Shopping Trips Research Articles

Modelling the Behavioural Response to Congestion Pricing in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh and the home of more than 15 million people, is subjected to severe traffic congestion on a regular basis resulting in lost productivity, fuel wastage, commuter frustration and environmental degradation. The problem is getting more acute day by day due to alarming increase in car usage. According to Bangladesh Road Transport Authority, the number of newly registered private cars per year in the city has more than quadrupled between 2004 and 2015. Congestion pricing schemes, which have been successful in many parts of the world, have a good potential to minimize the number of cars on the roads and reduce traffic congestion in Dhaka. This paper investigates the potential response to congestion pricing in Dhaka using stated preference surveys where users are presented with hypothetical choice scenarios involving varying amounts of congestion charges and travel time savings alongside improved public transport options. Two case studies have been conducted in this regard focusing on shopping and work trips respectively. Discrete choice models have been developed to model the sensitivity towards congestion pricing and to quantify the potential effectiveness of this measure in different trip contexts. Results indicate that car users, especially those having lower incomes (less than 50,000 BDT/month), have significant sensitivity towards congestion charge and have a substantial chance of shifting to improved public transport and/or park-and-ride facilities. The findings of the study can help in formulating effective congestion reduction policies in Dhaka.

Spatial Homophily of Commercial Areas: The Case of Seoul

This paper attempts to answer the question of whether or not “segregation”, or at least “differentiation”, takes place in commercial areas in terms of “spatial homophily”. Based on the 2010 Household Travel Survey data in the Seoul metropolitan area, we first identify Seoul’s top 20 destinations for weekend shopping and leisure trips. Then, using traveler information regarding gender, age, and income, we calculate the percentage of female visitors, as well as the average and the coefficient of variation of age and income, for each destination. These statistics are employed to identify which groups and which shopping and leisure activity centers are characterized distinctively by spatial homophily. As a result, it is proved that “differentiation” takes place in commercial areas in terms of “spatial homophily”. Moreover, paying attention to the “Old Age, Low Income” cluster in the old downtown area, we can raise the possibility of “segregation” in commercial areas.

Prospective memory and subjective memory decline: A neuropsychological indicator of memory difficulties in community-dwelling older people

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prospective memory difficulties are known to occur in Alzheimer’s disease, and may provide an early indicator of cognitive decline. Older people reporting high levels of subjective memory decline (SMD) but without evidence of cognitive decline on standard neuropsychological tests are increasingly considered at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether prospective memory performance is differentially impaired in older people reporting high levels of SMD as compared to a control group. Method: A total of 195 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 73.48 years) were assessed for self-reported complaints of memory decline and allocated to either a group reporting high levels of SMD (SMD, n = 96) or a healthy control group (HC, n = 99). Groups were assessed on neuropsychological tests, an experimental prospective memory task (focal vs. nonfocal cue conditions), and a naturalistic prospective memory task. Results: The groups did not differ in performance on standard neuropsychological tests of working memory, executive attention, and episodic retrospective memory. Furthermore, on an experimental task of prospective memory (the Supermarket Shopping Trip task), although performance of both groups was better when cues for prospective memory were focal to the ongoing activity (η2 = .35), the SMD group were not impaired relative to the control group. On a naturalistic prospective memory task, however, there was a small but significant effect, with the SMD group performing more poorly than the HC group (η2 = .02). Conclusions: In older adults with high levels of SMD, naturalistic measures of prospective memory provide an approach to assessing memory performance that can offer a means of investigating the memory complaints of people with SMD. Identifying prospective memory difficulties in SMD also offers a focus for intervention.

