Transport Of Products Research Articles

Operationalization of decentralized clinical trials: The BrUOG354 experience.

100 Background: Decentralized clinical trials (DCT) aim to bring a trial’s activities to the patient. However, to date there is little practical experience about conducting them in the therapeutic arena. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in partnership with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), we modified our Investigator-Initiated study, BrUOG354 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03355976), a phase II trial on the role of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in extra-renal clear cell carcinoma. This allowed for the shipment of investigational product (IP) to the patient for local administration without trial site activation. Here we report the experience and lessons learned. Methods: The administrative process to facilitate decentralization on BrUOG-354 required FDA guidance, BMS agreement, and Lifespan IRB approval. Brown University Oncology Group (BrUOG) databases were mined for all communications with local sites and providers. We report on enrollment figures per quarter pre- and during/post-pandemic, the number of off-study sites approached, and agreements reached. The reasons for not moving forward at the local site were characterized by two authors (DD, RW). Results: This study was initiated at two Providence health systems initially and activated a third site at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2021. In total, 46 volunteers were consented to this trial between April 2018 and April 2023, with 16 (34.8%) registered prior to the lockdown in March 2020 and 30 (65.2%) after. Among 34 patients treated at the PI’s institution, seven travelled from out of state for treatment. Two who started treatment pre-lockdown were successfully transitioned so that protocol therapy was administer locally, and both remain on study. Five people were registered during the pandemic and six institutions were approached; three accommodated the request. Reasons provided for not allowing local administration of IP including: unavailability of a research pharmacy (1), blanket institutional prohibition (1) and lack of indemnification language (1). Conclusions: The experience with BrUOG354 exemplifies the potential of DCTs in an oncological setting while simultaneously highlighting barriers to implementation. Therapeutic DCTs are feasible and heightened capacity for future patient-centric trial designs is an exciting prospect. For these to succeed, the ability to conduct study visits by telehealth, especially for out of state residents, is critical. While not originally designed to be decentralized, adopting this approach enabled us to complete enrollment in a rare tumor during the pandemic. By shifting to a patient-centric model, DCTs may improve patient access and options for clinical trials in particular for less common malignancies, while preserving quality of life, addressing financial toxicity, and foster a more diverse trial population. Clinical trial information: NCT03355976 .

Uncovering the magnitude of African pangolin poaching with extensive nanopore DNA genotyping of seized scales.

Trade in pangolins is illegal, and yet tons of their scales and products are seized at various ports. These large seizures are challenging to process and comprehensively genotype for upstream provenance tracing and species identification for prosecution. We implemented a scalable DNA barcoding pipeline in which rapid DNA extraction and MinION sequencing were used to genotype a substantial proportion of pangolin scales subsampled from 2 record shipments seized in Singapore in 2019 (37.5t). We used reference sequences to match the scales to phylogeographical regions of origin. In total, we identified 2346 cytochrome b (cytb) barcodes of white-bellied (Phataginus tricuspis) (from 1091 scales), black-bellied (Phataginus tetradactyla) (227 scales), and giant (Smutsia gigantea) (1028 scales) pangolins. Haplotype diversity was higher for P. tricuspis scales (121 haplotypes, 66 novel) than that for P. tetradactyla (22 haplotypes, 15 novel) and S. gigantea (25 haplotypes, 21 novel) scales. Of the novel haplotypes, 74.2% were likely from western and west-central Africa, suggesting potential resurgence of poaching and newly exploited populations in these regions. Our results illustrate the utility of extensively subsampling large seizures and outline an efficient molecular approach for rapid genetic screening that should be accessible to most forensic laboratories and enforcement agencies.

Role of Threshold of Free Shipping Promotion and Product Type on Impulsive Buying Behaviour in E-Commerce Platform

The research proposed a new insight on how the threshold of free shipping (TFS) promotion type and product type could affect consumers to buy impulsively through emotional consumer reaction of hedonic motivation and positive affect, using the S-O-R model. The data were analyzed based on 188 responses who had completed questionnaires. Data were collected using the purposive sampling method with a minimum sample size of 138 from GPower calculation. The research used ANOVA and Regression Analysis to assess the model and utilizes SPSS. The result clearly illustrates that the maximum threshold of free shipping type with the hedonic product would lead more to consumer hedonic motivation. At the same time, the minimum threshold of free shipping type will induce too when combined with utilitarian products. Furthermore, consumer feelings of hedonic motivation and positive affect play an essential role in determining consumers’ impulsive buying behavior. The research benefits stakeholders in using and maximizing the free shipping promotion program.

