Shoreline Alteration Research Articles

GIS-BASED ESTIMATION OF SHORELINE CHANGE AT THE OLIE PIER HARBOR HERITAGE SITE, MANGGAR, EAST BELITUNG, INDONESIA

The coastal area is a dynamic region influenced by continuous interactions between land and the sea. Changes in coastal compositions are closely related to shoreline instability. This study analyzes coastline changes at the Olie Pier Heritage Site, Manggar, East Belitung, Indonesia, using statistical-based techniques EPR (End Point Rate) and NSM (Net Shoreline Movement) 2015 to 2023. The DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) was employed to calculate the shoreline alterations in every transect with a distance of about 100 m. The study area is generally predominated by a moderate abrasion. The EPR and NSM values indicate a potential for future shoreline changes, considering the present status and future estimations of oceanographic parameters (currents, wind, waves, tides). The highest erosion is identified in the Lalang Village with a shoreline retreat (NSM) of -65.38 m and a retreat rate (EPR) of 8.78 m/year. On the other hand, the highest accretion is observed in the Baru Village with a NSM of -56.68 m and EPR of 7.61 m/year. The implications of these shoreline changes on the heritage site and the coastal environment contribute to the management of coastal areas amidst global environmental challenges. This study provides valuable insights into conservation and sustainable development efforts in the coastal region of East Belitung.

Shoreline position trends in the Niger Delta: analyzing spatial and temporal changes through Sentinel-1 SAR imagery

Various natural and human-induced processes operating across different temporal scales contribute to the spatial and temporal evolution of shoreline alterations. Deltaic coasts, particularly dynamic geomorphic systems, experience continuous changes at various spatial and temporal dimensions. This investigation underscores the effectiveness of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in assessing long-term shifts in shoreline positions, focusing on the Niger Delta region. Out of 255 images from 2015 to 2020, 36 were selected based on high tide conditions for each year. This study has pioneered a straightforward and systematic approach rooted in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This approach offers an accessible pathway for evaluating coastal changes in regions with limited data availability. To better comprehend the heterogeneity of change processes along the shoreline and to pinpoint their causes and mechanisms, we divided the shoreline into distinct sediment cells. This division adheres to a convenient and well-established methodology. This study identifies prevailing erosion trends outweighing accretion, with specific areas showing distinct erosion (cells II, IV, VI, VII, and VIII) and accretion (cells I, III, and V) patterns. Furthermore, coastal areas near river mouths exhibit a higher susceptibility to change. This approach offers a pathway for evaluating coastal changes in data-limited regions and can establish an effective monitoring system benefiting coastal modellers, scientists, and government agencies. It lays the groundwork for comprehensive coastal zone frameworks, facilitating improved planning and management strategies.

THE IMPACT SHORELINE MODIFICATIONS ON LEKANG TURTLE (Lepidochelys olivacea) CONSERVATION ALONG COASTAL OF KULONPROGRO, INDONESIA

Changes in oceanographic circumstances that continue to occur will generate challenges for coastal ecology, one of which is a change in the sea-land boundary. It is possible to have an impact on the olive ridley turtles that rise to lay their eggs by changing the region of this coastal area, particularly at Trisik Beach, Kulonprogo, and Yogyakarta Special Region. The goal of this study was to use a Geographic Information System to estimate the effect of changes in the coastline on the distribution of olive ridley turtles on Trisik Beach, Kulon Progo, and Yogyakarta Special Region in 2020-2022. Digitizing the shoreline reveals changes in the coastline, which is then analyzed using Landsat 8 satellite data retrieved with ArcGIS software. The Landsat 8 photos span the years 2020-2022. Using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) toolbox, each image will go through area cropping or image cutting, geometric and radiometric correction, demarcation or development of a land-sea boundary line, on-screen digitalization, and automatic calculation of coastal changes. Trisik Beach's coastline alterations from 2020 to 2022 tended to create abrasion due to the shrinking beach area. The greatest average distance to a coastline alteration was -29.61 m, the smallest was -15.03 m, and the average speed of the greatest abrasion is -8.26 m/year, the smallest is -4.19 m/year, resulting in a 111,967.03 m2 reduction in coastal area. The association between shoreline alterations and the distribution of olive ridley turtle nesting on Trisik Beach is quite significant, with the beach area affecting 91.3% of turtle nests and 88.5% of turtle eggs.

