Ship Crew Research Articles

Manfaat Vessel Traffic System (VTS) di Alur Pelayaran Tanjung Emas Semarang

This study aims to determine whether the Vessel Traffic System (VTS) in Tanjung Emas is sufficient to provide benefits to users of port facilities. This research was conducted to determine whether the implementation of VTS as a form of technological advancement (science and technology) in the maritime world has been fully enjoyed by shipping service users. In obtaining data and filling out the questionnaire in this study using a sample of 60 people from the shipping office and ship crew (ABK). The research method is descriptive qualitative method and the sampling technique in this study is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling method. Based on the research results it can be concluded that VTS service users are satisfied with the services provided to vessels. The information system owned by VTS Tanjung Emas is quite effective in providing information related to shipping in Tanjung Emas. VTS gives a sizable economic role to the state through PNBP payments.

Main features of expeditioners’personality traits in Antarctic conditions

Introduction. Determining the benefits of basic human personality traits is one of the main components of the selection and staffing of small groups of peoples that are working in extreme environmental conditions and socio-spatial isolation. These groups include teams of polar explorers, scientists from outlying research bases, ship and submarine crews, and aircraft and space shuttles teams. Purpose. To identify the prevailing type of temperament of and personal changes in people working on the Antarctic station during a one-year period of isolation to develop measures to maintain their mental and physical health. Methodology. A total of 48 people (46 men and 2 women aged from 23 to 63 years) from four wintering teams of the Ukrainian Antarctic station (UAS) “Akademik Vernadsky” were voluntarily interviewed according to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). The poll was conducted twice – before the departure to the Antarctic station and after their return after a year. Participants were studied in two groups (24 peoples) once again after a 6-month stay on the Antarctic station, to determine the level of psychoticism. The research was based on the analysis of preferences and changes in personality traits: Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability, and Psychoticism/Socialization. Results. Based on the analysis of indicators such as Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism/Stability, and Psychoticism/Socialization, we determined the general structure of the personal characteristics of the expeditioners. Indicators of these characteristics showed that more than a third of the expeditioners (36.1%) were pronounced extroverts. A majority (61.1%) of the respondents were characterized by an intermediate between extraversion and introversion, and only 2.8% were pronounced introverts. 58.4% of the respondents were characterized by a low level of neuroticism, while 33.3% were characterized by medium level of neuroticism. Only 8.3% were found to have a high level of neuroticism. Low levels of psychoticism were predominant in 56.3% of the respondents while the remaining 43.7% had medium levels of psychoticism. A high level of psychoticism was absent in the respondents which indicates a psychologically correct selection of the team. Analysis of the dynamics of psychoticism revealed that there were higher growth rates (+0.97) of average indexes of psychoticism during the first 6 months of the expeditioners’ stay at the Antarctic station than at the end of the activity. This was due to the “acute adaptation” period when the respondent fit in the natural conditions of Antarctica. Furthermore, there was a development of psychoticism in the expeditioners during the “polar night”; the growth rates of psychoticism decreased after adaptation. Conclusions. To maintain people’s mental health at the Antarctic station, it is optimal to select candidates for a one-year expedition with average rates of extraversion-introversion, and mostly low rates of neuroticism and psychoticism. These personal characteristics must be taken into account when forming an expedition team. The level of psychoticism during the expedition increases under the influence of the adverse environmental conditions of Antarctica and the socio-spatial isolation

Ship Leadership, Situation Awareness, and Crew Safety Behaviour—Preregistered Replications in Two Survey Datasets

Situation awareness is often assumed to be crucial for working safely. Self-reported context-general measures can be an efficient way to measure situation awareness in large datasets and test how it relates to other individual, organizational, and environmental variables. In a previous structural equation model (Sætrevik & Hystad, 2017) authentic leadership accounted for situation awareness and self-report of committing unsafe actions, while situation awareness accounted for subjective risk assessment and commitment of unsafe actions. The current study performed preregistered replications of the same associations in two novel but similar datasets. Both datasets replicated that higher situation awareness was associated with fewer unsafe actions and with lower subjective risk assessment. One of the new datasets measured leadership, and more authentic leadership was found to be associated with higher situation awareness and fewer unsafe actions. The preregistered structural equation models explained large amounts of the variance in situation awareness and unsafe actions and medium to large amounts of the variance in subjective risk assessment. We also tested adjusted models that incorporated more of the measured items and improved the validity of the measures. The study supports the claim that a crewmember’s cognitive states (such as perception, understanding, and prediction of safety signals) are associated with safety outcomes and that leadership qualities may facilitate this relationship. This preregistered replication in two novel datasets increases the reliability of the previously identified relationships.

