Types Of Shoes Research Articles

Management of the foot in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune-mediated, systemic, inflammatory disease which is chronic and progressive in nature. It is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and affects 1% of men and 3% of women. Diagnostic criteria, as defined by the American Rheumatism Association, are morning

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Prevention in the Female Athlete

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Prevention in the Female Athlete

Running Shoe Type and Attrition During Marine Corps Basic Training

PURPOSE To determine if an improved type of running shoe was associated with attrition during US Marine Corps recruit training. METHODS This prospective study consisted of 2,142 male recruits who entered the Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MRCD), San Diego, CA between February and April 2003 and agreed to complete a health and fitness survey. Thirty-six percent of the recruits were assigned the test shoe and 64% were assigned the traditional running shoe by equipment issue personnel not involved with the study. Recruits were followed until graduation (at least 12 weeks) or separation. Three outcome measures were assessed; on-time graduation, delayed graduation, or separated prior to graduation. RESULTS The average age of the 2,142 recruits was 20 years and did not vary by shoe type. Further, no differences for shoe type on height, weight, BMI, shoe size, self-reported running pace, or race/ethnicity were found between the recruits in the two running shoe groups. The recruits were predominantly white (66%) and Hispanic (21%). Overall, 89.4% of the recruits finished the 12-week training and graduated (89.5% for the test shoe and 89.3% for the standard shoe), 82% of the recruits graduated on time (82.2% and 81.9%), and 10.6% separated prior to graduation (10.5% and 10.7%). Assigned shoe type was not associated with any of the attrition parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS The type of running shoe issued did not appear to affect graduation status, however, further analyses need to assess the relationship between injury status between the recruits who wore the test or traditional shoe. This work was supported by Naval Health Research Center under Work Unit No. 60213.

Running Shoe Type and Attrition During Marine Corps Basic Training

PURPOSE To determine if an improved type of running shoe was associated with attrition during US Marine Corps recruit training. METHODS This prospective study consisted of 2,142 male recruits who entered the Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MRCD), San Diego, CA between February and April 2003 and agreed to complete a health and fitness survey. Thirty-six percent of the recruits were assigned the test shoe and 64% were assigned the traditional running shoe by equipment issue personnel not involved with the study. Recruits were followed until graduation (at least 12 weeks) or separation. Three outcome measures were assessed; on-time graduation, delayed graduation, or separated prior to graduation. RESULTS The average age of the 2,142 recruits was 20 years and did not vary by shoe type. Further, no differences for shoe type on height, weight, BMI, shoe size, self-reported running pace, or race/ethnicity were found between the recruits in the two running shoe groups. The recruits were predominantly white (66%) and Hispanic (21%). Overall, 89.4% of the recruits finished the 12-week training and graduated (89.5% for the test shoe and 89.3% for the standard shoe), 82% of the recruits graduated on time (82.2% and 81.9%), and 10.6% separated prior to graduation (10.5% and 10.7%). Assigned shoe type was not associated with any of the attrition parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS The type of running shoe issued did not appear to affect graduation status, however, further analyses need to assess the relationship between injury status between the recruits who wore the test or traditional shoe. This work was supported by Naval Health Research Center under Work Unit No. 60213.

Kinetic Asymmetry In Female Runners With And Without Retrospective Tibial Stress Fractures

