Types Of Shoes Research Articles

The epidemiology of golfrelated injuries in Australian amateur golfers - a multivariate analysis

Objective. To perform an epidemiological study in order to determine the golf-related injury locations, injury rates and possible risk factors for golf injury in amateur golfers across Australia. Method. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of Australian golf club members was used to collect data for the study. Chi-square testing was used to evaluate the association between golf injury and each possible risk factor at univariate level. All the possible risk factors were further examined in multivariate analysis using logistical regression. Results. There were 1 634 golfers included in the present study. Of these, 288 reported having had one or more golfrelated injuries in the previous year. The most common injury location was the lower back (25.3%), followed by the elbow (15.3%) and shoulder (9.4%). The most common injury mechanism was poor technique in execution of the golf swing (44.8%). Age, warm-up status, conditioning habits, wearing a golf glove/s and injury acquired in other sports / activities were significantly associated with risk of golf injury (p < 0.05). Equipment use such as type of golf club shaft used, type of shoes used and other factors studied were not statistically significant. Conclusion. The most injured sites identified in this study were the lower back, elbow and shoulder respectively. Risk of injury during golfing varied according to age group, warm-up status, conditioning habits, whether the player wore a golf glove/s, and whether the golfer had been injured in other activities. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 12-19

Acoustodynamométrie : Un procédé innovant de mesure non-invasive de la force qui s'exerce dans un tendon au cours du mouvement

A novel technique was developed to measure the tendon load in people and in horses in motion. This non-invasive technique is based on a relation, demonstrated experimentally in vitro on isolated tendons and limbs, between the velocity of ultrasound in the tendon and the load to which it is subjected. A prototype was created to examine the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. The reproducibility of these measurements assessed in five horses was very good in a given subject, but marked differences were observed between the animals, in terms of plot shape and ultrasound velocity. These differences appeared directly related to the horse’s digital standing conformation. The technique thus validated was then used to examine the effect of four types of orthopaedic shoes compared to a standard shoe, on hard as well as soft ground.

Difference in plantar pressure between the preferred and non-preferred feet in four soccer-related movements

Objective and participants: The present study measured the difference in plantar pressure between the preferred and non-preferred foot in four soccer-related movements in 15 male university soccer players (mean (SD)...

A model-based parametric study of impact force during running

This paper deals with the impact force during foot–ground impact activities such as the running. A previously developed model is used for this study. The model is a lumped-parameter one consisting of four masses connected to each other via linear springs and viscous dampers. A shoe-specific nonlinear function is used for representation of the ground reaction force. The authors have previously showed that the previous version of the model as well as its simulation is incorrect. This paper slightly modifies the previous model so as it is able to produce results in agreement with the experiments. Then, the modified model is simulated for two typical shoe types. A parametric study is also conducted. The parametric study concerns with the effects of masses, mass ratios, stiffness constants, and damping coefficients on the dynamics of the impact. It is shown that the impact forces increase as the rigid and wobbling masses increase. However, the increase in the impact forces is not the same for all the masses. It is found that the impact force increases as the touchdown velocities increase. Simulations imply that the variations of the damping coefficients result in larger variations of the impact force compared to the stiffness. The effect of the variation of gravity on the simulated impact force is also explored. It is concluded that both the first and the second peaks of the impact force are increased with gravity. An in-depth discussion is included to compare results of the current paper with results of other investigators.

The horse-racetrack interface: a preliminary study on the effect of shoeing on impact trauma using a novel wireless data acquisition system

