speed and Balance in Short Distance Runners

The aims of this study is to examine the effects of caffeine intake in sprinters on reaction time, speed, acceleration and balance. A total of 31 sprinters (18 female, 13 male) from the athletics team of university faculty of sports sciences participated in the study. Sprinters were divided into two groups, caffeine and placebo, and their balance, reaction time, 30-meter running time and 15-meter acceleration performances were measured. The Wilcoxon t-Test and the Mann-Whitney U test were applied to the data obtained on the SPSS 23.0 package program. As a result of the study, the number of errors in the balance test decreased significantly in both the experimental group and the control group while a significant decrease was observed in block takeoff reaction time only in the experimental group. In conclusion, it was determined that while caffeine intake did not have a significant effect on acceleration and running times, block take off reaction time created a significant difference in the experimental group and could provide an advantage to the sprinters. Therefore, it can be said that caffeinated gum may be a good ergogenic aid to improve reaction performance in sprinters.

Impact of sprint training on bone health: a literature review of current evidence

Specific impact of sprint training (ST) on bone health has yet to be fully explored, in particular how it affects bone mineral density (BMD) and bone structure.Aim. To investigate the ST and bone health relationship between athletes of different training intensities and nonathletes of different ages.Materials and methods. A search of databases PubMed, Embase, and Pedro was conducted from January 2009 to August 2023. The full texts of all potentially relevant studies were obtained and evaluated by three independent reviewers for inclusion.Results. The comprehensive review of eight studies indicates a positive influence of ST on bone health. Sprinters show higher cortical and trabecular BMD in the tibia than controls, with a noted age-related decline in BMD. Short distance runners demonstrate significantly better BMD, counter-movement jump performance, and grip strength compared to long-distance runners. These benefits are consistent across various age groups, including older athletes, with minimal age-related changes in mid-tibial BMD. ST is also associated with a 21% increase in tibial stress-strain index, indicating sustained bone strength, and a reduction in fracture risk in the elderly through downregulation of fracture-related microRNAs.Conclusion. ST significantly enhances bone health, particularly in improving BMD and bone microarchitecture. Incorporating ST into exercise routines may benefit athletes and older individuals. Further research is essential to understand the mechanisms and develop optimal training protocols for bone health.

ANALISIS ANTROPOMETRI INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PADA PELARI JARAK PENDEK ACEH BESAR

Short distance runners are not only required to have a good physical component of running speed, but body mass index must be taken into account and affect running speed. Selection of short-distance runners athletes body dimensions must be in the mesomorph body type. The purpose of this study was to determine the anthropomentry of body mass index in Aceh Besar short distance runners. This study uses a quantitative approach method with descriptive type. The population and sample of this study were short-distance running athletes totaling 10 people with total sampling technique. Data collection of this study through body mass index measurement tests (IMT) and 100 meter running speed. The results showed that: 1) the average body mass index (IMT) of Aceh Besar running athletes is 20.1, has a BB Less with a frequency of 4 athletes (40%) and normal BB with a frequency of 6 athletes (60%), and (2) the average 100 meter running speed is 14.46 seconds, the fastest time is 12.2 seconds. The conclusion of the study is that the average body mass index of Aceh Besar running athletes is 20.1 in the normal category (60%) and produces an average 100 meter running speed of 14.46 seconds

Evaluation of pulmonary function tests in long and short distance runners

Physical exercise has been reported to improve many health indices and well-being of individual of any age. Among various physical exercises, running is hugely popular and convenient leisure time activity. Running reduces the risk of respiratory illness. Runners have increased pulmonary/respiratory capacity compared to non-exercising individuals. All parameters of PFT like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in three second (FEV3), peak of expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and FEV1/FVC ratio were significantly high in long distance runners and controls.The study included a total of 50 each of long and short distance runners. Additionally, 50 age matched individuals with leisure-time physical activity or activities done for less than 20 minutes or less than 3 times/week were included in the study. The PFT was performed by using Medspiror (Computerized spirometry).All PFT indices like forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in three second (FEV3), peak of expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and FEV1/FVC ratio were significantly high in long and short distance runners as compared to controls.running being an aerobic exercise has beneficial effect on respiratory system. Both regular long distance and short distance running enhance the pulmonary capabilities of an individual. The study emphasizes on modification of life style from sedentary to regular physical exercise for improving pulmonary functions.