The tendency for a runner to become injured on a particular side is not well understood. It has been suggested that it may be due, in part, to asymmetry in their mechanics. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were (1) to compare the levels of kinetic asymmetry in runners who have previously sustained a tibial stress fracture (TSF) and those who have not (CON) and (2) to compare loading parameters between the involved and uninvolved sides of the TSF runners. It was hypothesized that the TSF group would be more asymmetric than the CON group and that they would exhibit greater loading on the involved side. METHODS Twenty-five CON and 24 TSF subjects were eligible for this study. CON subjects reported to have never sustained a running injury. TSF subjects were included if they had sustained one or more tibial stress fractures on a single side of their body. Subjects were asked to run along a 25 meter runway at a speed of 3.65 m/s (± 5%), striking a force platform (Bertec Corp., Worthington, OH) at its center. Data were sampled at 960 Hz. The speed was monitored with photoelectric cells placed 2.86 m apart. Five trials were collected for both the left and right sides. Any trials indicative of targeting were discarded. The same type of neutral running shoe was worn by each subject during data collection. Peak medial, lateral, braking, vertical impact, and vertical ground reaction forces, average and instantaneous vertical loading rates, and peak shock were measured in each subject. Symmetry Index (SI) was used to quantify asymmetry: SI = (XL – XR)/0.5*(XL+ XR). A 1-tailed, independent t-test was used to compare SI values between the TSF and CON groups. A 1-tailed, dependent t-test was used to compare loading values between the involved and uninvolved sides of the TSF group. RESULTS SI values were not significantly different between the CON and TSF groups for any of the parameters. The peak vertical impact ground reaction force and peak shock were both significantly higher on the involved side in the TSF subjects (p = 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that while CON and TSF subjects have similar levels of asymmetry, those in the TSF group may have elevated loading values, bilaterally, that predispose them to injury.

Moderate-Heeled Shoes and Knee Joint Torques Relevant to the Development and Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis

Kerrigan DC, Johansson JL, Bryant MG, Boxer JA, Della Croce U, Riley PO. Moderate-heeled shoes and knee joint torques relevant to the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Objective To determine if women’s dress shoes with heels of just 1.5in (3.8cm) in height increases knee joint torques, which are thought to be relevant to the development and/or progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in both the medial and patellofemoral compartments. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting A 3-dimensional motion analysis gait laboratory. Participants Twenty-nine healthy young women (age, 26.7±5.0y) and 20 healthy elderly adult women (age, 75.3±6.5y). Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Peak external varus knee torque in early and late stance and prolongation of flexor knee torque in early stance. Three-dimensional data on lower-extremity torques and motion were collected during walking while (1) wearing shoes with 1.5-in high heels and (2) wearing control shoes without any additional heel. Data were plotted and qualitatively compared; major peak values and timing were statistically compared between the 2 conditions using paired t tests. Results Peak knee varus torque during late stance was statistically significantly greater with the heeled shoes than with the controls, with increases of 14% in the young women and 9% in the elderly women. With the heeled shoes, the early stance phase knee flexor torque was significantly prolonged, by 19% in the young women and by 14% in elderly women. Also, the peak flexor torque was 7% higher with the heeled shoe in the elderly women. Conclusions Even shoes with moderately high heels (1.5in) significantly increase knee torques thought to be relevant in the development and/or progression of knee OA. Women, particularly those who already have knee OA, should be advised against wearing these types of shoes.

The humanID gait challenge problem: data sets, performance, and analysis

Identification of people by analysis of gait patterns extracted from video has recently become a popular research problem. However, the conditions under which the problem is "solvable" are not understood or characterized. To provide a means for measuring progress and characterizing the properties of gait recognition, we introduce the HumanID Gait Challenge Problem. The challenge problem consists of a baseline algorithm, a set of 12 experiments, and a large data set. The baseline algorithm estimates silhouettes by background subtraction and performs recognition by temporal correlation of silhouettes. The 12 experiments are of increasing difficulty, as measured by the baseline algorithm, and examine the effects of five covariates on performance. The covariates are: change in viewing angle, change in shoe type, change in walking surface, carrying or not carrying a briefcase, and elapsed time between sequences being compared. Identification rates for the 12 experiments range from 78 percent on the easiest experiment to 3 percent on the hardest. All five covariates had statistically significant effects on performance, with walking surface and time difference having the greatest impact. The data set consists of 1,870 sequences from 122 subjects spanning five covariates (1.2 Gigabytes of data). The gait data, the source code of the baseline algorithm, and scripts to run, score, and analyze the challenge experiments are available at http://www.GaitChallenge.org. This infrastructure supports further development of gait recognition algorithms and additional experiments to understand the strengths and weaknesses of new algorithms. The more detailed the experimental results presented, the more detailed is the possible meta-analysis and greater is the understanding. It is this potential from the adoption of this challenge problem that represents a radical departure from traditional computer vision research methodology.