There is a need to determine accelerations acting on the equine hoof under field conditions in order to better assess the risks for orthopaedic health associated with shoeing practices and/or surface conditions. To measure the acceleration profiles generated in Thoroughbred racehorses exercising at high speeds over dirt racetracks and specifically to evaluate the effect of a toe grab shoe compared to a flat racing plate, using a newly developed wireless data acquisition system (WDAS). Four Thoroughbred racehorses in training and racing were used. Based on previous trials, each horse served as its own control for speed trials, with shoe type as variable. Horses were evaluated at speeds ranging from 12.0-17.3 m/sec. Impact accelerations, acceleration on break over and take-off, and temporal stride parameters were calculated. Impact injury scores were also determined, using peak accelerations and the time over which they occurred. Recorded accelerations for the resultant vector (all horses all speeds) calculated from triaxial accelerometers ranged 96.3-251.1 g, depending on the phase of the impact event. An association was observed between shoe type and change in acceleration in individual horses, with 2 horses having increased g on initial impact with toe grab shoes in place. In the final impact phase, one horse had an increase of 110 g while wearing toe grab shoes. Increased accelerations were also observed on break over in 2 horses while wearing toe grab shoes. Shoe type may change impact accelerations significantly in an individual horse and could represent increased risk for injury. Further work is needed to determine if trends exist across a population. The WDAS could be used for performance evaluation in individual horses to evaluate any component of the horse-performance surface interface, with the goal of minimising risk and optimising performance.

Factors Influencing Restaurant Worker Perception of Floor Slipperiness

Falls are responsible for a substantial injury burden in the global workplace. Restaurant environments are particularly challenged by slips, trips, and falls. This study explored those factors that could influence workers' self-reports of slipperiness in U.S. fast-food restaurants. One hundred and twenty-six workers employed in 10 fast-food restaurants in the northeastern United States participated in the study representing a study-wide response rate of 87.5%. Participants' ratings of floor slipperiness and occupational slip history within the past 4 weeks were collected through written questionnaire. Additional factors collected by questionnaire included age, gender, shift length, and shoe type. Shoe condition (wear) and shoe contamination were visually assessed by the investigators. Floor friction was also measured. Lower restaurant mean coefficient of friction and the presence of contamination on workers' shoe soles were environmental factors significantly associated with workers reporting more slippery conditions. A recent workplace history of slipping with or without a subsequent fall was also significantly associated with workers reporting more slippery conditions. Workers over the age of 45 reported conditions to be significantly less slippery than younger workers. The results suggest that worker ratings of slipperiness are influenced not only by the actual level of friction but also by the other individual and environmental factors noted above. Recommendations for future studies would include a longitudinal design to better capture the temporal sequence between these variables. More field research is needed to better understand the association between workplace conditions, worker perception of slipperiness, and slipping at work.

Time domain characteristics of hoof-ground interaction at the onset of stance phase

Little is known about the interaction of the hoof with the ground at the onset of stance phase although is it widely believed that high power collisions are involved in the aetiopathology of several conditions causing lameness. To answer 3 questions regarding the fundamental nature of hoof-ground collision: (1) is the collision process deterministic for ground surfaces that present a consistent mechanical interface (2) do collision forces act on the hoof in a small or large range of directions and (3) Is the hoof decelerated to near-zero velocity by the initial deceleration peak following ground contact? Hoof acceleration during the onset of stance phase was recorded using biaxial accelerometry for horses trotting on a tarmac surface and on a sand surface. Characteristics of the collision process were identified both from vector plots and time series representations of hoof acceleration, velocity and displacement. The response of the hoof to collision with smooth tarmac was predominantly deterministic and consistent with the response of a spring-damper system following shock excitation. The response to collision with sand was predominantly random. The deceleration peak following ground contact did not decelerate the hoof to near-zero velocity on tarmac but appeared to on sand. On both surfaces, collision forces acted on the hoof in a wide range of directions. The study suggests the presence of stiff, viscoelastic structures within the foot that may act as shock absorbers isolating the limb from large collision forces. The study indicates objectives for future in vivo and in vitro research into the shock absorbing mechanism within the equine foot; and the effects of shoe type and track surface properties on the collision forces experienced during locomotion. Studies of this nature should help to establish a link between musculoskeletal injury, hoof function and hoof-ground interaction if, indeed, one exists.