Prevalence of Achilles Tendinopathy among Physical Therapists of Pakistan

It is a degenerative disease that affects the tendon of Achilles, which attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone. The rate of prevalence in the general population is about 6 percent, in athletes about 24 percent, 36 percent in short-distance runners, and in middle and long-distance runners about 52 percent. Objective: To determine the frequency of Achilles tendinopathy in Physical therapists of Pakistan. Methods: The cross-sectional study was done through an online survey among the Physical Therapists of Pakistan. The estimated sample size calculated from the Raosoft.com software was 449 participants. The sampling technique used in this study was convenient. The data was collected through a validated questionnaire named a Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment- Achilles( VISA-A) measurement tool, ranging from 0 to 100 in which higher scores showed least symptoms while lower scores showed severe symptoms. Statistical analysis was done through SPSS version 23.0. Results: Out of 449 research participants between the ages of 22 to 50 years were evaluated through a validated questionnaire and the result shows 298 (66.36%) of participants participated in sports activities and the level of pain was evaluated as 95(21.15%) of participants fell in healthy, 238(53%) in mild, 97(21.60%) in moderate however 19(4.23%) participants fall in severe category of pain. Conclusions: Our study concluded that the occurance of Achilles tendinopathy is uncommon among the physical therapists population of Pakistan.

Sport Nutrition Practice and Performance of Short Distance Runners: The Case of Oromia Athletics Clubs

The study was aimed to assess the impact of sport nutrition practice on performance of sprinters of Oromia selected athletics club. The athlete's diet affects his or her performance directly. Competitive athletes must eat a balanced diet containing all four food groups, and eating a variety of foods within each group is essential. However, no studies conducted on the impact of nutrition on Oromia short distance runners. A cross-sectional research design was employed. Out of eight (N=8) athletics clubs Oromia athletics club, five (n=5) of them were selected as target population namely; Adama, Nekemte, Asella, Dukam and Laga-Tafo Laga Dadhi athletics clubs. The clubs were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The total population of athletes in selected clubs was (N=175) and sampled athletes were 120 Adama (23), Nekemte, (24) Asella, Dukam (26) and Laga-Tafo-Laga Dadhi (24) athletics) were selected using a stratified sampling technique. While coaches (N=5) were selected using census sampling techniques. Data collection instrument such as questionnaire, document analysis, interviews and observation were used. Analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software. Frequency percentage and Simple regression was used quantitative data. Qualitative analysis was used to supplement the quantitative analysis. The result of this study shows that inadequate sprinters nutritional practice affects sprinters performance at p< 0.05. The finding of this study reveals that the majority of sprinters confirmed that sprinters did not get balanced sprinters diet due to this the sprinters performance was poor. As a recommendation, Oromia athletics club should plan for sport nutrition education and allocate enough budgets. Sprinters better extra meal apart from their clubs.

COMPLEX CONTROL OF THE PHYSICAL FITNESS OF QUALIFITED ATHLETES IN THE ANNYAL MACROCYCLE

The relevance of the research topic. Comprehensive control of the physical fitness of athletes involves an accurate quantitative assessment of all its components and indicators. Solving the problem of improving the training process of qualified sprinters on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of physical fitness, various approaches to its study, and the diversity of its aspects is an actual direction that requires its further study. The purpose of the study is to develop and experimentally test the method of comprehensive control of the physical fitness of qualified sprinters in the annual cycle of training. Research methods: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific literature data, pedagogical research methods (pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment), mathematical methods of processing the obtained results. Research results. The use of staged, operational and ongoing control of the physical training process made it possible to effectively make adjustments to the volume and intensity of training work in order to improve the necessary indicators of physical fitness and bring them closer to the model values for each period of training. At the end of the one-year training cycle, the athletes of the experimental group in the running test exercises increased their performance from 2.52 to 10.4%; in jumping exercises, the increase in results was from 2.82 to 4.05%; in exercises for demonstrating strength abilities, the increase in results was from 5 to 5.14% (p<0.05), and in the test for demonstrating flexibility - 5.71%. Conclusions. The analysis of the data obtained during the experiment shows that the proposed method of monitoring the physical fitness of track and field athletessprinters is quite acceptable for practice, is effective and can be recommended for use in the training process of short-distance runners.