High-fidelity data supported ship trajectory prediction via an ensemble machine learning framework

Ship trajectory from automatic identification system (AIS) provides crucial kinematic information for various maritime traffic participants (ship crew, maritime officials, shipping company, etc.), which greatly benefits the maritime traffic management in real-world. In that manner, ship trajectory smoothing and prediction attracts significant attentions in the maritime traffic community. To address the issue, an ensemble machine learning framework is proposed to remove outliers in the raw AIS data and predict ship trajectory variation tendency. Our method is verified on three typical ship trajectory segments, which is compared against other ship trajectory prediction models. The experimental results suggested that our proposed framework obtained higher prediction accuracy compared to the common trajectory prediction models in terms of typical error measurement indicators. The research findings can help maritime traffic participants obtain high-fidelity ship trajectory data, which supports making more reasonable traffic-controlling decisions.

The Internet of things and indoor air quality on ship

Air quality monitoring is an actively developing area in maintaining a proper environment for people’s activity and health. In maritime transport, crews of ships are at constant risk of exposure to hazardous air pollutants, which makes the task of air quality maintenance especially important. The solution proposed in the project - a device for monitoring the air quality in the areas of a ship is developed on the principles of the Internet of Things and uses the latest gas sensors based on microelectromechanical systems. The data collected by the network made of the proposed devices is used for effective control of the ship’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.

ANALISA PENYEBAB RUSAKNYA CARGO OIL PUMP GUNA MENUNJANG DISCHARGE CARGO PERTAMAX DI ATASKAPAL MT. PATRA TANKER 2

When discharging the Pertamax cargo at the port at 10:25 a.m. local time, the on-duty engineer received information from the cargo control room that a problem had occurred, the engineer immediately went to the cargo pump room to check the condition of the cargo oil pump. The engineer is see a leak in the pump room which causes the pump room to be full of spills of Pertamax oil transported by the ship. This research is based on a case study on the ship MT. Patra Tanker 2. The data collection method was carried out by direct observation on the ship for one year and then conducted discussions and interviews with the ship's crew responsible for the cargo pump, as well as data from literature such as instruction manuals and standard operational procedures (SOP). The analysis approach was carried out in a descriptive qualitative manner based on data and various literatures used as a reference or comparison. From the results of the analysis it is stated that the cause of the damage to the cargo oil pump is due to the influence of the quality of the mechanical seal that does not meet the standard, the ball bearing is damaged or worn on the cargo oil pump, the ceramic sleeve shaft (bushing) is thinning or worn, and damage to the cargo oil pump shaft. The cause of damage to the cargo oil pump can be avoided by carrying out routine maintenance and controlling it regularly when the cargo oil pump is running.

Hasty Departures: The Evacuation of American Citizens from Europe at the Outbreak of World War II

When World War II began in September 1939, upwards of one hundred thousand American citizens were residing and traveling throughout Europe. Over the next three months, nearly seventy-five thousand of these individuals would be returned to the United States on crowded passenger ships and merchant vessels. This evacuation, organized and facili­tated by the US government, shipping representatives, and labor organizers, proved to be difficult. Besides contending with logistical obstacles, officials leading the operations had to assist evacuees with bookings and other personal matters, contend with rowdy ship crews, and ensure that the vessels traveling across the Atlantic Ocean were safe from Ger­man U-boats. This article offers insight into the Americans who were assisted, the US government officials who orchestrated the repatriation efforts, and the ships that were involved in the transatlantic crossings. It also provides a unique glimpse into the activities of American consular staff in France, Britain, and Ireland during the early days of the inter­national conflict.&nbsp

SLIM based methodology for human error probability calculation of bunker spills in maritime operations

System reliability assessment is among the main acts in the operation and maintenance of every industrial and service sector, which also applies to maritime transportation system. Safety is an important parameter for system reliability assessment and a top priority for maritime transportation sector due to its direct effects on the environment, human life, and goods transported. Because human factor plays a very critical role on improving safety onboard, reliability assessment becomes vital for researchers and decision makers. The human factor also has an important role in bunkering operations. Bunkering is a routine operation on a ship which has been the cause of several accidental oil spills in the past. To prevent environmental damages caused by oil spill, bunkering operation requires careful planning, utmost care and high performance of the ship's crew. In this regard, the prediction of human error probabilities offers an advantage to prevent environmental pollution at sea and also provides a high level of safety in maritime industry. Therefore, the aim of this study is to calculate human error probabilities in bunkering operation by using Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM). This study can also be used as a decision-making tool by ship's crew for improving safety at sea and preventing ship-based oil spill through providing a strategic and effective approach in bunkering operations.