Evaluation of instrumented shoes for ambulatory assessment of ground reaction forces

Currently, force plates or pressure sensitive insoles are the standard tools to measure ground reaction forces and centre of pressure data during human gait. Force plates, however, impose constraints on foot placement, and the available pressure sensitive insoles measure only one component of force. In this study, shoes instrumented with two force transducers measuring forces and moments in three dimensions were evaluated. Technical performance was assessed by comparing force measurement and centre of pressure reconstructions of the instrumented shoes against a force plate. The effect of the instrumented shoes on gait was investigated using an optical tracking system and a force plate. Instrumented shoes were compared against normal shoes and weighted shoes. The ground reaction force measured with force plate and instrumented shoes differed by 2.2 ± 0.1% in magnitude and by 3.4 ± 1.3° in direction. The horizontal components differed by 9.9 ± 3.8% in magnitude and 26.9 ± 10.0° in direction. Centre of pressure location differed by 13.7 ± 2.4 mm between measurement systems. A MANOVA repeated measures analysis on data of seven subjects, revealed significant differences in gait pattern between shoe types ( p ≤ 0.05). A subsequent univariate analysis showed significant differences only in maximum ground reaction force but these could not be attributed to specific shoe types by pair-wise comparison. This study indicates that shoes instrumented with force transducers can be a valuable alternative to current measurement systems if accurate sensing of position and orientation of the force transducers is improved. They are applicable in ambulatory settings and suitable for inverse dynamics analysis.

Hard Ground용 축구화와 Soft Ground용 축구화의 운동역학적 비교

The Purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical difference of two soccer footwear. which will provide scientific data to coaches and players, to further prevent injuries and to improve each players skills. The result of this study can be summarized after testing the two types of soccer footwear with comparative transforming heel angles and also with a pressure distribution in running. When a player`s foot first touched the ground, the average difference of in/eversion was between 1.2 and 3.1 degrees for the two soccer shoes. In regards to maximum inversion and eversion of foot, maximum tibial rotation, and maximum and total movement of foot, the condition of barefoot and the two soccer shoes showed a small difference from 1.5 to 3.5 degrees and the difference among the subjects of study wasn`t constant. In regards to maximum velocity of inversion and eversion running in one`s bare feet showed much lower inversion velocity in comparison to putting on two types of soccer shoes and comparison of the average. Among some of the subjects, after putting on the two types of soccer shoes exceeded in maximum velocity of eversion. In the maximum braking impulse(t

보행시 신발, 속도, 그리고 경사도에 따른 정규 저크의 차이

The purpose of this study was to evaluate normalized jerk according to shoes, slope, and velocity during walking. Eleven different test subjects used three different types of shoes (running shoes, mountain climbing boots, and elevated forefoot walking shoes) at various walking speeds(1.19, 1.25, 1.33, 1.56, 1.78, 1.9, 2, 2.11, 2.33m/sec) and gradients(0, 3, 6, 10 degrees) on a treadmill. Since there were concerns about using the elevated forefoot shoes on an incline, these shoes were not used on a gradient. Motion Analysis (Motion Analysis Corp. Santa Rosa, CA USA) was conducted with four Falcon high speed digital motion capture cameras. Utilizing the maximum smoothness theory, it was hypothesized that there would be differences in jerk according to shoe type, velocity, and slope. Furthermore, it was assumed that running shoes would have the lowest values for normalized jerk because subjects were most accustomed to wearing these shoes. The results demonstrated that elevated forefoot walking shoes had lowest value for normalized jerk at heel. In contrast, elevated forefoot walking shoes had greater normalized jerk at the center of mass at most walking speeds. For most gradients and walking speeds, hiking boots had smaller medio-lateral directional normalized jerk at ankle than running shoes. These results alluded to an inverse ratio for jerk at the heel and at the COM for all types of shoes. Furthermore, as velocity increased, medio-lateral jerk was reduced for all gradients in both hiking boots and running shoes. Due to the fragility of the ankle joint, elevated forefoot walking shoes could be recommended for walking on flat surfaces because they minimize instability at the heel. Although the elevated forefoot walking shoes have the highest levels of jerk at the COM, the structure of the pelvis and spine allows for greater compensatory movement than the ankle. This movement at the COM might even have a beneficial effect of activating the muscles in the back and abdomen more than other shoes. On inclines hiking boots would be recommended over running shoes because hiking boots demonstrated more medio-lateral stability on a gradient than running shoes. These results also demonstrate the usefulness of normalized jerk theory in analyzing the relationship between the body and shoes, walking velocity, and movement up a slope.