Evaluation of Shoreline Alteration Along theJagatsinghpur District Coast, India (1990–2020) using DSAS

This scientific investigation provides valuable insights into the dynamics of shoreline alteration in the Jagatsinghpur district coast, facilitating informed decision-making for implementing coastal protection strategies. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of shoreline alteration along the 55.045 km stretch of the Jagatsinghpur district coast in India from 1990 to 2020. Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI satellite image data were used for the analysis. The quantification of erosion and deposition shoreline change rates are computed through a semi-automated approach employing four statistical methods SCE, NSM, EPR, and LLR in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The coastline was divided into four zones at the tehsil level, resulting in the generation of 5149 transects, categorized as Paradip tehsil-I, Abhyachandpur tehsil-II, Ersama tehsil-III, and Balikud tehsil-IV. The analysis revealed significant erosion in specific areas, including Paradip town in Zone I, Nuagan in Zone II, Zone III, and Kusupur in Zone IV. The decision matrix showed an urgent need for erosion rectification in specific regions. The results indicate the necessity of implementing coastal protection measures in Zone III, B, and D subregions in Zone I and D and F subregions in Zone II. Meanwhile, in Zone IV, subregions A and B necessitate attention.

Dynamic shoreline alterations and their impacts on Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) nesting sites in Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (India)

Currently, sea turtle habitats are being altered by climate change and human activities, with habitat loss posing an urgent threat to Indian sea turtles. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the dynamic shoreline alterations and their impacts on Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (ORT) nesting sites in Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary from 1990 to 2022. Landsat satellite images served as input datasets to assess dynamic shoreline changes. This study assessed shoreline alterations and their rates across 929 transects divided into four zones using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software. The results revealed a significant 14-km northward shift in the nesting site due to substantial coastal erosion, threatening the turtles' Arribada. This study underscores the need for conservation efforts to preserve nesting environments amidst changing coastal landscapes, offering novel insights into the interaction between coastal processes and marine turtle nesting behaviors.

Geo-ecological, shoreline dynamic, and flooding impacts of Cyclonic Storm Mocha: A geospatial analysis

This research comprehensively assesses the aftermath of Cyclonic Storm Mocha, focusing on the coastal zones of Rakhine State and the Chittagong Division, spanning Myanmar and Bangladesh. The investigation emphasizes the impacts on coastal ecology, shoreline dynamics, flooding patterns, and meteorological variations. Employed were multiple vegetation indices—Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Vegetation Condition Index (mVCI), Disaster Vegetation Damage Index (DVDI), and Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC)—to evaluate ecological consequences. The Digital Shoreline Assessment System (DSAS) aided in determining shoreline alterations pre- and post-cyclone. Soil exposure and flood extents were scrutinized using the Bare Soil Index (BSI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), respectively. Additionally, the study encompassed an analysis of microclimatic variables, comparing meteorological data across pre- and post-cyclone periods. Findings indicate significant ecological impacts: an estimated 8985.46 km2 of dense vegetation (NDVI >0.6) was adversely affected. Post-cyclone, there was a discernible reduction in EVI values. The mean mVCI shifted negatively from −0.18 to −0.33, and the mean FVC decreased from 0.39 to 0.33. The DVDI underscored considerable vegetation damage in various areas, underscoring the cyclone's extensive impact. Meteorological analysis revealed a 245 % increase in rainfall (20.22 mm on May 14, 2023 compared to the May average of 5.86 mm), and significant increases in relative humidity (14 %) and wind speed (205 %). Erosion was observed along 74.60 % of the studied shoreline. These insights are pivotal for developing comprehensive strategies aimed at the rehabilitation and conservation of critical coastal ecosystems. They provide vital data for emergency response initiatives and offer resources for entities engaged in enhancing coastal resilience and protecting local community livelihoods.