Consumer Travel Behaviors and Transport Carbon Emissions: A Comparative Study of Commercial Centers in Shenyang, China

Current literature highlights the role of commercial centers in cities in generating shopping trips and transport carbon emissions. However, the influence of the characteristics of commercial centers on consumer travel behavior and transport carbon emissions is not well understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by examining shopping trips to eight commercial centers in Shenyang, China, and the CO2 emissions of these trips. We found that the locations and types of commercial centers strongly influence CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions per trip to commercial centers in the suburbs of Shenyang were on average 6.94% and 26.92% higher than those to commercial centers in the urban core and the inner city, respectively. CO2 emissions induced by wholesale centers were nearly three times higher than the lowest CO2 emissions of commercial centers in the inner city. These empirical results enhance our understanding of shopping-related transport carbon emissions and highlight the importance of optimizing urban space structure, in particular, the layout of commercial centers.

Linked-trip effects of ‘town-centre-first' era foodstore development: An assessment using difference-in-differences

High levels of out-of-centre foodstore developments in the 1980s and early 1990s significantly altered the commercial landscape of the UK, and were widely seen as threatening the vitality and viability of small and medium-sized centres. The progressive tightening of retail planning regulation in the decade that followed, and retailer adaptation to that tightening, resulted in the development of more flexible foodstore formats suited to in-centre or edge-of-centre sites, which worked ‘with the grain’ of the ‘town centre first’ approach to retail planning policy. Since then academic research has started to suggest a more positive role for such developments than hitherto, and to indicate that they can play an important role in anchoring small centres. The key mechanism underlining this potential positive role is that of linked trips, whereby the spatial externality generated by a foodstore development is transmitted to the existing retail structure of the centre in which development has occurred. Even though UK planning policy has consistently viewed the role of linked shopping trips as critical to town centre vitality, available evidence on this key issue remains remarkably scarce and dated in terms of the planning regulation context from which it was generated. This paper aims to fill that gap. We make use of a large and unique database on consumer shopping behaviour collected over the period August 2007–November 2009 in selected UK centres, and employ the difference-in-differences method to obtain insight into the hypothesised uplift in linked trip propensity which can be attributed to a foodstore development. Our results indicate that the development of new-generation foodstores in in-centre and edge-of-centre locations does indeed increase the propensity of shoppers to link their trips between foodstores and town centre shops/services. Controlling for shoppers’ individual characteristics, that increase is shown to be over seven percentage points. The exact numerical value is likely to be sample specific, and its typical range will only be established by replication. However, the importance of the finding is that using sophisticated but appropriate statistical methodology and a large sample of data from a transparently designed and rigorously conducted study, the development of ‘new-generation’ town-centre first foodstores is clearly associated with increased linked trip propensities. To our knowledge, this is the first time unambiguous evidence of the existence of this hypothesised ‘town centre first era’ linked-trip effect has been demonstrated.

Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China

With rising income and the emergence of modern shopping centers in urban China, shopping trips by private car becomes more and more common, leading to higher carbon emissions in the transport sector. Encouraging car owners to shift transport mode from private car to public transport could achieve significant emissions reductions. This study estimate carbon emissions savings by shifting from private cars to public transport for shopping trips in urban China, using Shenyang, one of the largest cities in China, as a case study. Our results show that the average carbon emissions per shopper is 426.9 g, and the carbon emissions on weekends is 13% higher than weekdays. Moreover, shoppers travelling by private car emitted five times more carbon emission than those by public transport. We also found that car ownership gradually increased as accessibility to public transport decreased, and that more car owners chose to travel by private cars than public transport in areas with limited access. This study, thus, highlights the potential for high-quality public transport to reduce the transport sector’s carbon emissions in urban China.

10 Tips for Living Healthy & Happy

Kristen Johnson is a Supermarket Dietitian & Fitness Expert for Mrs. Green’s Natural Market in Chicago, IL and specializes in a holistic and super foods approach to Natural living. As the Dietitian for the store she is there to provide the missing link to getting healthier foods onto kitchen tables by conducting in-store shopping trips, cooking demonstrations, nutrition classes & holding presentations at various community events. Kristen’s main goal is to teach shoppers that eating healthy=living happy. She has boiled down this lifestyle into 10 simple tips for you to start implementing into your life today.