Assessment Of Trampling Simulation Impacts On Native Vegetation In Mediterranean Sclerophyllous Forest

This study examines the effects of visitors on vegetation of natural semi-arid areas of Mediterranean basin using controlled experimental trampling. Impacts were assessed on days 1, 5, 15 and 30 examining presence of plant species, their cover and height in linear transects suffering a constant trampling intensity (25, 75, 100 and 200 passes/day). In addition, the study included the analysis of factors such as plant species, trampling intensity, the cumulative impact (day effect) and the type of footwear on plant variables. The results showed a decrease on plant cover and height influenced by cumulative (day) effect, an effect of trampling intensity and a different effect for each species. In contrast, shoe type affected only slightly the decrease in plant height. The evolution of plant cover revealed which species were most resistant to trampling. The disappearance of plant individuals during trampling appeared to be an impact index better than plant cover, because cover increased in some species when they were trampled thus introducing a bias.

Footwear Characteristics and Risk of Indoor and Outdoor Falls in Older People

Background: Footwear characteristics have been shown to influence balance in older people; however, the relationship between footwear and falls is unclear. Objective: To determine the relationships between footwear characteristics and the risk of indoor and outdoor falls in older people. Methods: Footwear characteristics (shoe type, heel height, heel counter height, heel width, critical tipping angle, method of fixation, heel counter stiffness, sole rigidity and flexion point, tread pattern and sole hardness) were assessed in 176 people (56 men and 120 women) aged 62–96 (mean age 80.1, SD 6.4) residing in a retirement village. Falls were recorded over a 12-month follow-up period and comparisons made between fallers and non-fallers. Results: 50 participants (29%) fell indoors and 36 (21%) fell outdoors. After controlling for age, gender, demographic characteristics, medication use, physiological falls risk factors and foot problems, those who fell indoors were more likely to go barefoot or wear socks inside the home (OR = 13.74; 95% CI 3.88–48.61, p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in indoor or outdoor footwear characteristics between fallers and non-fallers. Five indoor fallers (10%) and three outdoor fallers (8%) stated that their shoes contributed to their fall. Conclusion: Footwear characteristics were not significantly associated with falls either inside or outside the home. Risk of falling indoors was associated with going barefoot or wearing socks. Older people at risk of falling should therefore be advised to wear shoes indoors where possible.

Peak Torque and Rotational Stiffness Developed at the Shoe-Surface Interface

Background Shoe-surface interactions have been implicated in the high number of noncontact knee injuries suffered by athletes at all levels. Purpose To examine shoe-surface interactions on newer field designs and compare these with more traditional shoe-surface combinations. The peak torque and rotational stiffness (the rate at which torque is developed under rotation) were determined. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods A device was constructed to measure the torque versus applied rotation developed between different shoe-surface combinations. Data were collected on 5 different playing surfaces (natural grass, Astroturf, 2 types of Astroplay, and FieldTurf), using 2 types of shoes (grass and turf), under a compressive load of 333 N. Results The highest peak torques were developed by the grass shoe–FieldTurf tray and the turf shoe–Astroturf field combinations. The lowest peak torques were developed on the grass field. The turf shoe–Astroturf combination exhibited a rotational stiffness nearly double that of any other shoe-surface combinations. Conclusion The differences in the rotational stiffness across all 10 shoe-surface combinations were greater than those of the peak torques. It is possible that rotational stiffness may provide a new criterion for the evaluation of shoe-surface interface. Clinical Relevance An improved understanding of shoe-surface interactions remains a critical need to improve the design of shoe-surface combinations with the goal of meeting player needs while minimizing injury potential.