On Surface Waves Generated by Extra-Tropical Cyclones—Part I: Multi-Satellite Measurements

Surface waves generated by Extra-Tropical Cyclones (ETCs) can significantly affect shipping, fishing, offshore oil and gas production, and other marine activities. This paper presents the results of a satellite data-based investigation of wind waves generated by two North Atlantic ETCs. These ETCs were fast-moving systems, inhibiting resonance (synchronism) between the group velocity of the generated waves and the ETC translation velocity. In these cases, wave generation begins when the front boundary of the storm appears at a given ocean location point. Since developing waves are slow, they move backward relative to the storm, grow in time, and then leave the ETC stormy area through the rear sector. Multi-satellite observations confirm such a paradigm, revealing that the storm regions are filled with young developing wind waves, the most developed in the rear-right sector. As observed, the energy of these waves grew in time during the ETC life span. It is demonstrated that the extended-fetch concept (inherent for Tropical Cyclones) does not apply to ETC. Instead, by analogy, the concept of extended-duration wave growth is more relevant. Satellite observations confirmed the validity of duration-laws for waves generated by ETCs, and demonstrated that extended-fetch solutioncan be valid at time scales exceeding the lifespan of considered ETCs.

Choosing a Scenario for Improving the Sustainability of Supply Chains in Construction

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine acceptable methods for choosing directions for increasing the sustainability of supply chains in construction. The study also determinate the factors affecting the sustainability of supply chains in construction Theoretical framework: Supply chain integration in many industries is based on integrated enterprise resource and relationship processing systems (ERP), but the construction industry has traditionally lagged behind in these processes. The need to create effective relationships in supply chains and increase the resilience of supply chains in construction has become evident in the context of the pandemic. However, the weak formalization of these processes in construction has led to the need to find acceptable methods for choosing directions for increasing the sustainability of supply chains in this industry. Methodology: This is a descriptive-based study. Approaches to factors of the supply chain stability were researched and systemized and from this the situations for the increasing stability of the supply chains are determinated. The choice of a model of the increasing stability of the supply chains was determined by the analytic hierarchy process. Hierarchy analysis was used as a method for selecting a scenario for increasing the sustainability of supply chains in construction. Findings: The results of the research carried out to conduct a multi-criteria choice using the opinions of experts in the construction industry. The choice of scenarios for increasing sustainability is due to the fact that the introduction of adaptive information technologies allows to take into account all groups of selected factors, while ensuring synchronization of production planning, product shipment and inventory management, increasing market feedback, ensuring that production volumes correspond to product demand, as well as reducing logistics costs and the price of products for the end customer. Research, Practical & Social Implication: The study contributes to a better understanding crucial factors of the sustainability of supply chains in construction. The processes of analyzing and evaluating factors contribute to improving the sustainability of supply chains in construction, by focusing on critical factors, adopting them according to the requirements of the construction. Originality/value: Based on the presented results, concluded that the scenario formation of increasing sustainability of the sustainability of supply chains by the introduction of adaptive information technologies allows to take into account all groups of selected factors, while ensuring synchronization of production planning, product shipment and inventory management, increasing market feedback, ensuring that production volumes correspond to product demand, as well as reducing logistics costs and the price of products for the end customer.

Presenting of Special Express Mail’s Production and Revenue Data of 2022 Using Descriptive Statistics

The author wants to know the results of a descriptive statistical analysis based on income and production of postal shipments in 2021 and 2022 from 3 types of services including Special Express Mail, Special Express Packages, and Corporate. Descriptive analysis is a form of research data analysis to test the generalization of research results based on one sample. There are three main things contained in statistics, namely; data, treatment of data in the form of collection, processing/analysis, analysis and drawing conclusions, and numbers. Descriptive statistics is a part of statistics that discusses how to collect and present data so that it is easy to understand and provides useful information. The conclusions that can be drawn from the results of the descriptive statistical analysis of each service are; the highest Outoging production in 2022 comes from Special Express Packages with a total production of 14,095 units or 97% of the total production, the highest outog delivery revenue in 2022 comes from Special Express Packages with a total revenue of Rp. 1.138.614.776.- or 97% of the total revenue, the highest incoming shipping production in 2022 comes from Special Express Packages with a total production of 21,235 units or 96% of the total production, the highest incoming delivery income in 2022 comes from Special Express Packages with total income of Rp. 2.650.031.160,- or 88% of the total income.

