Shopping Addiction Research Articles

Psychometric evaluation of Online Shopping Addiction Scale (OSAS)

ABSTRACT Research examining shopping addiction has been impeded by the controversies regarding its etiology, prevalent estimates, the clinical course, and treatment protocol. This hindrance has led to the development of different psychometric instruments to assess problematic shopping behavior in general and ones that evaluate the online version of shopping addiction in particular. One such scale is the eighteen-item Online Shopping Addiction Scale (OSAS) based on the general addiction model. Although the OSAS has been developed since 2017, it has not been validated thoughtfully. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of OSAS using a Taiwanese sample. Data collected from 350 internet shoppers were subjected to a factor analysis to assess the psychometric characteristics and factorial structure of the scale. Extracted dimensions were then correlated with several demographic and Internet shopping criteria. Results from the current study support the three-factor structure for the 15-item version of the OSAS. The new adaptation of the OSAS was found reliable and showed adequate convergent and criterion-related validity. Furthermore, multi-group CFAs revealed evidence of measurement invariance for configural, metric, and scalar models across gender, suggesting that men and women interpreted OSAS 15-items in a similar manner. These findings support the OSAS as a valid and reliable tool for determining the level of online shopping addiction among the Taiwanese student population.

Compulsive buying behavior of Smartphones by university students.

Few studies have analyzed compulsive buying behavior in relation to a specific product. Smartphones are hugely popular products today, especially among young people. These two aspects have motivated this research into the compulsive buying behavior of Smartphones by university students. To study this behavior, the main features that differentiate compulsive buyers from those that are not are analyzed, and their risk profiles are obtained through a discrete choice model. Sociodemographic features that define buyers with the greatest propensity to compulsiveness are younger age, longer time spent daily using social networks, higher spending on the acquisition of Smartphones and having owned a greater number of these devices. These buyers also show shopping addiction and greater feelings of guilt after the purchase as well as more positive and negative affective states when purchasing Smartphones. This analysis not only determines the characteristics that define young individuals with a tendency toward compulsiveness in Smartphone purchases, but also contributes to quantifying the probability of having this tendency.

Exploring the Roles of Daily Spiritual Experiences, Self-Efficacy, and Gender in Shopping Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model

Although spirituality has been considered a protective factor against shopping addiction, the mechanisms involved in this relationship are still poorly recognized. The present study aims to test the association of daily spiritual experiences, self-efficacy, and gender with shopping addiction. The sample consisted of 430 young adults (275 women and 155 men), with a mean age of 20.44 (SD = 1.70). The Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale were used to measure the study variables. The results showed that: (1) Daily spiritual experiences had a direct negative effect on shopping addiction; (2) daily spiritual experiences were positively related to self-efficacy, thought the effect was moderated by gender; (3) self-efficacy negatively correlated with a shopping addiction; and (4) the indirect effect of daily spiritual experiences on shopping addiction through self-efficacy was significant for women but insignificant for men. The findings confirm that spirituality protects young adults against developing a shopping addiction. They also suggest that when introducing spiritual issues into shopping addiction prevention or treatment programs, the gender-specific effects of spirituality on shopping addiction via self-efficacy should be considered to adequately utilize young women’s and men’s spiritual resources.

Measurement of shopping addiction and its relationship with personality traits and well-being among Polish undergraduate students

There is still a scarcity of studies showing the relative contribution of different personality characteristics differentiating various behavioral addictions within an integrated model. In comparison to other addictions, fairly little is known about the role of specific personality traits in compulsive shopping. In addition, few studies have investigated the unique contribution of shopping addiction in terms of explaining different facets of well-being above and beyond personality characteristics previously shown to be related to psychosocial functioning. The present study shows validation of the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) and a tentative integrated model of potential shopping addiction personality risk factors. BSAS was administered to 1156 Polish students. In addition, demographic variables, and personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, and well-being indicators were measured. BSAS had acceptable fit with the data and demonstrated good reliability. The investigated model showed that shopping addiction was related to higher extraversion, perceived narcissism, and social anxiety, and lower agreeableness and general self-efficacy. Woman and older participants scored higher on BSAS. Shopping addiction was further related to all facets of impaired well-being and explained worse general health, and decreased sleep quality above and beyond other variables in the model. The results support the notion that shopping addiction may have specific personality risk factors with low agreeableness as an outstanding characteristic. This has implications for the development of early prevention and intervention programs.