Comparson of Kinanthropometry Profile of Different Track and Field Athletes

Introduction: It is well recognized that the Anthropometry of physical traits is crucial for an athlete’s growth to achieve high performance in a particular sport. Knowledge of Kin anthropometry gives us the skills to measure different body parts, including weight, height; diameters, circumferences, and skin folds, and athletes are selected based on these measurements. Studies on the human body's physical qualities show that successful athletes have different morphological characteristics from the general population in terms of somatic traits. Methods: A total of 100 Track and Field athletes were included in this study. Among them 65 were male and 35 were female athletes with a mean age of 22.35 (± 3.23) yrs. 33 Short-distance runners, 33 Middle Distance runners, and 34 long-distance runners were included in the study. Participants’ length measurements like (i) Leg length (ii) Upper leg length (iii) Lower leg length Body Girths (i) Calf girth (ii) Thigh Girths ( iii) Hip Girths, Skeletal Diameters (i) Knee Diameters (ii) Ankle Diameter, Skin fold (i) Calf skin fold (ii) Thigh skin fold (iii) Abdomen were measured. Results: Mean and stranded deviation of height, weight, length measurement, body girths, skeletal diameters, and skin folds were measured and tabulated. The body composition of short, middle, and long-distance runners was Mesomorph – Endomorphic, Mesomorph – Mesomorphic, and Ectomorph – Mesomorphic respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that anthropometrical characteristics were one of the most influential factors in determining good athletic Physical performances. Each sport possesses a different body type and anthropometric data plays a vital role in the selection of athletes.

Application of athletics equipment in sprinting training of rugby players

Aim – to justify the use of athletics exercises in the sprint training of rugby players. Methods: theoretical methods of pedagogical research. Results and discussion. The modern game of rugby requires a player, regardless of his role and position on the field in the game, to be prepared to execute short, repetitive bursts of running at high intensity. It has been established that the structure of the sprint of rugby players is similar to the actions of a sprinter who has to perform a run from the start or an instant powerful acceleration in motion. The results of the analysis of the scientific and methodological literature and pedagogical modeling showed that in order to improve the rugby player's sprinting performance, the physical training coach should include in the training program plyometric exercises, fast squats with a barbell, towing a sled and exercises aimed at improving the technique of sprinting. It is these practical and scientifically proven means in the field of athletics that determine the impact on the structure of sprinting abilities of rugby players, identical to the sprinting characteristics of a player on the field. Conclusions. It has been established that rugby players need the ability to perform powerful quick movements in accordance with the structure inherent in short-distance runners. Therefore, there is an opportunity to build a sprint training program using exercises and training methodology for short-distance runners. Sprinting exercises should be selected taking into account the powerful short sprints that are inherent in the actions of a rugby player during the game. At the same time, the need for readiness for their serial implementation should be taken into account. Therefore, it is promising to develop a methodology for applying elements of sprinter training in the construction of sprint training for rugby players.

SPECIAL PHYSICAL FITNESS ENHANCING TOOLS OF SPRINTERS

The article describes the impact of the morphofunctional condition on the sports results of short-distance runners in order to show good results and maintain their sports form for a long time. In order to show a high sports result, a statement was even made about the importance of proper breathing of the athletes in the starting position and when covering the distance.

IMPACT OF THE VIRTUAL TRAINING PROGRAM ON IMPROVING THE RUNNING TIME OF RUNNER ATHLETES

This research aims to identify the impact of the virtual training program on improving the running time of the runner athletes in short-, middle-, and long-distance races and the differences in the improvement levels of the running time of the runner athletes concerning gender variables. During the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, students could not participate in the training programs. To overcome this dilemma, we have implemented virtual training programs this time. However, the main question remains whether or not this type of learning yields significant results. We hypothesize that the virtual training program improves the achievement of the players' times in the short-, middle-, and long-distance races. We also studied this effect according to the gender of the players, and for that, we designed a controlled experimental study. For that, we chose a sample of 41 male and female players as a research sample; furthermore, the study adopts a training program for runners in the short, middle, and long races. The main results showed that virtual training improved the players' running time by an average of 3.93%. The rate of improvement among short-distance runners was 6.8%, middle-distance runners 4.43%, and long-distance runners 0.55%. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the improvement rates between males and females due to the gender variable, males showed an improvement of 2.39% compared to 1.91% for females. The virtual training program helped improve the operating time of the players without differences due to gender, and it will bring success to distance learning programs in the case of any future pandemics. Keywords : Virtual Training Program, Running Time, Athletes, Short-, Middle-, and Long-Distance Races DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.2.46