Tu1130 Impact of Clinical and Endoscopic Features on BMI in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis

G A A b st ra ct s standard grocery store for the SFED needed more items from a second store to complete his/her shopping when compared to a patient consuming an unrestricted diet (39% vs 4%; p=0.008; Table 2). The prices of the SFED and unrestricted diet just using a specialty supermarket were comparable ($104.86 vs 108.25; p=0.84), as was the percentage of items requiring a trip to a second store (5% vs 1%; p=0.25). Shopping at a specialty grocery store increased weekly grocery costs by $27.93 (p=0.008) for the SFED and $42.31 (p=0.008) for the unrestricted diet. Conclusions: For a patient shopping at a standard grocery store, the cost of an SFED is higher than the cost of an unrestricted diet (~$570/year), and an SFED requires visits to multiple grocery stores to complete a shopping trip. These differences disappear at a specialty grocery store, but the weekly grocery bill at a specialty store was significantly higher. The cost and logistical burden of maintaining an SFED can be communicated to patients when deciding between swallowed steroids and dietary therapy. We also note that our research team required considerable dietician assistance, and this may be a major challenge for patients with limited health literacy, financial means, or the time to carefully read labels. Future research should assess whether the difference in dietary cost is offset by the price of medication in the unrestricted diet population or other savings in the SFED community. Table 1. Weekly Menu Cost by City and Supermarket

The effects of special displays on shopping behavior

This study examined the unintended effects and consequences of special displays on subsequent shopping behavior. Special displays are studied as a prominent form of in-store or shopper marketing activity. Two experiments are performed using special value and natural food displays in an online simulated store environment. The impact of exposure to special displays on mind-sets and resulting product choices are tested in a shopping task. Impact on store image is also tested. A total of 896 respondents were recruited in this study. The results showed that special displays did trigger specific mind-sets that affected product choices and store image. Special value displays heightened store low-price image without lowering the high-quality image, and triggered a value-oriented mindset, among low price-conscious individuals, that made them place greater weight on price during the ensuing shopping trip. Special natural food display improved store high-quality image without decreasing the low-price image, and triggered a non-value-oriented mindset, among high price-conscious individuals, that made them place lesser weight on price during the remainder of the shopping trip. Findings suggested retailers to consider the total effects and consequences of special displays when designing and executing in-store marketing activity.

Treating a 17 year old with Moderate to Severe Anxiety Disorder

This case presents the treatment of a seventeen-year-old male for anxiety disorder. The treatment focused on cognitive exposure therapy and in-vivo exposure for family and school-based concerns. Since the completion of treatment, the client has had success at a traditional boarding school and has had not been limited by anxiety. Background Information Jack arrived at WayPoint Academy at the age of 17 years and 6 months. He grew up as the only child of single mother, Mary. His biological father had a brief relationship with his mother but they never married. Jack’s interaction with his father was intermittent and sporadic, as his father lived in a different state. There were times that Jack had no contact with his father for years. During the pregnancy, Mary reported her first episode with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), which was evident primarily in contamination fears. Convinced the world around her was contaminated, Mary was propelled into a host of compulsive rituals. She thought the public water supply was contaminated and hence she purchased “pure” water in one-gallon bottles. The “pure” water usage ranged from personal hygiene (showers, brushing teeth) to washing dishes and drinking water for the family and the family pet. The cost of the “pure” water prevented the family members from taking regular showers and the timely washing of clothing and bedding, which, paradoxically contributed to the decline in overall hygiene of the home. Mary’s contamination fear morphed into related obsessions. The “contaminated” outside air “forced” the family to stay indoors for long periods of time. Shopping trips were followed with elaborate “cleansing” rituals. Because of the rarity of outside shopping trips, the “pure” water supply was limited and dirty dishes, pots, and pans were found throughout the apartment. The same was true for items of clothing.