Long term investigation on shoreline changes of an Island, inside a Gulf (Hormuz Island)

Shorelines, as the boundary between the body of water and the land, are influenced by different natural and anthropogenic factors. As a consequence, they are highly dynamic and are of great concern for coastal zone management. However, their behavior varies depending on their location, whether they are situated in the open ocean or within a semi-enclosed body of water. Besides, anthropogenic activities in developed beaches and/or coastal cities are the main reason for high rates of change. Thus, normally pristine and undeveloped areas are likely to experience lower rate of shoreline transformation. Hormuz Island as a typical undeveloped pristine island, with minimum anthropogenic activities in its coastlines, located inside a semi-enclosed body of water of the Persian Gulf, is the case study for this research. The alteration of the shoreline is extensively studied for 30 years. The shoreline change is analyzed using net shoreline movement, and linear regression rate indexes of the digital shoreline analysis system tool. Our findings indicated that alterations in the shoreline of Hormuz Island primarily align with natural processes, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on these changes is constrained. The average shoreline change is approximately 0.1 m/year and seldom surpasses 2.0 m/year. These outcomes align with findings observed in other undisturbed regions situated within semi-enclosed bodies of water, such as gulfs or bays. Utilizing identified shoreline alterations, our study area was categorized into three classes: dominant accretion, dominant erosion, and negligible transformation. The shore with negligible changes encompasses more than half of the island. Acknowledging the restricted variability in alterations observed in the beaches within the semi-enclosed area, there is a recognized need to develop an international classification for these types of beaches, in order to be comparable with each other all around the world.

Assessing the compatibility of EPR rates with one-dimensional numerical modelling in monitoring shoreline kinematics along with supplying near/long-term forecasts

The utilization of remote sensing technologies in conjunction with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is a commonly employed approach for monitoring shoreline alterations. However, the reliability of DSAS as a predictive tool for assessing short-term and long-term shoreline changes remains questionable. Considering this uncertainty, there arose an urgent need to investigate whether DSAS can be utilized in conjunction with a one-dimensional numerical model, such as LITPACK, to evaluate its credibility over extended periods of 30 and 80 years. For this investigation, a specific area of the shoreline near the Kitchener drain in the Delta region of Northern Egypt was selected. Medium-resolution satellite images, rectified between 1987 and 2022, were employed to undertake various kinematic data processing tasks, including area classification, shoreline digitization, uncertainty estimation, and quantification of temporal changes using the EPR, LRR, and NSM tools. The obtained results were compared between DSAS and LITPACK for the shoreline coordinates of the study area, projecting the analysis until the years 2050 and 2100. The comparison revealed the presence of minor discrepancies in the DSAS outputs for shoreline prediction within the year 2050. However, these discrepancies significantly worsened as the year 2100 approached, casting doubt on the reliability of DSAS as a long-term forecasting tool. Simultaneously, this research provided implicit evidence supporting the use of DSAS in the formulation of a decision matrix for coastal zone planning with a duration of up to 30 years, as it demonstrated a degree of dependability within this timeframe.

Shoreline change model after artificial reefs deployment in Tlangoh, Bangkalan, Madura

Fifteen hexagonal artificial reefs were placed on Tlangoh Beach, Bangkalan, Madura Island, in 2022. The reefs have been planned to reduce shoreline erosion that has been occurring in this location since 2020. Pertamina Hulu Energy – West Madura Offshore (PHE – WMO) will deploy more artificial reefs in their CSR (company social responsibility) program. The effect of the artificial reefs on reducing shoreline erosion was usually observed by the change of morphology and shoreline in the study area. The study of shoreline change has gained significant attention due to its substantial impact on coastal environments. Understanding the dynamics of shoreline alteration is crucial for managing and planning coastal development and preserving coastal ecosystems such as artificial reef deployment. Scientists and researchers have developed a generalized shoreline change model called GENESIS to aid in this understanding. This software provides a valuable tool for predicting and analysing coastal erosion and accretion patterns. This paper discusses the shoreline change model in Tlangoh Beach, Bangkalan Madura, after deploying artificial reefs using GENESIS software. The model shows that the length of the artificial reef layout influences the developed shoreline. The longer the reef placement, the more sediment accumulates in the study area