COMPLEX CONTROL OF THE PHYSICAL FITNESS OF QUALIFITED ATHLETES IN THE ANNYAL MACROCYCLE

The relevance of the research topic. Comprehensive control of the physical fitness of athletes involves an accurate quantitative assessment of all its components and indicators. Solving the problem of improving the training process of qualified sprinters on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of physical fitness, various approaches to its study, and the diversity of its aspects is an actual direction that requires its further study. The purpose of the study is to develop and experimentally test the method of comprehensive control of the physical fitness of qualified sprinters in the annual cycle of training. Research methods: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific literature data, pedagogical research methods (pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment), mathematical methods of processing the obtained results. Research results. The use of staged, operational and ongoing control of the physical training process made it possible to effectively make adjustments to the volume and intensity of training work in order to improve the necessary indicators of physical fitness and bring them closer to the model values for each period of training. At the end of the one-year training cycle, the athletes of the experimental group in the running test exercises increased their performance from 2.52 to 10.4%; in jumping exercises, the increase in results was from 2.82 to 4.05%; in exercises for demonstrating strength abilities, the increase in results was from 5 to 5.14% (p<0.05), and in the test for demonstrating flexibility - 5.71%. Conclusions. The analysis of the data obtained during the experiment shows that the proposed method of monitoring the physical fitness of track and field athletessprinters is quite acceptable for practice, is effective and can be recommended for use in the training process of short-distance runners.

The features of special physical training of short-distance runners

To achieve harmonious physical development and avoid premature stabilization of the development of leading motor abilities of sprinters, it is necessary to use a wide range of means and methods of sports training. A special place in the training system of sprinters should be occupied, together with speed exercises, by strength and speed-strength exercises of a general and special nature, as well as speed exercises in difficult and easy conditions. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of literary sources, to study the features of special physical training of short-distance runners. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature. Research results. Means and methods of special physical training of short-distance runners are provided. It is noted that the development of speed in short-distance runners largely depends on the perfection of sports technique, muscle strength and elasticity, joint mobility, and the development of speed endurance in the athlete. Conclusions. The physical training plays an important role in improving motor skills in sports. In the order to achieve high sports results, the level of physical fitness of an athlete in accordance with the features of specialization is of primary importance. The special physical training of sprinters should include comprehensive education of strength, speed-strength abilities and speed endurance.

The effect of two different methods According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in lactate level in blood and performance in A 400-meter sprint for juniors

The study aimed to: - Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in lactate level in blood and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post tests after using the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training . - Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in lactate level in blood and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post tests after using the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training . - Recognize the significance of the statistical differences in lactate level in blood and performance in a 400-meter sprint between the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in the post-test . The researchers used the experimental approach for its convenience to the study nature, and the research experiment was carried out on a sample of short distance runners (junior category) at the Specialized School of Athletics in Nineveh Governorate for the sports season (2019-2020) and they were (12) runners, and this sample was divided into two experimental groups through using the randomization method with (6) runners for each group, The first depends on interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and the second depends on interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) by relying on a programmed system for the sprint in interval training . The researchers reached the following conclusions: - Interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and Interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) made positive progress in lactate level in blood and performance in the 400-meter sprint . - Despite the positive effect of interval training in the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) there was a relative superiority of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) in the special endurance consisting of (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in Sprint 400 meters . The researchers recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are : - The use of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and not being satisfied with the use of interval training in the method (distance escalating and speed stabilization) when training a 400-meter sprint because of its importance in developing the performance in the 400-meter sprint, as well as its creation For functional adaptation in relation to blood lactate level after improvement in performance. - measuring the level of lactate in the blood in the training of runners from time to time, as a functional indicator that helps in detecting the level of training status and identifying the adaptation and recovery of runners, in order to evaluate the training process. - The possibility of relying on the Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in designing interval training methods and curricula for all short-distance runners, including 400-meter sprinting for all levels and age groups .

Gender and Age Differences in Performance of Over 70,000 Chinese Finishers in the Half- and Full-Marathon Events.

(1) Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the characteristics of over 70,000 long-distance finishers over the last four years in Chinese half- and full-marathon events; (2) Methods: The available data of all finishers (n = 73,485; women, n = 17,134; men, n = 56,351) who performed half- and full-marathon events in Hangzhou from 2016 to 2019 were further analyzed for the characteristics of gender, age and average running speed; (3) Results: The total men-to-women ratio was the lowest in the half-marathon event (1.86) and the highest in the full-marathon event (17.42). Faster running performance in males than in females and faster average running speed in short-distance runners were shown. Gender and race distance were observed to have the most significant effects on average running speed (p < 0.01). For both male and female finishers, the slowest running speed was shown in older age groups (p < 0.01) during the full marathon. Our results indicated that the gender difference in performance was attenuated in the longer race distances and older age groups; (4) Conclusions: Understanding the participation and performances across different running distances would provide insights into physiological and biomechanical characteristics for training protocols and sports gear development in different groups.