The role of convenience in a recreational shopping trip

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the role of convenience in a recreational shopping trip. In an effort to address the shopping strip’s forfeiture of market share to the mall and the Internet, retail planners have utilised a variety of intervention strategies. One such strategy is to differentiate the strip by emphasising its hedonic attributes. An often overlooked alternative is to compete with both of these formats in a key area of competitive disadvantage – convenience. Whereas these two alternatives have traditionally been regarded as separate strategies, this study examines whether convenience actually serves as a source of satisfaction in a hedonic shopping context. Design/methodology/approach – A recreational shopping trip to a shopping strip (also referred to as Main Street or the High Street) in Melbourne, Australia, served as the context for this study. The study used a quantitative survey approach to collect its data and structural equation modelling to analyse it. Findings – Surprisingly, the hedonic attributes of a shopping strip do not influence trip satisfaction in the context of a recreational shopping strip. Contrary to a significant body of academic research, it is instead the time-saving and distance-minimising properties of a shopping strip, as well as its overall convenience, which determine satisfaction. Originality/value – The results have important implications for Town Centre Management schemes because they suggest that responsibility for providing a hedonic shopping experience rests with its individual retailers. Instead, the role of strip planners is to facilitate the other side of the value-equation by minimising the hassles involved in strip shopping. The results of this study also question the traditional belief that hedonic- and convenience-based rejuvenation strategies should be treated as two distinct strategies. Instead, convenience should be regarded as a prerequisite to a satisfying recreational shopping trip.

Explore the relationship between online shopping and shopping trips: An analysis with the 2009 NHTS data

The rapid growth of ecommerce brings great changes to the transportation system. However, most existing studies focus on the impact of ecommerce on freight system. Its impact on personal trips is relatively less studied. It is reasonable to argue that online shopping reduces the need of shopping trips by making goods accessible via door-to-door deliveries. On the other hand, online shopping may also create more shopping trips as online shoppers travel to stores to experience, compare or pick up the goods. Understanding the connections between online shopping and shopping trips is critical for transportation planners to prepare for changes that information technology will continue to bring to this nation in the future. Using the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data and a structural equation model (SEM), this paper disentangles the bidirectional connections between online shopping and shopping trips. Results show that online shopping encourages shopping trips while shopping trips tend to suppress the online shopping propensity. Besides, both online shopping and shopping trips are influenced by exogenous factors such as shoppers’ demographic features, regional specific factors and household attributes. A closer examination at the state level further confirms model validity while disclosing spatial variation in their relationship.

The development of prospective memory in preschool children using naturalistic tasks

The development of prospective memory (PM) in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children (N=123) was assessed in two experiments using several naturalistic game-like tasks that varied in the explicitness of the cues for retrieval that they provided. The goals of the study were to evaluate age differences in PM (a) with the effects of retrospective memory (RM) factored out and (b) as a function of increasing retrieval cue specificity. Results from Experiment 1 showed that there were age differences in PM on a simulated Shopping Trip task that favored older children after age differences attributable to RM were identified in a hierarchical regression. PM and RM components followed the same developmental trajectory. Because the Shopping Trip task provided a visual cue for retrieval, a second naturalistic PM task that was incidental to the Shopping Trip task (i.e., to ask for stickers at the end of the shopping trip) was included but provided no explicit cue other than the end of Shopping Trip task itself. A binary logistic regression showed that age did not predict children who succeeded and those who did not succeed. Because the end of the Shopping Trip task might have cued PM, two new tasks without any explicit cues for retrieval were examined in Experiment 2. Logistic regressions revealed that age predicted PM success on both tasks. With additional cues following failure to retrieve the PM intention, nearly all children succeeded, but the number of cues needed increased with age. The joint and separate contributions of PM and RM to successful task performance are discussed.