Assessment of Plantar Pressure in Forefoot Relief Shoes of Different Designs

After reconstructive forefoot surgery, patients require complete or partial forefoot relief, which can be obtained with a variety of shoe designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different types of forefoot-relief shoes frequently used after surgery, especially their safety against unintentional forefoot load. Ten healthy volunteers were asked to perform five trials on a treadmill at self-selected speeds. In the first trial, mean peak pressure values in mass-produced shoes and insoles were evaluated and considered as 100%. Two different shoe designs (short heel-short sole, ii: short heel-complete sole) were compared in two trials each with appropriate and inappropriate use (attempting to put weight on the forefoot) gait pattern. Plantar pressure values were obtained using the Pedar cable system (Novel Inc., Munich, Germany). For analysis, pedobarographic pictures were subdivided into midfoot (31% to 60% of the total insole length) and forefoot (61% to 100% of the total insole length). ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, and p values less than 0.01 were considered significant. With the short-soled shoe, forefoot and midfoot relief was 100% in both compliant and in noncompliant use. With wearing a complete sole, compliant use led to a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of mean peak pressure under the forefoot (34 +/- 13% remaining) and midfoot (47 +/- 13% remaining). Noncompliant use of the complete-sole shoe produced mean peak pressure values significantly higher (p < 0.01) than normal gait in mass produced shoes under the forefoot, but not under the midfoot. Forefoot-relief shoes are effective in reducing both mean and peak plantar pressures. Shoes with a nonsupported midfoot and forefoot may be safer with inappropriate use than shoes with a complete sole. The kind of forefoot shoe should be carefully chosen to regulate weightbearing after reconstructive forefoot surgery.

The EMG Analysis on variation of Toe &amp; Heel Spring

Lately, various shoes pursued biomechanical functions have developed. For the gate purpose, shoes that can keep the balance of body and activate whole body muscles are developed. Among these developing shoes, shoes having the variation of toe & heel spring are developed. Then, this study investigates the effect due to the variation of toe and heel spring by EMG analysis. Shoes are selected by 3 kinds (A, B and C) of following types: A type has 0.5-0.7cm toe and 0cm heel spring, B type has 1.5-2.0cm toe and 0.5-1.0cm heel spring and C type has 4.5-5.0cm toe and 2.5-3.0cm heel spring. Measurement parts are calf (gastrocnemius muscle), thigh (nastus muscles), and waist (erector spinae muscles).Results showed, the shoes having a large variation of toe and heel spring has a large IEMG. And thigh (nastus muscles) showed statistical significance, however the other parts has no significant effects. During gate, the change of mean frequency was founded on same measurement points according to the change of toe, heel spring and types of shoes. So, we can foresee the correlation between the variation of spring of shoes and the CBM (Center of Body Motion). As a future study, measurement of CBM by the motion analysis according to the change of toe and heel spring could be followed.

The Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Stiffness and Damping Factors in the Midsoles of Running Shoes

McMahon and Greene showed, in 1979, that it is possible to design a running track with a compliance that will reduce the shock loading on the legs of the athletes, and yet will enable them to return fast times. Since then, attempts have been made to find a combination of properties in a running shoe that would achieve the same ends. The extent to which the stiffness of the midsole may be reduced is limited by the need for the athlete's ankle to maintain a high degree of stability. On the other hand, it has been predicted from modelling studies that the damping properties of running shoe midsoles may be controlled to reduce the impact shock that is imparted to each leg of a runner, as the heel strikes the ground at the initiation of the contact phase. A method has been developed for deriving the damping parameters (logarithmic decrement and damping factor) from an analysis of the complete load deformation curve, both for a single cycle and after several thousand load cycles. The stiffness and damping properties of five types of running shoes have been measured under low frequency loading, and also at 1 Hz - close to the frequency of heelstrike. It was found that although the damping factors range from 0.02 to 0.04 at low frequency, they are reduced to a range between 0.013 and 0.03 when the load is cycled at 1 Hz. In a similar fashion, the stiffness values increased under cyclic loading, so that the energy absorbed by the midsole was reduced by about a factor of two. These findings were found to be repeated across all the types of shoes that were tested, and related to the basic deformation mechanisms in the polymers used in the midsoles.

1P1-A10 人間親和性を有する高機能靴開発のための基礎研究

In recent years, accidents of bone fracture with elderly people increase because of tendency to fall by a little step in a house. As one of this cause, it is considered that the center of gravity position with foot parts is changed. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, we propose a new type of shoes with high performances by making use of sponge-core-soft rubber actuator. The actuator can estimate an external force by measurement of pressure in the actuator. Thus, when some actuators are used in the bottom of the shoes, it is possible to estimate distribution of the external forces with foot parts. Further, the actuator can control the stiffness by pressure in the actuator. Therefore, the actuators can adjust the center of gravity position of the foot parts. In this paper, the mechanism of the proposed shoes is explained and basic performances of the proposed mechanism are clarified through some experimental results.