Geophysical Assessment of Coastal Erosion in Nigeria's Coastal Regions: Strategies for Protection and Management

The main purpose of this geophysical assessment was to learn as much as possible about how coastal erosion happens in Nigeria's coastal areas. The end goal was to come up with effective and efficient ways to manage and protect these areas. The research employed a variety of geophysical methodologies, such as GPR, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and bathymetric surveys, to collect essential data. GPR was utilized to examine the properties of soil and sediment beneath the surface. This investigation unveiled regions where soil cohesion was diminished, rendering them vulnerable to erosion. The organization ERT conducted a comprehensive analysis to determine the scope of saltwater intrusion and the dynamics of groundwater, with a specific focus on identifying areas susceptible to erosion. Bathymetric surveys were conducted to evaluate alterations in submerged topography and shoreline morphology over time, thereby elucidating patterns of shoreline regression. The assessments yielded significant insights into the vulnerabilities of coastal erosion, revealing distinct correlations among soil characteristics, saltwater intrusion, and shoreline alterations. The findings above provide a basis for the formulation of specific strategies to preserve and oversee Nigeria's susceptible coastal areas, thereby fostering the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems and ensuring the protection of coastal communities.

Using RS and GIS Techniques to Assess and Monitor Coastal Changes of Coastal Islands in the Marine Environment of a Humid Tropical Region

Vypin, Vallarpadam, and Bolgatty are significant tropical coastal islands situated in the humid tropical Kerala region of India, notable for their environmental sensitivity. This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of shoreline alterations on these islands by integrating Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Utilizing satellite imagery from the LANDSAT series with a spatial resolution of 30 m, the analysis spanned the years from 1973 to 2019. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool, integrated into the ArcGIS software, was employed to monitor and analyze shoreline shifts, encompassing erosion and accretion. Various statistical parameters, including Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), End Point Rate (EPR), and Linear Regression Rate (LRR), were utilized to evaluate these changes. Additionally, the study aimed to discern the root causes of shoreline modifications in the study area, encompassing disturbances and the construction of new structures on these islands. The results conclusively demonstrated the substantial impact endured by these coastal islands, with accretion on both sides leading to the creation of new landmasses. This manuscript effectively illustrates that these islands have experienced marine transgression, notably evidenced by accretion. Anthropogenic activities were identified as the primary drivers behind the observed shoreline changes, underscoring the need for careful management and sustainable practices in these fragile coastal ecosystems.

Comparative Analysis on Shoreline Changes in Kelantan, Malaysia Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)

Kelantan is a Malaysian state renowned for its beautiful jungles and coastal districts. Kelantan, which is susceptible to monsoons and tidal waves, witnessed a tsunami-like inundation that affected its coastline landscape in 2014. This study does a comparative examination of shoreline alterations between 2013 and 2021 using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) technology. The coastline has grown by approximately 4.03 percent, from 62.1 kilometres to 64.6 kilometres, as a result of the implementation of digitalisation procedures. This highlights the increase in coastline areas between 2013 and 2021. Using GIS and satellite data, the study identifies considerable sedimentation in Pantai Geting and Lagun Jubakar, Tumpat, as well as severe erosion in Pantai Kundur and Pantai Cahaya Bulan, Kota Bharu. The analysis of the Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) and Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) reveals an accretion rate of 728.44 m/year and a negative distance of -281.91 m/year, which indicates erosion. The paper concludes by emphasising Kelantan's shoreline expansion over the previous decade, stressing the significance of monitoring coastal changes for effective environmental management and catastrophe preparedness.