«ОБРАТНАЯ» МЕТАФОРА КОРАБЛЯ: ЧЕРЕЗ СОЦИУМ К МЕТАФИЗИКЕ

The metaphor of a ship led by a skillful captain as an image of society/state led by a wise ruler was perceived in the 18th century Russian culture as a well-known cultural meme. In Andrey Bolotov's (1738–1833) treatise The Guide to True Human Happiness this metaphor is used to illustrate and clarify a complicated metaphysical problem. Bolotov used this image in an attempt to explain the processes inside the human soul, the struggle between the rational and the sensual, between “thoughts and desires”, between “reason and arbitrariness”. He uses the full range of social characteristics and applies them to various mental structures. Any individual’s actions and way of life are represented as resulting from the functioning of their “inner society,” a coordinated work of a ship's crew led by reason as its captain towards the great goal – a virtuous life, bliss and peace.

Juridical Analysis of Work Agreements at Sea for Seafarers from the Perspective of Affirming People's Welfare: A Study at the Batam Authority and Harbormaster Office

A Sea Work Agreement is a contract between a shipping entrepreneur and a worker in which the latter agrees to do work for pay as a captain or a member of the ship's crew under the entrepreneur's instructions. As a component of a more considerable agreement, a written or spoken labor agreement must satisfy both subjective and objective legal criteria of an agreement. The topic of this study is the legal arrangement of work agreements at sea for seafarers to promote human welfare. A study was conducted by the Batam authorities and harbormaster's office on the implementation and legal analysis of work agreements at sea for seafarers from an affirming people's welfare perspective. Also, the factors that act as impediments or barriers to solutions for work agreements at sea for seafarers from an affirming people's welfare perspective. This research aims to establish the legal structure of work agreements at sea for seafarers to improve their welfare and the execution and legal analysis of work agreements at sea for seafarers to enhance their welfare. Thirdly, determine the elements that lead to the formation of barriers or obstacles, along with some of the aspects that contribute to their resolution. This study aims to gather primary data via field research utilizing a normative approach. The study's findings show that although the legal control of work agreements at sea for seafarers has been chiefly implemented successfully to enhance people's welfare, there are still many barriers in the sector at both an internal and external level. It is anticipated that both ship entrepreneurs and ship personnel will adhere to their agreed-upon and signed maritime labor agreements, making this a legal requirement for builders. Keywords: Sea Work Agreement, Seafarers.

The problems of organization of medical care of crews of passenger ships in the system of inner water transport of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the study was to analyze organization of medical care of crews of passenger ships of inner water transport of the Russian Federation and to examine morbidity according to appeal for medical care of the crew during navigation. The analysis of organization of medical care in inner water transport covered the corresponding normative legal base of the late 1980s to present times. The search and analysis of available publications concerning issues of organization and provision of medical care to passenger river transport crews during and out of navigation was carried out. The estimation of morbidity statistics was implemented according data of medical log journal of out-patient reception of members of the crew of river cruise ship during navigation. The normative legal base of provision of medical care to crews of water river transport during navigation and on shore, and training and employment systems of ship physicians requires substantial revision. On average, 1.5 initial visits for medical assistance during navigation is for 1 crew members. The repeated visits accounted for significant proportion (48.0%) of all crew visits. The largest percentage of visits was related to rank-and-file staff (74.0%). In the structure of causes of visiting out-patient medical unit on board the first place is for injuries (22.0%), respiratory diseases follow (18.0%) and diseases of musculoskeletal system are third (11.0%). In the Russian Federation, the system of medical care support of the crews of water passenger transport requires a serious improvement. The structure of morbidity of the crew of a passenger river vessel during navigation (the prevalence of injuries, respiratory diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system) is determined by unfavorable factors of professional activity of sailors and dictates the specifics of training of ship physicians. It is necessary to work further the normative legal base regulating medical care of the crew during navigation and on the coast, training and employment of ship medical personnel, and developing and approval of unified quality standards for organizations (institutions) involved into medical support of inner water transport workers.