모바일 인터넷 환경에서 쇼핑사이트 몰입, 쇼핑행동, 쇼핑중독간의 관련성 연구

Past research on shopping addiction or compulsive buying has been focused on identifying what factors are affecting these shopping addicts in offline or wired Internet based shopping environment. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relationships between shopping site immersion and shopping addiction in the mobile Internet environment that is being received much attention in recent. This study is to analyze the relationships between shopping site commitment and shopping addiction, and to examine whether shopping behavior of mobile shopper such as time and payment volume have the moderating effect on the relationships between these variables. The analysis results from the study are as follows. First, multiple regression analysis shows that 1) all factors of shopping site commitment such as affective, normative, and continuance are affecting ‘tendency to spend’, 2) affective and normative commitment’ are affecting ‘reactive aspect’, and 3) continuance commitment only is affecting ‘post-purchase guilt’ of shopping addiction at statistically significant levels. Second, dummy regression analysis with mobile shopping time and payment volume tells shopping time has only control effect on the relationships between shopping site commitment and shopping addiction in mobile shopping.

The concept of buying-shopping disorder: Comparing latent classes with a diagnostic approach for in-store and online shopping in a representative sample in Switzerland.

Buying-shopping disorder and its transferability to the online sector is controversial. This study investigates in-store and online shopping patterns by comparing data-based modeling to a diagnostic cut-off approach. Further aims were to test model equivalence for gender and identify socio-demographic risk factors. In a representative survey, the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) was applied, using both an online and in-store version. Latent class analyses were followed by multinomial logistic regression analyses to investigate socio-demographic variables. Measurement invariance across genders was tested with multi-group comparisons. With N = 1,012, 3-class solutions provided the best model fit for both in-store and online shopping. Most individuals (76, 86%) were grouped in non-addicted classes, followed by risky (21, 11%) and addicted classes (both 3%). Twenty-eight percent of individuals in the online addicted shopping class remained unidentified using the cut-off. For online shopping, only lower age and education differentiated classes significantly. Results indicate a close link between online and in-store shopping, albeit with distinguishing features. The cut-off yielded findings discrepant from class probabilities. That buying-shopping disorder mainly affects younger women of lower educational level must be questioned, given the limited associations identified. It is important not only to consider different settings of pathological shopping, but also to focus on groups that may not have appeared at risk in previous investigations (e.g., men, older age). The BSAS cut-off warrants further research.

The concept of buying-shopping disorder: Comparing latent classes with a diagnostic approach for in-store and online shopping in a representative sample in Switzerland

Background and aimsBuying-shopping disorder and its transferability to the online sector is controversial. This study investigates in-store and online shopping patterns by comparing data-based modeling to a diagnostic cut-off approach. Further aims were to test model equivalence for gender and identify socio-demographic risk factors.MethodsIn a representative survey, the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) was applied, using both an online and in-store version. Latent class analyses were followed by multinomial logistic regression analyses to investigate socio-demographic variables. Measurement invariance across genders was tested with multi-group comparisons.ResultsWith N = 1,012, 3-class solutions provided the best model fit for both in-store and online shopping. Most individuals (76, 86%) were grouped in non-addicted classes, followed by risky (21, 11%) and addicted classes (both 3%). Twenty-eight percent of individuals in the online addicted shopping class remained unidentified using the cut-off. For online shopping, only lower age and education differentiated classes significantly.DiscussionResults indicate a close link between online and in-store shopping, albeit with distinguishing features. The cut-off yielded findings discrepant from class probabilities. That buying-shopping disorder mainly affects younger women of lower educational level must be questioned, given the limited associations identified.ConclusionsIt is important not only to consider different settings of pathological shopping, but also to focus on groups that may not have appeared at risk in previous investigations (e.g., men, older age). The BSAS cut-off warrants further research.