Coastal beaver, Chinook, coho, chum salmon and trout response to nearshore changes resulting from diking and large-scale dam removals: synergistic ecosystem engineering and restoration in the coastal zone

In this paper we assess long-term trends and habitat changes to understand the relationships between coastal beaver (Castor canadensis), salmon, shoreline alterations, large-scale dam removals and nearshore ecological restoration. From this work we conclude that the removal of two large scale dams in the Elwha River has benefited beaver use of the coastal zone through water quality changes that allow beaver to re-establish high-quality zones and the expansion of riparian zones that provide extensive new food resources to beaver. However, the lower river hydrodynamic processes continue to be disrupted by a 200-meter earthen dike installed by local government and landowners for flood protection in the Elwha coastal zone in the 1960’s. The dike acts as a driver of lower river geomorphology and has resulted in the formation of a large and persistent lateral bar along the lower river channel. Associated disrupted hydrodynamics are causing a critical coastal zone of the unimpounded lower river side channels to fill in. This channel habitat has decreased by 23%, with an annual average shrinkage rate of 13%, from pre-dam removal size, resulting in a decrease in both quality and quantity of nursery function for juvenile wild fish in a coastal zone that was historically documented to be the highest functioning for endangered juvenile salmon and trout. Inversely, physical changes including improved water quality in the adjacent impounded west side channel and continued expansion of riparian vegetation along the west delta lateral bar benefitted coastal beaver that recolonized the west delta after dam removals. The newly colonized coastal beaver may provide ecological engineering services to offset side channel loss as well as promote continued fish access. However recreational use was found to negatively impact beaver use of the area. We therefore recommend a series of additional ecosystem restoration actions that incorporate beaver as an ecosystem restoration component of the coastal zone. These actions include a public outreach program to encourage passive recreation measures to prevent negative impacts to beaver, and legacy, ecosystem scale restoration projects that reconnect the hydrodynamics of the west delta to complete Elwha ecosystem restoration. Together, these steps, if implemented, will result in a synergistic ecosystem restoration throughout the watershed to the benefit of the coastal ecosystem, including both beaver and salmon, as intended by the large-scale dam removal project.

Evaluating geomorphological changes and coastal flood vulnerability of the Nijhum Dwip Island using remote sensing techniques

This research critically assesses the spatiotemporal changes in morphology of the Nijhum Dwip Island caused by the dynamic wave action of the Bay of Bengal. Using image analysis techniques on Landsat Satellite Data (ETM+, OLI), the nature of shoreline alterations, erosion-accretion, and lob shifting from 2003 to 2021 has been identified. The findings reveal that since 2013, the island's morphology and geographical extent have undergone considerable changes, and it has gradually reached its current stable state in the Bay of Bengal. The fluvial sediments brought by the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system influenced by tide is mainly responsible for the sedimentary accretion in and around the island. Due to the complex wave action, the island has experienced alternating erosion and accretion domination scenarios. Compared with its extent in 2003, up until 2021, it has lost approximately 2.57 km2 area, erosion and accretion mostly occurring in the southern part, geometrically transforming the island from a rectangular to a subrounded shape. The depocenter shifting of the island was predominantly in the south-eastern direction during the whole period but has shifted to reverse direction in 2021. The minimum and maximum lob shifting occurred in 2006 and 2015, respectively, at approximately 600 m and 1800 m. ALOS PALSAR DEM (12.5m) in combination with secondary data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department has been used to develop and simulate flood inundation scenarios under different surge heights. The projections illustrate that in the case of 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m surge heights, approximately 46.45%, 56.51%, and 61.42% of the total land will go underwater, respectively. In all scenarios, cropland and bare ground are the most affected classes.