The problematic aspects of medical care support of members of the crew aboard of sea-going ship

The modern requirements to business management in maritime industry are manifested not only in operative response to rapidly changing conditions of internal and external environment, but also in necessity in permanent maintenance of ship activity and health of crew members. Despite a thorough medical examination prior to starting professional activity on ship board, seamen may face the need to receive medical care during the time of contract performance. In recent years, drastic changes in procedure of first medical assistance and medical nursing on ship board. Previously, these functions were assigned to ship physician. Currently, medical care is provided by representatives of senior officers of ship crew in accordance with the requirements of international conventions. In this regard, the stated research topic is rather actual. The article describes in detail the procedure of providing medical care on ship board to crew members. Also, the key problems are established and appropriate recommendations are proposed.

Determination of the Aerodynamic Drag of Pneumatic Life Rafts as a Factor for Increasing the Reliability of Rescue Operations

Abstract Ensuring the safety of ship crews at sea is of the utmost importance. Life rafts are one of the basic components of any seagoing vessel and ensuring their stability is an important component of maritime research. This study concerns the determination of the aerodynamic drag coefficients of pneumatic life rafts in a full range of wind speed and directions. The drag coefficients are based on full-scale experimental studies and numerical calculations (computational fluid dynamics) carried out with Flow-3D software. Two types of life rafts are analysed in the numerical simulations, namely, a non-deformed raft and a raft deformed under the influence of wind pressure at a given flow velocity. The shape of the deformed pneumatic life raft is recreated on the basis of photographic documentation from experimental studies. The results of the numerical calculations are verified on the basis of full-scale flow experiments carried out at the Low Speed Wind Tunnel T-3 Laboratory at the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. This study shows that there is a dependence of aerodynamic drag on the degree of deformation of the above-water part of the life raft, as well as the angle of the raft setting to the wind. In real water conditions, this angle depends mainly on the anchor point of the drift anchor and therefore should be considered at the design stage, which will directly reduce the wind leeway of the raft.

Formation of psychological readiness to future specialists of maritime transport for professional activity in extreme situations

The article is dedicated to the research of the problem of the formation of psychological readiness to future specialists of maritime transport for professional activity in extreme situations. The results of the theoretical phase of the study allowed the authors to conclude that extreme situations in the professional activities of maritime transport may be as follows – the threat of pirate seizure of the ship, and the captivity of the ship's crew, threats of terrorist acts, the effects of dangerous natural phenomena, disasters, natural disasters, emergencies and other abnormal situations on the ship. According to the results of the study, the feasibility and possibility of applying the self approach to the effectiveness of psychological readiness to future specialists of maritime transport for professional activity in extreme situations was determined.

MEMBANGUN TEAMWORK PERFORMANCE DARI CULTURE DIVERSITY MELALUI COMMUNICATION DI LINGKUNGAN KERJA

The culture diversity in the working environment of Holland America Cruise Line caused by the multicultural and multinational crews. The purpose of the research is to analyze the culture diversity, communication, teamwork performance on board the cruise ship as well as to analyze the communication as the mediator to link the culture diversity and the teamwork performance in working environment of Holland America Cruise Line. The research involved 110 cruise ship crews as specific respondents and using qualitative method with purposive sampling questionnaire method. The primary data is collected based on questionnaires and the interviews session with the respondents while the secondary data is obtained by literature study and from the previous researchs. The result of this research find that communication is the most important factor to link the culture diversity and teamwork performance in the working environment of Holland America Cruise Line and the cruise ship management is expected to be able to help the crews ship to understand the cross-cultural before working on board and while working on board the cruise ship so this will able to support smooth operation of the cruise ship.