18世紀イスタンブルにおける靴産業の同職組合

In Ottoman cities, the shoe industry had played an important socioeconomic function as one of the chief industries. Very few studies, however, have ever tried to elucidate the actual state of the shoe industry and guilds. This study aims to create a concrete picture of their role in eighteenth-century Istanbul, with a focus on their structures, processes of their production and trade, and their relationship with the government. The principle resource used in this paper was the Ahkâm Defterleri, which was published as Istanbul Esnaf Tarihi by the Istanbul Arastirmalari Merkezi.The shoe industry was clearly divided into two sectors—production and retailing. Shoemakers had become specialized according to the type of shoes they made. They had their own guilds according to the kind of shoes and were all well organized under a leader called the dikicibasi. Meanwhile, most shoe retailers had their shops in shoe markets called arasta. Each market was staffed with one kethüdâ to supervise the shoe retailers working there. The kethüdâ of the kebîr arasta administrated all the shoe retailers in the city. He also had a degree of influence on the shoemakers' guilds and undertook to maintain cooperation between the shoemakers' and the retailers' guilds.Though the guilds needed the approval of kadis or the government in regard to all matters, they were hardly interfered with by the government, but were managed and administrated strictly by the leaders in a quite autonomous manner. Especially, shoemakers had to buy materials and produce shoes in accordance with the regulations which guilds made to protect members against violation of their rights.This paper concludes that the guilds of the shoe industry in eighteenthcentury Istanbul formed a complex structure in order to supervise their members who produced and sold many kinds of shoes in many places, and that the guilds were granted a relatively wide degree of autonomy.

Dangers of Dermatologic Surgery: Protect Your Feet

Dermatologists frequently utilize scalpels, which are reported to be to culprit in around seven percent of the 385,000 sharps-related injuries sustained by healthcare personnel a year. Injuries from sharp devices are associated with the occupational transmission of more than 20 pathogens. Dropped scalpels may penetrate unprotected lower extremity skin, and there is no published data regarding what a shoe's actual degree of protection is against the danger of falling sharps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and determine which types of shoes will protect their wearers. Although every shoe decreased falling sharp's degree of penetration into the feet, shoes cannot be relied on to prevent injury. More than half of the shoes allowed the scalpel blade to pass through the shoes and penetrate into the meat.

Horseshoe Fixation versus Hoof Colour, a Comparative Study

Relative fixation of horseshoes on black versus white hooves has long been a topic of debate. Previous research has been insufficient to fully resolve the issue. In this study, a selection of 22 shod hooves were obtained for testing. The following variables were included: horse, hoof colour, hoof location, shoe type, nail length and shoe wear. Shoes and hooves were sectioned between nails using a fine-bladed band saw. Nails were then individually extracted while measuring required force and nail displacement, from which total energy required for extraction was calculated. Results indicate that both peak extraction force and energy were more variable for dark than light hooves, but that the overall means were not significantly different. For one shoe type, there was a single light hoof in which force and energy differed significantly from a corresponding dark hoof. For the remainder of the hooves included in this study, colour did not appear to have a strong affect on the resistance to nail extraction and hence shoe fixation. A significant correlation between nail length and resistance to nail extraction was also observed.

The Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Shock Absorption Capacity of Running Shoes