Effects of anthropogenic shoreline alteration on fish emigration from small lakes

Effects of anthropogenic shoreline alteration on fish emigration from small lakes

Shoreline Changes for 20 Years (2001-2021) and 2041 Predictions and Adaptation of Coastal Communities

Shoreline alteration in Semarang continues to increase, causing abrasion, accretion, and tidal flooding yearly. Coastal damage has resulted in significant ecosystems in coastal areas losing their role in maintaining the stability of the coastline during the last two decades. This study aimed to analyse shoreline alterations from 2001 to 2021 and predict shoreline alterations over the following 20 years, together with alternative coastal community adaptations. The analytical method employed DSAS 5.0 with an End Point Rate statistical approach for shoreline alterations; on the other hand, Linear Regression Rate analysis was utilised for 2041. Concerning coastal community adaptation, specifically through interviews. The study’s findings indicated that Semarang City experienced abrasion of approximately 10,31 m/year and accretion of approximately 20,95 m/year between 2001 and 2021. Abrasion and accretion will be slightly lower in 2041, at around 10,15 m/year and 19,69 m/year, respectively. The Protective and Accommodative Strategy is the proposed adaptation strategy for future changes.

Shoreline change detection using DSAS technique: Case of Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh

Saint Martin, Bangladesh's only coral island, is a popular tourist destination and a blue economy hub. Saint Martin's shoreline constantly changes due to natural and manmade erosion and accretion. Since no previous work has been done, this research uses geospatial and statistical methods to evaluate spatial and temporal shoreline changes on Saint Martin Island from 1974 to 2021 and anticipated changes between 2032 and 2042. The study used the Normalized Difference Water Index and Tasseled Cap Transformation tools to extract shorelines from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat satellite images with resolutions of 60 m in 1974 and 30 m in 1988, 2001, 2013, and 2021. Then, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) calculated shoreline change for each year using End Point Rate (EPR), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), and Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) methods. Global Positioning System (GPS) was also used to measure accuracy and shoreline change intensity. Around 253 transects were placed at 50 – m intervals along the island's coast, with approximately 55% of the transects indicating erosion, the remaining indicating accretion, and just 1% in stable condition. The research reveals that Uttar Para experiences the most dramatic shoreline alterations among the five coastal zones, with minimum erosion rates of −2.21 m/yr due to high tidal waves. Aside from that, Dakhin Para has the highest accretion rates, up to a maximum of 4.81 m/yr, due to the coral colonies' protection. Nazrul Para, Purba Para, Majer Para, Deil Para, and Eastern Galachipa erode and accrete moderately. Paschim Para, Uttar Para, and the eastern edge of the Dakhin Para coastline length are exceptionally high-risk areas, according to the Shoreline Length Intensity Index. In contrast, there is a low-risk index on the western side of the Dakhin Para and Deil Para coastlines. The LRR technique yields the best shoreline change estimates, with average erosion at −2.13 m/yr and accretion at 1.4 m/yr across 12.65 km from 1974 to 2021. The Kalman Filter Model (KFM) predicts Saint Martin's coastline will erode at a minimum rate of −2.33 m/yr by 2032 and -2.73 by 2042. Conversely, the coastline could accrete 2.09 m/yr in 2032 and 2.45 m/yr in 2042. Lower NRMSE values of 0.09 provide a highly accurate KFM for shoreline validation methods. Shoreline validation has an NRMSE of 0.16, indicating better agreement between field-derived and satellite-based shoreline positions. Finally, recognizing eroding and accreting hotspots along the Saint Martin Island coast can assist academicians, policymakers, and stakeholders. The research enables coastal researchers to comprehend regional shoreline dynamics.