Optimizing the Distribution Network of a Bakery Facility: A Reduced Travelled Distance and Food-Waste Minimization Perspective

There are many logistics nuances specific to bakery factories, making the design of their distribution network especially complex. In particular, bakery products typically have a shelf life of under a week. To ensure that products are delivered to end-customers with freshness, speed, quality, health, and safety prioritized, the distribution network, facility location, and ordering system must be optimally designed. This study presents a multi-stage framework for a bakery factory comprised of a selection methodology of an optimum facility location, an effective distribution network for delivery operations, and a practical ordering system used by related supply chain actors. The operations function and distribution network are optimized using a multi-criteria decision-making method comprised of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish optimization criteria and Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to select the optimal facility location. The optimal distribution network strategy was found using an optimization technique. This framework was applied to a real-life problem for a bakery supply chain in the Western Region, Saudi Arabia. Using a real-life, quantitative dataset and incorporating qualitative feedback from key stakeholders in the supply chain, the developed framework enabled a reduction in overall distribution costs by 14%, decreasing the total travel distance by 16%, and decreasing estimated food waste by 22%. This result was primarily achieved by solving the facility location problem in favor of operating two factories without dedicated storage facilities and implementing the distribution network strategy of direct shipment of products from the bakery to customers.

Development of situation models for duration of production cycles of manufacturing finished rolled products. Message 1

The problems of system analysis and development of a complex set of models necessary for constructing an algorithm for situational (multivariant) estimation of the duration of production of different batches of rolled products in the conditions of a modern automated medium-sized shop (object of study), including rigidly connected production sections with continuous and cyclic technological processes (feeding blanks, heating in method furnaces, rolling, cutting the rolled stock into strips, cooling, trimming the ends of the bundles of rolled stock, cutting to cut lengths, forming and tying bundles of finished rolled products, loading bundles into railway cars). The study of the functioning of the rolling shop was carried out in the following order: the study of technological processes; technical characteristics of the main and auxiliary equipment; analysis of technical and economic indicators; performance of chronometric and monitoring observations of the metal flow, the operation of units and equipment; decomposition of the production process into operations, elements and trace elements; analysis of the influence of the human factor in the organization of production and operational management of processes; analysis of expert assessments of real and possible production situations related to the fulfillment of orders for finished products. The duration of production cycles is proposed to be classified as follows: piece (corresponding to a workpiece, a pack of workpieces, a package of finished rolled products); batch (corresponding to the shipment of products); subsystem and system (related to sections, departments, workshop as a whole); technically possible, normative, planned, predictive and actual. Based on the preliminary development of situational batch models of the duration of production cycles of the departments of the shop, a situational system model of the duration of the production cycle for manufacturing a batch of finished rolled products is determined by selecting the models of the unit with the maximum cycle duration. To bring the duration of the production cycles of subsystems and the system as a whole into a comparable form, the quantitative characteristics of rolled products batches are determined. Mathematical models of the duration of the production cycle of the warehouse of blanks are built; technological line. The clock models of work of the warehouse of blanks, the production line, the warehouse of finished products have been formed.

Исследование мировой торговли хмелем и определение места России в товарообороте продукции

Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.

Исследование мировой торговли хмелем и определение места России в товарообороте продукции

Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.

Adapting cybersecurity practice to reduce wildlife cybercrime

Abstract Wildlife trafficking is driving many species to extinction and is overwhelming law enforcement efforts to stop it. At least a 2-fold increase in the number of traffickers who are put out of business is needed to help avoid these extinctions. A cybersecurity-based solution described in this article consists of a large international confederation of criminal investigators collecting intelligence on persons involved in wildlife trafficking, analyzing it, and then recommending to law enforcement (a) cybercriminals to detain, (b) cybercriminals to surveil, and (c) where and when to intercept cybercriminal-initiated wire transfers and shipments of wildlife products. Wildlife traffickers nowadays often use the internet to commit their cybercrimes. Prosecuting such crimes is challenging. Indeed, one of the top five challenges in cybersecurity is to develop methods for pursuing cybercriminals and bringing them to justice through the acquisition of digital evidence that links specific individuals to specific illegal acts. The proposed confederation finds two lists of wildlife cybercriminals to remove. The first is found by computing centrality measures on the statistically estimated (reconstructed) current social network of wildlife cybercriminals to identify those criminals whose removal would, according to social network theory, maximally disrupt the syndicate’s operations. This list contains criminals identified as kingpins, and/or information brokers. The second list consists of those m criminals whose removal results in the largest simulator-computed drop in poaching of the trafficked species over the next year. Database access control is a form of information security (InfoSec), or data security—a chief component of cybersecurity. Here, a distributed form of information security is developed for keeping a confederation’s criminal intelligence database secure from unauthorized access and insider threats. This procedure uses only peer-to-peer transactions. The illegal trade in rhino horn is used to illustrate how this confederation would use criminal intelligence from several countries to first build a simulation of the political–ecological system that contains the trafficking operation, and then use this statistically fitted simulator to identify those traffickers to remove, wire transfers to block, and wildlife product shipments to seize. All software to implement this federated database and its access control procedure is freely available.