Online Ortamda Reklama Yönelik Tutum, Gösteriş Tüketimi ve Alışveriş Bağımlılığı İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi (Investigation of Relationships Among Attitudes Towards Advertising, Conspicuous Consumption and Shopping Addiction in Online Environment)

Purpose – Increased internet access, widespread use of internet, and people spending most of their time on the internet cause the emergence of problematic or addictive consumer behavior on the internet. As behavioral addiction types are one of the important and difficult to manage problems of today, in this research, it is aimed to reveal the online shopping addiction and the possible factors that may affect it. Design/methodology/approach – In the Kirikkale province, the primary data was collected and the data obtained were analyzed by a survey conducted with convenience sampling method. In the analysis of the data, a structural equation model was used for testing hypotheses and confirmatory factor analysis was used for the structural validity of the variables. Findings – According to the research results, the idea that positive attitude towards online advertising affects online conspicuous consumption and online shopping addiction positively. In addition, it has been determined that online conspicuous consumption plays a partial mediating role in the effect of attitude towards online advertising on online addiction. Discussion – The conclusion reached is that the attitudes of the consumers towards the advertisements in the online environment affect the shopping addiction in the online environment and the online conspicuous consumption similar to the researches conducted for the traditional shopping. Therefore, it is understood that the attitude towards online advertising is a variable that affects consumer behavior in the online environment, especially the variables examined in the research.

The role of materialism, hoarding behaviours and narcissism in shopping addiction in female students

The aim of present study was to investigate the role of materialism, hoarding behaviors and narcissism in shopping addiction among female students. This research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all female students of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, in the academic year 2017-2018. The sample consisted of 250 students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. They completed the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale, Materialistic Values Questionnaire, Hoarding Behaviors Questionnaire and narcissism subscale of measure of the Dark Triad. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that materialism, hoarding behaviors, and narcissism have significant relationship with shopping addiction in female students. Hoarding behaviors and materialism were able to predict the shopping addiction in female students, but narcissism were unable to predict the shopping addiction. According to the results of this study, hoarding behaviors and materialism play an important role in shopping addiction in female students. Thus, attention to these variables in prediction of shopping addiction by researchers, behavioral sciences specialists and therapists is necessary.

Shopping Addiction Is Driven by Personal Focus Rather than Social Focus Values but to the Exclusion of Achievement and Self-Direction

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between shopping addiction and a comprehensive model of motivational principles conceptualized within the Schwartz’s values theory. On the basis of previous research on the associations of shopping addiction with personality and particular values, it was hypothesized that shopping addiction would be positively related to all personal focus values that refer to self-enhancement and openness to change, and negatively related to social focus values that emphasize conservation and self-transcendence. The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale, a tool based on common addiction components, and the Short Schwartz Values Survey were administered to 1156 undergraduate students. The results mostly supported the hypotheses; however, contrary to what was expected, shopping addiction had negative associations with achievement and self-direction. These results suggest that while compulsive buyers are strongly motivated to pursue prestige and pleasurable, hedonistic life, they diminish the importance of productivity or creativity that would allow achieving their goals. To some extent, shopping addiction could be understood as a striving for the ideal lifestyle with minimum effort by those who struggle with maintaining positive and healthy social relations. The findings contribute to the understanding of individual differences related to the development and persistence of shopping addiction.

College Student’s on-line Shopping Addiction: A Market Survey and Statistical Analysis

College Student’s on-line Shopping Addiction: A Market Survey and Statistical Analysis

The Status Quo of College Students' Online Shopping Addiction and Its Coping Strategies

With the rapid development of science and technology, electronic payment platforms have become increasingly mature, and network consumption has become increasingly popular. As a special consumer group, more and more college students tend to become addicted to online shopping. This study examines the probability and difference of 183 college students' online shopping addiction, and puts forward the strategies to cope with it from four perspectives: individual, family, school and society. The results showed that 62.8% of college students were addicted to online shopping. There were significant gender differences in the sub-dimensions of excessive consumption, impaired function, truncation reaction and online shopping pleasure, and women scored higher than men. There are significant grade differences in the dimension of excessive consumption and functional impairment of online shopping addiction. The excessive consumption of freshmen is significantly higher than that of other grades. The scores of functional impairment dimension of freshmen and sophomores are significantly higher than that of other grades.

FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE, FINANCIAL WELLBEING, AND ONLINE SHOPPING ADDICTION AMONG YOUNG INDONESIANS

With the recent booming of e–commerce business in Indonesia, it is essential to conduct further studies on online shopping behavior of Indonesians. Past studies on online shopping addiction emphasize only psychological factors and overlook financial factors. To fill this research gap, this study aims to examine the association and effect of financial knowledge and financial wellbeing on online shopping addiction. The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) was adopted to assess online shopping addiction whilst financial knowledge and financial wellbeing scales from Australian Unity were used to measure the other two research variables. Data was collected through an online survey of 230 young Indonesians. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and multiple regression techniques were implemented. Outcomes of this study revealed that most respondents had medium and high levels of financial knowledge and financial wellbeing. Interestingly, addictive respondents showed high financial knowledge and financial wellbeing. Financial knowledge and financial wellbeing were positively related to online shopping addiction. Financial wellbeing was a better predictor because it might be possible that individuals with positive feelings on their financial conditions were more comfortable in increasing their online spending behavior. The results of this study provide insights for future studies and e–commerce owners.Keywords: Online shopping addiction, financial knowledge, financial wellbeing.

The examining of consumers product preferences according to their shopping addiction

Purpose- Shopping addictive can be seen in two sub-categories, either locus of purchasing or locus of product. Locus of product shopping addiction represents materialist and impulsive shopping while the locus of purchasing shopping addiction represents addictive and compulsive shopping. In this research, which is carried out according to this typological approach in shopping addiction, it is tried to determine whether there is a variation according to product categories. Methodology- In this study, which deals with the clothing sector, where shopping habits are seen intensively, changes in gender factors are also examined. The data was collected by using face-to-face questionaire and interview method .Both quantitative and qualitative techniques are used in the study Findings- According to the results of the analysis, there are differences between men and women in terms of shopping addiction, and it is revealed that certain shopping addiction are preliminary in certain product categories. Conclusion- All in the study, 37% of the participants on the basis of shopping tendency had the shopping addiction tendency, and a high majority (116) of them are locus of product shoppers. Parallel with the literature, the majority of the participants consist of people who are impulsive shopping tendency. This number is almost 3 folds the other addiction dimensions. Besides the women the number of men as a shopper is quite high.

GAYA HIDUP DAN SHOPPING ADDICTION

Abstract                This study aims to determine the relationship of lifestyle with shopping addiction in students. The hypothesis proposed is that there is a link between lifestyle and student shopping addiction. The subject of this research is high school students 17 August 1945 Surabaya who is currently in class XI. The sample in this study amounted to 55 students taken using random sampling technique. The data were collected using two scales: lifestyle scale to reveal the lifestyle level of a person and the scale of shopping addiction to reveal the level of shopping addiction. Testing of major hypothesis done by using product moment analysis and show a very significant relation between lifestyle with shopping addiction of student with r xy = 0,662; p = 0.000 (p <0.010). When comparing the mean empirical value and the theoretical mean indicating the average lifestyle and shopping addiction of students is high.             Keywords: Lifestyle, Shopping addiction

The association between financial literacy and Problematic Internet Shopping in a multinational sample

PurposeTo examine the association between financial literacy and Problematic Internet Shopping in adults. MethodsThis cross-sectional online survey recruited participants, aged between 18 and 60years, through an online research facility. The sample consisted of multinational participants from mainly three continents including Europe, North America, and Asia. Problematic Internet Shopping was assessed using the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). Financial Literacy was measured by the Financial Literacy subscale of the Financial Wellbeing Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to elucidate the relationship between the study and outcome variables with adjustment for other potential risk factors. ResultsOf the total of 997 respondents with an average age of 30.9 (s.d.=8.8), 135 (13.8%) could be classified as having a high risk of being Problematic Internet Shoppers. Results from the multiple regression analyses suggested a significant and negative relationship between financial literacy and Problematic Internet Shopping with a regression coefficient of −0.13, after controlling for the effects of potential risk factors such as age, region of birth, employment, income, shopping frequency, self-regulation and anxiety (t=−6.42, p<0.001). ConclusionsThe clinical management of PIS should include a financial counselling as a component of the treatment regime. Enhancement of financial literacy in the general population, particularly among young people, will likely have a positive effect on the occurrence of PIS.