3116 空気圧システムを用いた高機能靴に関する基礎研究(S45-3 フルードパワー機器 III,S45 フルードパワー機器)

In recent years, a walking sport attracts attention for healthy maintenance. This is because that the sport is very easy to execute. However, with respect to elderly people, the accidents of bone fracture increase because of tendency to fall by a little step in a house. As one of this cause, it is considered that the center of gravity position with foot parts is changed. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, we propose a new type of shoes with high performances by making use of soft rubber actuator. In this paper, the mechanism of the proposed shoes is explained and basic performances of the proposed mechanism are clarified through some experimental results.

Development of a novel type of shoe to improve the efficiency of knee-ankle-foot orthoses with a medial single hip joint (Primewalk orthoses): A novel type of shoe for Primewalk orthosis

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate a new heel cushion in shoes for use with knee-ankle-foot orthoses having a medial single hip joint (Primewalk orthoses) in order to improve walking velocity and efficiency. Primewalk orthoses and shoes were made for a 24-year-old man having paraplegia with flaccid paresis (level T-7; grade A, ASIA impairment scale) of 2 years' duration. Walking exercises were assigned. Shoes were modified with the sole made of hard rubber and the addition of soft rubber heel cushions. The walking speed, centre of foot pressure during walking, and ground reaction force were evaluated. The patient also subjectively assessed the devices. The modifications to the shoes resulted in a 1.94-fold increase in walking speed (8.6 to 16.7 m/min), a 1.87-fold increase in step length (16.7 to 31.3 cm) and a 54.8% decrease in the physiological cost index (7.7 to 3.48 beats/min). The centre of foot pressure during walking was found to deviate towards the lateral margin of the foot. The horizontal rotation of the pelvis increased simultaneously. The patient reported increased amplitude of flail motion of the trunk and decreased burden to the upper limbs. It was concluded that the modified new heel cushion of the shoe provided freedom to the lower legs and thereby increased walking efficiency.

Alternative to the Modified Jones Procedure: Outcomes of the Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) Tendon Transfer Procedure for Correction of Clawed Hallux

The modified Jones procedure is the traditional operative procedure for correction of a clawed hallux, although the deformity may be caused by overpull of one of three different muscles. In this study we present the radiographic and functional outcomes of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer as treatment for clawed hallux. The transfer is performed by drawing two thirds of the FHL tendon up through a drill hole in the proximal phalanx and then suturing it medially back to the remaining third. We retrospectively identified 19 patients (22 feet) who had FHL tendon transfer for correction of clawed hallux over a period of 5 years. Followup was an average of 51.0 (range 6 to 74; +/- 3.8) months after the procedure. Outcome and patient satisfaction were determined using the Long-Form Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) score. Patients were asked whether they were satisfied, somewhat satisfied, or dissatisfied with the overall outcome and were asked about shoewear limitations. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were evaluated in 15 patients (17 feet). We measured the hallux valgus and interphalangeal (IP) angles on the anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. On the lateral view we measured the angle of the IP joint, the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, and the talometatarsal angle. Statistical analysis was done using a repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). On the lateral radiographs, the hallux IP joint angle (p < 0.0012; n = 15) and hallux MTP joint angle (p < 0.0265; n = 15) were significantly reduced postoperatively. On AP radiographs, the hallux valgus angle (p < 0.0334) was significantly reduced; however, the IP angle and the talometatarsal angle were not significantly different after surgery. Patients had an average MFA score of 14.6 (+/-3.8 standard error, range 1 to 35; n = 19). Thirteen patients were fully satisfied and six were somewhat satisfied with the overall result of the surgery. Four patients thought that their hallux limited the types of shoes they could wear, while 15 did not. It has been shown that clawed hallux can result from excessive motor function in one of three muscles: FHL tendon, peroneus longus (PL), and extensor hallucis longus (EHL). This study suggests that transfer of part of the tendon of the FHL is an effective alternative operative procedure for correction of clawed hallux.