ГОРОД БИРОБИДЖАН: СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ

On March 2, 1937, the town of Birobidzhan appeared on the map of the Soviet Union, transformed from the workers' settlement of the same name. At that time, for the Jewish Autonomous region, created three years before, it was already the administrative and cultural center. Soon Birobidzhan became one of the industrial centers of the Far East with a developed mechanical engineering, represented by factories for the production of rice-grain and forage harvesters on caterpillar tracks, transformers and complete transformer substations.Light industry products – outerwear, upper knitwear and underwear, winter and summer shoes – were supplied to all settlements of the Far East region. At present, after the deep crisis of the nineties, the town's economy has seen trends in sustainable development, growth in investment, production volume and shipment of products.

The Trials of the American Snow George in the British Atlantic, 1805–6

Abstract: The story of the George in 1805–6 drives home what "British Atlantic" really means. The owner and crew of this ordinary US merchant vessel tried the North Atlantic and Caribbean to make a profit buying, shipping, and selling products—and people—in a commercial environment so dominated by the world's greatest maritime empire that those excluded from the privileges of membership in that empire faced far more adversity than the already considerable hazards posed by the sea and the vagaries of the market. The concerns, ambitions, and challenges of the men of the George , and of those with whom they interacted, come through clearly in a narrative revealed almost completely by surviving primary documents, allowing us aboard the George as the snow's crew experienced the British Atlantic from North America to Ireland to the Caribbean.

Block Sponge Compression and Packaging System Design and Analysis with Finite Element Method

In today's sponge industry, sponges are large and take up space, so there is an excessive amount of shipments for delivery. For this reason, there is a need for a system that can pack the sponge in order to reduce the height of the sponge and to ensure the shipment of more products at once, in order to compress the sponge and prevent it from returning to its original state. In this study, the design and analysis of the sponge compression and packaging system, which will reduce the height of the sponge by 10 times, has been made. Soldiworks program was used to model this system. The structural analysis of the system was examined with the help of the widely used Ansys Workbench 18.1 program, that is, the stress, deflection and safety coefficient values of the system elements were obtained. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the designed system can be used safely in the compression and packaging operations of sponges up to 28 density.

Shipping before order making: Optimal shipping quantity and pricing decisions under uncertain demand

The innovative logistics mode of shipping before order making has been used by several leading online retailers, due to its advantage on enhancing consumer delivered value and promoting customer demand. This paper investigates the optimal shipping quantity and product pricing strategy of the online retailer that uses this logistics mode under a stochastic demand, which is shipping-dependent and price-dependent. First, we build an extended newsvendor model and explore the closed-form solutions of the optimal shipping quantity and optimal product pricing strategies under certain assumptions on the demand function. Then, we compare the differences of the optimal strategies under different risk attitudes and analyze the impact of key parameters on the optimal strategies. At last, we extend the basic model by considering a general demand function. We conduct numerical experiments to verify the theoretical conclusions and analyze the effect of parameters on online retailers’ optimal strategies and profits. The results show that the optimal shipping quantity first increases and then decreases with the increase of the price. This suggests that the online retailers should avoid blind price war under this logistics mode. The risk aversion degree slightly affects the optimal price, but significantly affects the optimal shipping quantity. Moreover, we find that parameters such as disposal cost and sensitivity of demand to shipping in advance significantly affect the optimal strategies of online retailers.

소형 물류 분류용 자기부상 시스템 개발

Owing to recent technological developments and diversification of consumer needs, the need for small-scale distribution centers is increasing as the frequency of small batch shipments of various products increases. Therefore, in this study, a magnetic levitation logistics transportation system was designed considering the space efficiency and maintenance cost of a small distribution center. A basic characteristic analysis was performed using an FEM analysis, and the system was manufactured by predicting power and power consumption based on this. To verify the basic performance of the fabricated system, an experiment was conducted based on real-time position feedback control, and the results were analyzed.