0092 Various shock absorption systems (SAS) are used in contemporary running shoes to decrease lower extremity overuse injuries in runners. SAS typically include different polymeric materials with temperature sensitive biomechanical properties that may ultimately affect performance. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of temperature changes on the shock absorption capacity of four running shoes constructed with four different SAS. METHODS: Four brands of running shoes representing the most common SAS were chosen: Nike Air Triax (air-fllled units), Asics Gel Cumulus IV (gel-fllled units), Adidas Supernova (ethylene vinyl acetate or EVA), and Adidas A3 (polyurethane foam). One pair of each brand was tested (total of 4 pairs or 8 shoes). The shoes were frozen to −20° C using dry ice and gradually heated to +50° C in a portable incubator. Shoes were tested by an impactor following ASTM Standard F1614-99 at the following temperatures: −20°, −10°, 0°, +10°, +20°, +30°, +40°, +50° Celsius. The impact tester is a free-fall type impactor with instrumented force and position transducers. Output signals from both the force and position transducers were low-pass filtered at 500 Hz and sampled at 1500 Hz. From each data trial, the peak deceleration (G) was determined as an estimate of the shock absorption capacity. To assess the differences between the shoes, a repeated measures analysis of variance was used, the independent variables being the SAS and the temperature. RESULTS: There was a quadratic trend in the curves that differed between the shoe types (p< .001), indicating that for each SAS, the drop of the peak deceleration (G) with the increase of temperature was significant. There was also a significant overall difference when comparing the four different SAS over the temperature range. The polyurethane foam had much higher peak deceleration at cold temperatures than any of the other shoes tested. CONCLUSION: As the ambient temperature gets colder, the shock absorption capacity of the running shoes in the current study decreased. Temperature induced changes were most marked for the polyurethane foam SAS. These findings may have important clinical implications for individuals training in cold environments.

The Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Shock Absorption Capacity of Running Shoes

0092 Various shock absorption systems (SAS) are used in contemporary running shoes to decrease lower extremity overuse injuries in runners. SAS typically include different polymeric materials with temperature sensitive biomechanical properties that may ultimately affect performance. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of temperature changes on the shock absorption capacity of four running shoes constructed with four different SAS. METHODS: Four brands of running shoes representing the most common SAS were chosen: Nike Air Triax (air-fllled units), Asics Gel Cumulus IV (gel-fllled units), Adidas Supernova (ethylene vinyl acetate or EVA), and Adidas A3 (polyurethane foam). One pair of each brand was tested (total of 4 pairs or 8 shoes). The shoes were frozen to −20° C using dry ice and gradually heated to +50° C in a portable incubator. Shoes were tested by an impactor following ASTM Standard F1614-99 at the following temperatures: −20°, −10°, 0°, +10°, +20°, +30°, +40°, +50° Celsius. The impact tester is a free-fall type impactor with instrumented force and position transducers. Output signals from both the force and position transducers were low-pass filtered at 500 Hz and sampled at 1500 Hz. From each data trial, the peak deceleration (G) was determined as an estimate of the shock absorption capacity. To assess the differences between the shoes, a repeated measures analysis of variance was used, the independent variables being the SAS and the temperature. RESULTS: There was a quadratic trend in the curves that differed between the shoe types (p< .001), indicating that for each SAS, the drop of the peak deceleration (G) with the increase of temperature was significant. There was also a significant overall difference when comparing the four different SAS over the temperature range. The polyurethane foam had much higher peak deceleration at cold temperatures than any of the other shoes tested. CONCLUSION: As the ambient temperature gets colder, the shock absorption capacity of the running shoes in the current study decreased. Temperature induced changes were most marked for the polyurethane foam SAS. These findings may have important clinical implications for individuals training in cold environments.

ランニング・シューズの衝撃緩衝性とランナーの筋放電の関係(シューズ(2))

One of the required parameters for running shoes is the impact absorption performance. Impact absorption has an important role to protect a runner from stress and impact. The impact absorption performances of 3 types of shoes were examined by the drop-weight impact test. Furthermore, motion of runner was classified into two, one was that related to the landing and other was related to the taking off, by the EMG and the knee's acceleration sensor. This research led us to decide that the impact absorption of shoe sole especially affected EMG in landing motion, thus the relationship between impact absorption of shoe sole and human's EMG of landing motion was studied.