Buying in Multiple Stores: Shopping Strategies Beyond Price Promotions and Their Effects on Store Competition

Abstract Grocery-store switching has typically been viewed as evidence of cherry-picking behavior, with consumers switching stores to benefit from temporary promotional offers. However, research reveals that it may also result from a longer-term planning process based on stable store characteristics. Even in the absence of promotions, consumers have good reasons for shopping in multiple grocery stores. There is a link between consumer motives and the way shopping trips are organized. Some consumers visit different stores on separate shopping trips, while others visit multiple stores on combined trips depending on individual cost and benefit considerations. On the one hand, combined visits allow the consumer to save on transportation costs per trip and to purchase each product exclusively in the store where it is preferred. On the other hand, when the stores are visited on separate trips, the number of trips per store can differ and the trips to different stores can be spread over time. This allows the consumer to purchase high holding-cost categories on a more frequent basis, shifting some portion of these categories’ purchases to the less-preferred store. Depending on a store’s characteristics relative to local competitors, different competitive strategies are recommended for retailers.

Shopping in a mall: A typology of four shopping trips

Do all shopping mall customers have the same shopping experience? Literature is scarce concerning pedestrian shopping trips and activities that result from interactions with the shopping environment. The present study identifies four types of shopping paths (trajectories): ‘passing through’, ‘pragmatic’, ‘wandering’ and ‘appropriation’. Two hundred and nine ‘shopping trips’ were observed in a mall and analyzed using both a semiotics and a statistical approach (cluster and discriminant analysis). The trips reveal different ways of appropriating the retail environment. They indicate that the shopping experience is a co-creation developed by the shopper and the retail environment.

Modeling the Travel Behavior Impacts of Micro-Scale Land Use and Socio-Economic Factors

The effects of neighborhood-level land use characteristics on urban travel behavior of Iranian cities are under-researched. The present paper examines such influences in a microscopic scale. In this study the role of socio-economic factors is also studies and compared to that of urban form. Two case-study neighborhoods in west of Tehran are selected and considered, first of which is a centralized and compact neighborhood and the other is a sprawled and centerless one. A Multinomial Logit Regression model is developed to consider the effects of socio-economic and land use factors on urban travel pattern. In addition, to consider the effective factors, cross-sectional comparison between the influences of local accessibility and attractiveness of the neighborhood centers of the two case-study areas are undertaken. Also the causality relationships are considered according to the findings of the survey. The findings indicate significant effects of age and household income as socio-economic factors on transportation mode choice in neighborhoods with central structure. One the other hand, no meaningful association between socio-economic or land use variables are resulted by the model for the sprawled case. The most effective land use concept in micro-scale is considered to be satisfaction of entertainment facilities of the neighborhood. Also the descriptive findings show that the centralized neighborhood that gives more local accessibility to shops and retail generates less shopping trips. In considering the causal relations, the study shows that providing neighborhood infrastructures that increase or ease the accessibility to neighborhood amenities can lead to higher shares of sustainable transportation modes like walking, biking, or public transportation use.

Retrogenesis: A Model of Dementia Progression in Alzheimer's Disease Related to Neuroplasticity