Partitioning of Ambrosia Beetle Diversity on Teak Plantations in Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands

Ambrosia beetles are the largest group of beetles living mutualistically with ambrosia fungi. Increased global shipments of forest and agricultural products have expanded the distribution of some species of ambrosia beetle. We investigated the partitioning diversity of the ambrosia beetle community on teak plantations in Indonesia’s Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands. The ambrosia beetles were collected on the twelve sites of teak plantations with different managements (un-thinned and thinned) in Java, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa Islands. Ambrosia beetles were collected ten times at 7-day intervals. The diversity of ambrosia beetles recorded in teak plantations across twelve sites in Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands were 17 species and 6154 individuals. Xyleborus affinis (47.17%), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (27.64%), and Hypothenemus sp. (12.33%) were the three dominant species. The highest and lowest species richness were found in the teak plantations in Java and Sumbawa Islands, respectively. The highest and lowest populations of ambrosia beetles were in Sulawesi and Sumbawa islands, respectively. Three factors contribute to the species richness of ambrosia beetles, i.e., temperature, rainfall, and altitude. Stand age, temperature, rainfall, altitude, and teak management contribute to ambrosia beetle abundance. Ambrosia beetle communities among islands show differences between each group, as confirmed by analysis of variance based on homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (sig. 0.001) and permutation test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (sign. 0.001). For the group of teak managements, there are differences between both teak managements, as confirmed by analysis of variance based on homogeneity of multivariate dispersion (sig. 0.001) and permutation test for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (sign. 0.01). Based on the eigenvalues for PCoA axes by the Bray–Curtis method, Sulawesi Island is separate from both Java, and Sumbawa islands. However, Java and Sumbawa islands overlap each other. For groups of teak managements (thinning and non-thinning), there are overlap with each other based on the eigenvalues for PCoA axes by the Bray–Curtis method. The β-1 (Within bottle trap/local scale) contributes the highest to γ-diversity (42.46%). The relative contribution of species replacement (β-sim) in multiple sites across Java, Sumbawa, and Sulawesi Islands (regional scale) provides a high contribution (85%) to overall beta diversity, and the relative contribution of β-nes to the β-sor among sites is 14.03%.

Investigational medications and healthcare professional safety: A call for clinical trial sponsors to improve investigational product shipment labelling.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

Mathematical modeling of Vehicle Routing Problem in Omni-Channel retailing

The biggest challenge that retailers face in satisfying consumer requirements is to ensure an integrated/seamless shopping experience consistent with the purchase, regardless of how the purchase is made. Giant companies have many depots, points of delivery, retail stores, etc. in different cities. This study focused on modeling vehicle routing in a retail distribution network. Goods may be sold in the distribution system addressed in the research model employing two methods: physical and online sales. This study examined the routing problem in the Omni-Channel (OC) retail system, focusing on a multi-objective approach to increase consumer physical convenience (ease of access) using several delivery techniques from six points of delivery. To this end, the optimization of a distribution network was examined through two objective functions. The first objective function minimized the cost of the distribution network, whereas the second maximized customer convenience in terms of the minimum shipment delivery time from the four positions (retail store, intermediate depot, points of delivery, and city distribution center by considering the demand for each product). Two meta-heuristic algorithms, MOGWO and NSGA-II, were used to solve the problem. The results demonstrate that the two-step approach generates smaller objective function values than the second objective function. In addition, the total costs of the two-stage approach were higher than those predicted by the proposed model. Consequently, it was concluded that, in the proposed mathematical model, owing to the integrated optimization of a distribution system and considering the possibility of direct shipment of products to customers, Pareto points are obtained with a lower cost and higher customer satisfaction.

Experimental Study On Greener Fine Aggregates (Steel Slag) In Concrete

Steel Slag (SS) is an industrial by product get from the steel manufacturing industries .It is produced in large quantities during the steel making operation which utilize electric arc furnaces .SS can also be produced by smelting iron ore in the basic oxygen furnace. SS can be used in construction industry as an aggregate in concrete by replacing natural aggregate. Natural aggregate are becoming increasingly scare and their production shipment is more difficult. SS is used for aggregate in hot as plat surface application. The majority of the aggregate is quantity of the concrete. Replacing all or a few of the natural aggregate with the SS will leads to some environmental benefits. For this present study M25 concrete is used. The one-sided substitute of the SS will be made for changing percentages, for example 0%,10%, 20%,30%,40%,50%. From this learn the compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength will be made experimentally also to find the optimal level of SS at a particular replacement of SS as natural aggregate.