발레의 1st Position 점프 동작 시 신발 유형에 따른 하지의 운동학적 비교분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate the height of jump, angle of the ankle and knee, the angular velocity of the ankle and knee between two types of ballet shoes during a jump in the 1st position. The subjects were 5 female ballet majors of university in Busan the majors who have been dancing ballet for six years on the average. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The height of jump had no significant difference between two types of ballet shoes, and then the average of the height of jump with point shoes group (<TEX>$20.24{\pm}4.62\;cm$</TEX>) was a little higher than ballet shoes group (<TEX>$17.50{\pm}4.05\;cm$</TEX>). 2. The angle of the ankle had no significant difference for all events between two types of ballet shoes. The minimum angle of ankle joint was represented to <TEX>$54.36_{\circ}$</TEX> at the E1 of the left ankle angle of the ballet shoes and the maximum value was showed <TEX>$155.43_{\circ}$</TEX> at the E3 of the right ankle angle of the point shoes. 3. The angle of the knee had no significant difference for all events between two types of ballet shoes. The minimum angle of knee joint was represented to <TEX>$99.54_{\circ}$</TEX> at the E1 of the left knee angle of the ballet shoes and the maximum value was showed <TEX>$174.25_{\circ}$</TEX> at the E3 of the right knee angle of the point shoes. 4. The ankle velocity of the ankle had no significant difference for all events between two types of ballet shoes. The minimum angular velocity of the ankle was represented to 4.35 deg/s at the maximum height(E3) of the point shoes and the maximum value was showed 597.81 deg/s at the take-off(E2) of the right ankle angle of the point shoes. 5. The angular velocity of the knee had significant difference between two types of ballet shoes at the event 1(p<.05). The minimum angular velocity of the hee was represented to -1.68 deg/s at the maximum height(E3) of the point shoes and the maximum value was showed 360.25 deg/s at the take-off(E2) of the left knee angle of the ballet shoes. The other events had no significant difference between two types of ballet shoes.

Assessment of shoe-floor slipperiness with respect to contact-time-related variation in friction during heel strike

The variation in utilized and available friction over shoe-floor contact time was determined in the presence of high- and low-viscosity contaminants. The objectives were to improve the validity of slipperiness evaluations and to find better criteria for safe friction during heel strike. The utilized friction coefficients for six shoe types were determined during gait-trials with male participants. The available friction coefficients of these shoes were measured with a test rig simulating heel slipping. The experiments were performed on a stainless steel floor with concentrated glycerol ('oily' condition) and diluted glycerol (1:10 in water) as contaminants. It was hypothesized that any single friction measurement criterion would be an insufficient predictor for safe gait with no slip or with slip recovery, not leading to a fall. The results showed that both transitional friction (time-intervals from zero to about 250 ms of heel contact) and steady state kinetic friction (time-intervals from about 250 ms to 450 ms) properties in the shoe and floor interface play an important role in slipperiness measurement and slip/fall risk assessment. The role of static friction in the risk assessment remained unclear.

Impact Loading in Running Shoes with Cushioning Column Systems

This study evaluated the effects of running shoes—with two types of cushioning column systems—on impact force patterns during running. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected from 10 normal participants wearing shoes with the following cushions: 4-column multicellular urethane elastomer (Shoe 1), 4-column thermoplastic polyester elastomer (Shoe 2), and 1-unit EVA foam (Shoe 3). Participants exhibited significantly lower impact force (p = .02) and loading rate (p = .005) with Shoe 2 (1.84 ± 0.24 BW; 45.6 ± 11.6 BW/s) compared to Shoe 1 (1.94 ± 0.18 BW; 57.9 ± 12.1 BW/s). Both cushioning column shoes showed impact force characteristics similar to those of a top-model running shoe (Shoe 3), and improved cushioning performance over shoes previously tested in similar conditions. Alterations in impact force patterns induced by lower limb alignment and running speed were negligible since participants did not differ in ankle position, knee position, or speed during all shod running trials. Ankle plantarflexion, however, was higher for barefoot running, indicating an apparent midfoot strike. Mechanical testing of each shoe during physiologic, cyclic loading demonstrated that Shoe 3 had the greatest stiffness, followed by Shoe 2 and Shoe 1. Shoe 1 was the least stiff of the two shoes with cushioning column systems, yet it displayed a significantly higher impact loading rate during running, possibly due to rearfoot motion alterations induced by the stiffer shoe. This study showed that even in similar shoe types, impact force and loading rate values could vary significantly with midsole cushion constructions. The findings of this study suggest that using these newer running shoes may be effective for runners who want optimal cushioning during running.