The Effects of Different Inlet Configurations on Particles Transport and Residence Time in a Shallow and Narrow Coastal Lagoon: A Numerical Based Investigation

Setiu Lagoon experienced shoreline alterations, leading to the opening of a new inlet and the closing of the old one. To evaluate the effects of these alterations on the tidal flow in this shallow and narrow lagoon, a numerical hydrodynamic model was developed. The model-predicted water level and current velocities were validated against field measurements, which yielded a high simulation skill. The transport of particles and residence time under different inlet configurations were also investigated through the implementation of numerical tracers released from R1, R2, and R3, which represent different pollution sources. The results indicated that the particle transport and residence time in Setiu Lagoon varied spatially and temporally depending on the release locations, proximity to the inlet, and tidal current strength. Comparing the scenarios, the flushing efficiency in Setiu Lagoon was improved with the presence of both inlets, resulting in a shorter residence time of less than 50 days. The findings of this research are vital for understanding the water current flow and residence time in this restricted lagoon, while evaluating the possible adverse effects on its water quality. Although this work is case-study based, the output is applicable to other lagoon systems with similar characteristics.

The Application of Landsat 8 OLI to Identification Shoreline Change in 2000 – 2020 in Muncar Sub-District, Banyuwangi, East Java

The shoreline is a confluence between land and seawater used to determine the boundaries of a zone. This research was conducted on the coastline of Muncar Subdistrict, Banyuwangi, which aims to identify changes in the coastline of Muncar Subdistrict in 2000-2020 using Landsat image 8 OLI / TIRS, map the rate of changes in the coastline of Muncar Subdistrict in 2000 and 2020, and know the changes in the coastline in Muncar Subdistrict is more likely due to abrasion or accretion. The research methodology used for this study uses the NDVI analysis and the DSAS Shoreline analysis system. The identification takes 20 years with Landsat imaging in 2000 and 2020. The results of this study demonstrate that shoreline alterations are caused by abrasion, accretion and human activity. This change in shoreline results from abrasion and accretion factors. The coastline change in 2000-2020 in the subdistrict of Muncar can be concluded that there are six villages. These include the villages of Kumendung, Sumbersewu, Tembokrejo, Kedungrejo, Kedungwringin and Wringin Putih. However, the village most seriously affected by abrasion and accretion is Wringim Putih Village. The village of Wringin Putih reported that the level of abrasion and accretion could be considered 50 per cent abrasion and 50 per cent accretion. So the change in shoreline can result around the Muncar Subdistrict coastal area, such as reduced coastal areas, lost colonies, and damage to marine ecosystems

Influences of land use and ecological variables on trematode prevalence and intensity at the salt marsh‐upland ecotone

AbstractHuman‐altered shorelines make up approximately 14% of the coastline in the United States, with consequences for marsh ecosystems ranging from altered physical and biological variables, to direct loss of intertidal marsh habitat, to diminished land–sea connectivity. Trophically transmitted parasites that require connectivity between upland host species and marsh host species to complete their complex lifecycles could be particularly sensitive to the effects of shoreline alterations. They can additionally respond to gradients in natural physical and biological factors, including the host communities, that are often sharp at the land–sea ecotone. Across 27 salt marshes over 45 km, we evaluated the effects of environmental variables and three types of land use (undeveloped; single‐house adjacent to the marsh with small‐scale shoreline armoring; and single‐house adjacent to the marsh without shoreline armoring), on infection prevalence and intensity of the trematode Microphallus basodactylophallus in its second intermediate crab host, Minuca pugnax. The first intermediate hosts of M. basodactylophallus are Hydrobiid snail species that are obligate marsh residents, while the definitive hosts are terrestrial rodents and raccoons. Thus, trematode transmission must depend on cross‐boundary movement by the definitive hosts. We found that although there was a trend of lower infection prevalence at undeveloped forested sites, there was no significant effect of adjacent land development on infection prevalence or intensity. Instead host, biotic and abiotic factors were correlated with infection; namely, larger M. pugnax had higher prevalence and intensity of M. basodactylophallus, and higher soil moisture and lower density of the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) were associated with increased M. basodactylophallus prevalence. The small, indirect influence of upland development suggests that movement of definite hosts across the ecotone may be largely unaffected. Further, the robust trematode levels signify the ecosystem and the species interactions, upon which its complex lifecycle depends, are largely intact.