The Effect of Two Different Methods According to a Computerized Running Training Programs for Interval Training in Special Endurance and Performance in A 400-Meter Sprint for Juniors

The study aimed to: - Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post-tests after using the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization), According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training . - Detecting the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint between the pre and post-tests after using the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training. - Recognize the significance of the statistical differences in the special endurance (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in a 400-meter sprint between the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) According to a Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in the post-test . The researchers used the experimental approach for its convenience to the study nature, and the research experiment was carried out on a sample of short distance runners (junior category) at the Specialized School of Athletics in Nineveh Governorate for the sports season (2019-2020) and they were (12) runners, and this sample was divided into two experimental groups of During the randomization method with (6) runners for each group, The first depends on interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and the second depends on interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) by relying on a programmed system for the sprint in interval training , based on score tables , as well as speed tables that are based on score tables that include determining the times that the runner must travel the sprint distance in and which are set on the basis of percentages or The measured stresses with the number of repetitions and the duration of the intermittent rest . The researchers reached the following conclusions: - Interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and Interval training in the method of (distance escalation and speed stabilization) made positive progress in special endurance consisting of (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint . - Despite the positive effect of interval training in the two methods (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and (distance escalation and speed stabilization) there was a relative superiority of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) in the special endurance consisting of (speed endurance and strength endurance) and performance in Sprint 400 meters . The researchers recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are : - Using of interval training in the method of (speed escalation and distance stabilization) and not being satisfied with the use of interval training in the method (distance escalating and speed stabilization) when training a 400-meter sprint because of its importance in developing the special endurance consisting of (speed and strength endurance) and performance in the 400-meter sprint . - Possibility of relying on the Computerized Running Training programs for interval training in designing interval training methods and curricula for all short-distance runners, including 400-meter sprinting for all levels and age groups .

Lietuvos 400 m bėgikų fizinio išsivystymo, fizinio parengtumo ir fizinių krūvių rodiklių ryšiai su sportiniais rezultatais

This work discusses one of the athletics events – 400 meter distance running and the physical fitness of this distance runners. In the world, a short-distance running is a widely studied sport event, while in Lithuania there are not many scientific works on the topic of physical fitness of short-distance runners. The 400 meter running Lithuanian record was achieved as far back as 1979 by Remigijus Valiulis, and currently the results of our country’s runners are far from the Lithuanian record. This shows that the results in Lithuania are under stagnation and the level of 400 meter distance runners in the country is not rising. To improve the physical fitness of athletes, it is important to analyze and study the peculiarities of the physical fitness of runners. In this paper the literature is analyzed to examine the physical development of runners, the training load, and a physical fitness. The study is discussed, during which the ten best Lithuanian 400 meter distance runners were examined. Indicators of physical development of runners were determined and compared to the indicators of world elites in athletics. The quantitative indicators of physical activity performed by runners during the competition period and physical fitness were also determined. The aim of the research: to determine the physical load performed by Lithuanian 400 meter distance runners during the competition period, physical fitness indicators and to determine the relations between those indicators with sports results. Research tasks: 1. To determine the physical development and fitness levels of the best Lithuanian 400 meter distance runners. 2. To analyze the physical load of the best Lithuanian 400 meter distance runners during the competition period. 3. To determine the correlation among physical development, physical fitness, physical activity indicators during the competition period and the best achieved results.[...]

Penerapan Latihan Shuttle Run pada Atlet Lari Jarak Pendek di Club Linggau Runners

This study aimed to determine the application of shuttle run training to short-distance runners at the Linggau Runners club. This research method is quantitative. The data collection technique used a test, namely the initial test and the final test to determine the improvement of short-distance running ability. The analysis technique uses the z test. The collected data were analyzed using the z-test at a significant level of = 0.05. The results showed that the average increase in short-distance running athletes was 6.50 and based on the test criteria zcount 10.16 &gt; ztable 1.64 was declared increased. In conclusion, the ability of athletes to run short distances after the shuttle run exercise was applied significantly increased.&#x0D; Keywords: Shuttle Run, Short Distance Run