The inflence of mountain boots on gait

Mountain boots are heavier than everyday shoes and imprison the ankle joint; these characteristics may affect normal walking. The purpose of this study was to analyze temporal gait in a group of mountaineers who use these boots. Gait parameters were compared to those assessed for the same group wearing everyday shoes. A conductive walk-way system was used for gait analysis; each mountaineer performed 3 runs at normal speed and 3 runs at fast speed, first wearing everyday shoes and then wearing mountain boots. The parameters determined were gait cycle duration (s), the durations of single support (SLS), double support (DLS) and single step (expressed as percentages of cycle duration), and the gait speed (m/s). Results with everyday shoes were compared to those with mountain shoes using thet test. Statistically significant differences between the two types of shoes were found in the SLS and DLS values in both normal and fast gait. These differences are attributed to the fact that mountain boots affect the gait in a variety of ways, such as the longer lever arm of the foot. In the long term, the increased single support and decreased double support may predispose to joint overload and arthritis development.

Wedge and Eggbar Shoes Change the Pressure Distribution Under the Hoof of the Forelimb in the Square Standing Horse

Summary The shoe types most commonly applied to horses with navicular disease or other forms of palmar heel pain are shoes with heel wedges and eggbar shoes, although their efficacy has been a matter of debate among veterinarians and farriers for centuries. To quantify the effect of these different types of “navicular” shoeing on static hoof pressure distribution, 6 warmblood horses were shod with 6° wedge, eggbar, and plain shoes. While standing square with weight evenly distributed across both forelimbs, the center of pressure and pressures at selected areas of interest (AOI: toe, medial and lateral toe, medial and lateral heel) were measured using a Footscan (RsScan International, Belgium) pressure plate in a Latin square design using the plain shoe as a reference. Wedge shoes did not provide a significant shift in the center of pressure. The application of eggbar shoes did not alter the relative position of the center of pressure under the hoof. However, the absolute distance from the toe to the center of pressure was significantly larger with eggbar shoes (77 + 12 mm) compared with plain and wedged shoes (70 ± 8 mm, P < .05) resulting in an absolute, caudal shift of the center of pressure. When pressure (N/cm 2) values at the five AOIs were averaged for each shoe type, the wedge and eggbar shoe recordings showed a significantly lower mean pressure than plain shoes ( P < .05). In conclusion, mean AOI pressures decreased with wedge and eggbar shoes, and eggbar shoes provided a caudal shift in the center of pressure. These effects are believed to decrease the moment of the coffin joint and reduce the pressure on the navicular bone. Thus, the findings of this study might contribute to the scientific evidence of efficacy of the use of wedge and eggbar shoes in “navicular” lame horses.

A Study of Ultrsonic Elliptic Vibrating Shoe Type Centerless Grinding

A Study of Ultrsonic Elliptic Vibrating Shoe Type Centerless Grinding

The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking.

The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking were determined experimentally by integrating a pressure-sensitive optical gait platform with a radiographic fluoroscopy system for recording skeletal motion. In order to calculate the fascia's tension-deformation relation, lateral images of the foot's skeleton that allowed evaluation of the fascia's transient length from the arch-contact to toe-off stages of walking were obtained simultaneously with the vertical foot-ground contact forces. The plantar fascia was shown to undergo continuous elongation from arch-contact to toe-off, reaching a deformation of 9 to 12% between these positions. Rapid elongation of the fascia, at a strain rate of about 0.9 +/- 0.1 Sec-1, was observed before and immediately after midstance, while a significantly slower elongation occurred at a strain rate of approximately 0.2 +/- 0.1 Sec-1 around push-off and toe-off. The average stiffness of the fascia at the slow-to-moderate walking velocities was 170 +/- 45 N/mm, which is similar to reported stiffness values for cadaver fascia specimens. The present technique may be useful for validation of computational models of the soft tissues of the foot as well as for testing the effectiveness of orthoses and shoe types for relieving excessive strain of the fascia in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.