Real-Time Fuel Consumption Monitoring System Integrated With Internet Of Things (IOT)

Fuel is an important aspect in the operation of ships that require high costs. The high cost of fuel is not followed by an automatic fuel monitoring process. By not using the fuel consumption monitoring method that works automatically, the shipping management does not know for sure the ship's fuel consumption is in accordance with the shipping mileage, thus triggering fraud committed by the ship's crew against the ship's fuel. Fuel consumption monitoring is carried out primarily to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. By following technological developments, Internet of Things (IoT) technology has begun to be applied in various industrial fields because it can transmit data in real-time via the internet network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. In this research, the design of models and experiments related to a monitoring system for fuel consumption was carried out using sensors and microcontrollers integrated with the internet to obtain accurate and real-time data. The test results show that the volume of fuel available in the tank, the volume of fuel discharged, the flow rate of fuel, and the location of the system can be known by the user in real-time via the IoT website. Based on the results of measurements using an ultrasonic level sensor, it is known that the measurement results are quite accurate with a deviation of ± 0.5 cm. Meanwhile, the measurement results by the flow sensor are less accurate because the fuel flow only relies on the force of gravity.

Impact of COVID-19 on the freedom of the merchant ship’s access to foreign ports

Nowadays, merchant shipping is facing a new challenge in the context of COVID-19. The ships at sea may find themselves in need of immediate medical assistance relating to the crewmembers and/or passengers due to COVID-19. Besides, there is a problem with the change of ship crews in due time and their repatriation. Under international custom, coastal States keep their ports open for merchant shipping but may require the ship’s master to take appropriate action to prevent a threat of danger. In cases of failure or urgency, the coastal State can exercise its authority in taking responsive action appropriate to the threat. The article analyzes the main issue - how reasonable are the actions of states that close their ports to foreign vessels in the light of COVID-19. In this paper, the practice of foreign and Russian ports in the context of the COVID-19 is assessed.

Occupational Stressors and Job Satisfaction among Royal Malaysian Navy at Teluk Sepangar Sabah: Comparison between Submariners and Surface Ship Personnel


 Introduction: In the military, different aspects of job satisfaction are taken into account as compared to the civilian workforce. Some of the job satisfaction is related to as the working environment, nature of work and task, military operations and organizational traditions (e.g. obedience, policies and military disciplines). All these job stressors have an influence on the job satisfaction. Therefore, the military cannot be regarded as a normal and traditional work setting. The objectives of this study were to determine the differences of occupational stressors among submariners and surface ship personnel, the job satisfaction itself and to find a relationship between job satisfaction and occupational stressors among those two groups of occupation.
 Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative study, self-administered NIOSH (USA) Generic Job Stress Questionnaire was used as a tool to measure occupational stressors and job satisfaction among 50 submariners and 48 surface ship personnel.
 Results: The response rate was 98%. The result showed that there are statistically significant difference in the means in terms of job stressors among submariners and surface ship crews except for the conflict at work (P=0.03) and job requirement (P=0.01). Simple linear regression analysis shows that only mental demands had significant relationship with job satisfaction (P<0.001). Other job stressors such as the physical environment which were very different between these two occupations did not show any significant association on the occupational stress and job satisfaction when compared.
 Conclusion: Further study would hope to examine the mental demand aspect as this can improve the overall job satisfaction level among these two groups of occupation.

The Role Of Human Resources In Lake Transportation To Improve Tourism Service In Lake Toba

The objective of this research is to: discover the role of Human Resources to support the Tourism Transportation Service Standard in Samosir Regency. The type of the research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The object of this research is human resources in transportation sector, there are regulator, transportation service provider, and ship crews. All of them are local communities around lake Toba. The data are collected by employing 3 methods; they are observation, interview, and documentation. The results of the research are that Regulator plays the roles as policy maker, stimulator, and facilitator; Crossing Transportation Service Provider plays the roles as policy implementor, organizer, and operator; and Ship Crews play the roles as the policy implementor and executor.

The Retinue and the Ship - An Archaeo-sociological Study of Scandinavia at the Turn of the East Millennium and the Following Centuries

This paper argues that the ledungen organization, known from medieval provincial laws in Scandinavia, was an attempt to introduce and/or enhance central influence on local and regional administration. Ledungen was organized as a royal seaborne retinue, and used the idea of the ship and the ship's crew to establish a territorial division with the ultimate purpose of taxation. Individual farms were assigned to ship's teams. with the right and duty to serve the king. A prerequisite for the outcome of this system was the existence of similar structures, and it is assumed that the ledungen was intended to replace older, privately controlled warparties. By way of referring to naval expeditions, led by himself, the king sought to (1) transmit incomes from landowners to the crown, (2) monopolize the use of force, and (3) explain and legitimize central organization.