Rubial-Alvarez et al. [1] analyzed 181 children (ages 4 to 12 years) and 148 adults, ranging from normal to severe dementia (approximate ages 65 to 95 years), using the Mini-Mental State Exam [2], an intelligence test, the Global Deterioration Scale [3], and an activities of daily living measure, in order to test the “retrogenesis model” of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [4]. The Rubial-Alvarez et al. analysis supports the concept that the general pattern of childhood development is approximately recapitulated in reverse order by the pattern of deterioration associated with the continuum of AD progression from normal adult cognition through “mild cognitive impairment” and the stages of dementia to the most profound, complete state. The specific comparisons indicate that normal adult function is fairly well approximated by a 12 year old individual, while mild dementia is comparable to the level of function of a 5 to 6 year old child, and moderate dementia is similar to the function of a 4 year old. However, there were some expectable deviations from the retrogenesis model, particularly in activities of daily living. It has been well established that cognitive and functional deterioration in AD follows a generally uniform course [5]. While the retrogenesis model is compelling and useful, there are several points that should be carefully addressed in the examination of this model, including heuristic and neuropathological issues. ∗Correspondence to: J. Wesson Ashford, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford/VA Aging Clinical Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. E-mail: ashford@stanford.edu. First, the pattern of dementia deterioration does not precisely mirror the pattern of childhood development. Needless-to-say, children have excellent memories and learn age appropriate material quickly, while dementia itself begins selectively as a memory problem [6, 7]. Further, the specific ordinal pattern loss of items and functions during the course of the dementia associated with AD [8] is most closely related to the progressive deterioration of memory function (e.g., inability to remember what groceries need to be purchased or what objects are called, rather than being unable to organize a shopping trip or being unable to pronounce specific words). A specific “item-analysis” along the developmental continuum would highlight the divergences between the courses of childhood development and dementia. Further, a “time-index” analysis of the ADtype dementia progression [7, 9, 10] would provide direct contrast of the temporal patterns of development and dementia, which are only roughly comparable in this study. The issue of great relevance regarding the retrogenesis model for AD pathology is the potential for understanding the neuronal vulnerability underlying AD. While the explanation of retrogenesis as a consequence of reversal of developmental myelination patterns [11] is interesting, the similarity is not close enough to be accepted as relevant. Further, with the definition by Brun & Englund of the pathological pattern of AD as affecting the posterior temporal and inferior parietal lobes [12] and the pathological analysis of Braak & Braak [13] showing the initiation

Nákupní spád, nákupní chování a nákupní centra: příklad brněnské aglomerace (příspěvek ke studiu denních urbánních systémů)

Economic and social changes since the year 1990 in the Czech Re- public have been refl ected in the shopping habits of the population. Not only is the 'standard' form of everyday shopping for basic provisions at corner shops now typical, but so is daily visits to specialised retail chain stores or shopping centres. Such daily shopping trips are often combined with com- muting to work and school or travelling for other services and have become an important factor in the daily lives of residents. This phenomenon has led to the formation of stronger links between inhabitants within a daily urban system. The primary intensity is observed not in the core-periphery link but rather between the periphery of the agglomeration and suburban zones where most of the big shopping malls and hypermarkets are located. Frequently this is not a daily but rather an irregular or weekend activity. These places are thus becoming special centres (secondary cores) of retail business, services, and leisure time activities competing with the city centre itself. This article presents an analysis of the infl uence of spatial, socio-demographic and psych- ographic factors on the intensity and variability of the commute for foodstuffs and other shopping in shopping centres. The retail gravity model, shopping habits and shopping behaviour are analysed on the basis of fi eld surveys of the inhabitants from communities located in the hinterlands of Brno.

Exploratory Analysis of the Shopping Orientation in the Tunisian Context

On the basis of a research conducted within a Tunisian context and through a large survey made up of 600 shoppers, this research aims to enhance the shopping orientation literature. The findings highlight two main points: (1) the predominance of utilitarian motivation at the expense of experiential ones and (2) the identification of a typology resetting on four shopping trips classes: the planned shopping trip, the recreational shopping trip, the lights fill-in shopping trip, and the ordinary fill-in shopping trip. Consequently and in the light of the shopping trip types and the socio-demographic shoppers factor, our research attempt to advance a Tunisian shoppers’ profile typology.

Big Brother joins our shopping trips

PurposeThis paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting‐edge research and case studies.Design/methodology/approachThis briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.FindingsThe more a retail organization knows about its customers, the more stuff it can sell them. Or, as they would put it, the more they can serve the customer well by catering for their needs. As firms become more customer‐centric, the more they need to know about us and, it seems, the more we are prepared to let them know.Practical implicationsThe paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.Originality/valueThe briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy‐to digest format.