New Assessment Tools for Buying Disorder

The purpose of this study is to summarize studies concerning the development and evaluation of assessment tools for buying disorder (BD) between 2000 and 2016. There is still a lack of formal diagnostic criteria and field-tested structured interviews for BD. With regard to questionnaires, the following psychometrically sound instruments assessing symptoms of BD have been developed within the last decade: (1) the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS), which conceptualizes BD as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder; (2) the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS), which regards BD as “shopping addiction;” and (3) the Pathological Buying Screener (PBS), which reflects addictive and impulse-control-disorder aspects of BD. Future studies should make use of the new questionnaires assessing symptoms of BD. Furthermore, diagnostic criteria for BD should be developed and validated in order to better establish the diagnosis of BD and to accomplish its recognition as a mental disorder.

The Development and Validation of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale.

We report the development and validation of a scale to measure online shopping addiction. Inspired by previous theories and research on behavioral addiction, the Griffiths's widely accepted six-factor component model was referred to and an 18-item scale was constructed, with each component measured by three items. The results of exploratory factor analysis, based on Sample 1 (999 college students) and confirmatory factor analysis, based on Sample 2 (854 college students) showed the Griffiths's substantive six-factor structure underlay the online shopping addiction scale. Cronbach's alpha suggested that the resulting scale was highly reliable. Concurrent validity, based on Sample 3 (328 college students), was also satisfactory as indicated by correlations between the scale and measures of similar constructs. Finally, self-perceived online shopping addiction can be predicted to a relatively high degree. The present 18-item scale is a solid theory-based instrument to empirically measure online shopping addiction and can be used for understanding the phenomena among young adults.

The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test.

Although excessive and compulsive shopping has been increasingly placed within the behavioral addiction paradigm in recent years, items in existing screens arguably do not assess the core criteria and components of addiction. To date, assessment screens for shopping disorders have primarily been rooted within the impulse-control or obsessive-compulsive disorder paradigms. Furthermore, existing screens use the terms ‘shopping,’ ‘buying,’ and ‘spending’ interchangeably, and do not necessarily reflect contemporary shopping habits. Consequently, a new screening tool for assessing shopping addiction was developed. Initially, 28 items, four for each of seven addiction criteria (salience, mood modification, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, and problems), were constructed. These items and validated scales (i.e., Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale, Mini-International Personality Item Pool, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) were then administered to 23,537 participants (Mage = 35.8 years, SDage = 13.3). The highest loading item from each set of four pooled items reflecting the seven addiction criteria were retained in the final scale, The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). The factor structure of the BSAS was good (RMSEA = 0.064, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.973) and coefficient alpha was 0.87. The scores on the BSAS converged with scores on the Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale (CBMS; 0.80), and were positively correlated with extroversion and neuroticism, and negatively with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intellect/imagination. The scores of the BSAS were positively associated with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and inversely related to age. Females scored higher than males on the BSAS. The BSAS is the first scale to fully embed shopping addiction within an addiction paradigm. A recommended cutoff score for the new scale and future research directions are discussed.

To Exploring a Psychological Model for Shopping Addiction : A Relational Model of Depression, Self-regulation, Impulsivity, Shopping Motive and Shopping Addiction

본 연구는 우울, 정서조절 쇼핑동기, 자기조절, 충동성변인이 쇼핑중독에 영향을 미치는 관계모형을 검증하기 위해서 이루어졌다. 쇼핑중독의 직접적인 예측변인으로 정서조절 쇼핑동기와 충동성을 설정하고, 우울, 자기조절은 정서조절 쇼핑동기를 매개하여 쇼핑중독에 영향을 미치는 모형으로 설정하였다. 참여자는 대학생으로 남자 264명, 여자 400명으로 구조방정식 모형을 사용하여 연구모형을 검증하고 구조방정식모형의 다집단 분석을 실시하여 남녀집단에서의 모형의 차이를 알아보았다. 그 결과 본 연구에서 설정한 모형의 적합도가 적절하였으며, 남녀집단 간 차이 검증에서 우울에서 정서조절 쇼핑동기로 가는 경로는 두 집단 간 차이가 없었으나 나머지 경로(정서조절 쇼핑동기-> 쇼핑중독, 자기조절-> 정서조절 쇼핑동기, 충동성-> 쇼핑중독)에서는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구결과를 쇼핑중독의 예방과 심리적 중재에 대한 함의의 관점에서 논의하고 본 연구의 제한점을 기술하였다.