Ship Management Companies Research Articles

Measures of supply chain collaboration in container logistics

Why do container ports and related maritime logistics organisations collaborate? Despite increasing research into supply chain collaboration (SCC), few valid and reliable instruments are available to measure accurately and objectively the multiple dimensions of SCC in maritime logistics contexts. This research aims to introduce SCC into maritime logistics as an intermediary supply chain process. It adopts comprehensive, rigorous and systematic procedures including item review, Q-sorting, pilot testing and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to develop and validate SCC measures. Practical instruments comprised 23 measures derived from a large-scale survey of 178 South Korean maritime logistics professionals. Empirical results indicate that a proposed model of SCC is statistically consistent, reliable and valid. Information sharing, knowledge creation, goal similarity, decision harmonisation and joint supply chain performance measurement were identified as factors that underpin SCC between ports and port users such as shipping lines, inland transport companies, freight forwarders, ship management companies and third-party logistics companies. This work extends the concept of SCC into maritime logistics, and offers managers insights into a self-diagnostic tool to shape effective collaborative relationships.

Assessment of the maritime labour convention compliance using balanced scorecard and analytic hierarchy process approach

Maritime labour convention (MLC), adopted by International Labour Organization in 2006, is one of the latest contemporary issues in the maritime industry. Since the convention entered into force after August 2013, maritime administrations and ship management companies have great responsibilities to control and verify the socio-technical requirements within the shipboard environment. The convention principally organized along with several key considerations such as minimum requirements for seafarers to work on-board ships, conditions of employment, accommodation, recreational facilities, health protection, medical care, welfare and social security protection. At this insight, the compliance and enforcement matters are another concern to fulfil the requirements. This paper provides a model-based approach integrating balanced scorecard (BSC) with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate compliance with the MLC requirements at the operational level. The research is expected to provide original contributions to monitor the MLC 2006 compliances level in ship fleet operation and management.

Modeling selection of third party ship management services

Selection of third party ship management (TPSM) in the shipping industry is a complex decision making problem influenced by various factors, which are sometimes contrary in nature. These factors are interrelated and analysing them often requires knowledge, skills and competence from multiple persons. Although multiple attribute decision making methods such as the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) have been widely applied to tackle service selection in many areas, the feasibility studies of using them in TPSM indeed remain scary showing a significant research gap to be filled. This paper aims to develop a TPSM selection model based on AHP, in which major selection criteria are identified through surveying as well as use the developed modeling in a real TPSM selection case of the Bibby Line shipping company. In the case study, the criteria include price, reputation, location, experience, technical expertise and relationship. Data was collected through a combination of relevant literature and interviews with some domain experts/professionals from shipping and ship management companies. The research findings indicate that experience and reputation are the most important criteria for shipping companies when considering the use of the third party services. Also, the developed model as a transparent decision making tool can effectively facilitate ship owners’ selection of the TPSM services as well as their benchmark with respect to each criterion identified. The model and tool are demonstrated in a real TPSM selection case of the Bibby Line shipping company. Consequently, the results were in agreement with the current model used at Bibby's operations, while it proves to be more straightforward and visible for decision makers. Furthermore, this study also shows the advantages and disadvantages of the selected TPSM compared to the other competitors with respect to different criteria, which provides TPSMs with clear benchmarks to improve their services to meet their customers’ need.

Implementation and Performance Effect on Electronic Procurement and its Ship Management Companies

Transportation industry in general and maritime transportation industry in particular are not exception in this regard. Customers, partners, agents, collaborators, shippers, port operators, suppliers and service agencies are involved in the ship transport industry supply chain, and one of the major requirements in such a supply chain in which all concerned parties are scattered all over the world, is the high speed transferring of data between them. In maritime transportation procurement process plays an essential role. In this study based on the literature review, seven most frequently mentioned factors found. These performance factors were: Cost, visibility of supply chain, cycle time, procurement control, inventory management and purchasing errors which were influenced by implementing E-Procurement. An attempt has been made in this research to find the performance effect of e-procurement implementation in ship management companies. Index Terms—E-Commerce, Internet, E-Procurement, E-Business.

해사안전법상 안전관리책임자 및 안전관리자의 자격요건에 관한 연구

해운산업이 발달하면서 해운업을 영위하기 위한 선박의 감항능력도 발달하게 되었다. 하지만 감항능력의 향상에도 불구하고 해상에서의 선박사고는 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 대형 해양사고에 대한 대처방안의 일환으로 진행된 국제해사기구에서의 조사 및 연구는 선박의 물리적 감항성 이외에 선박을 운영하는 인적자원의 과실에 주목하게 되었다. 이러한 인적과실에 대한 대처방안으로 1994년에 '1974년 SOLAS 협약'의 부속서로 '국제안전관리규약'을 채택하게 되었다. 우리나라는 1999년에 'ISM Code'를 구 해상교통안전법(현 해사안전법)에 관련 조항을 신설하여 시행하고 있다. 최근 개정된 해사안전법에서는 해운선사가 선박의 안전운항 및 해양환경보호를 위한 안전관리체제를 수립하고, 이를 이행하기 위한 사업장의 인적 구성원들이 갖추어야 할 요건에 대해서 규정하고 있다. 하지만 선박소유자 또는 안전관리대행업자 등은 조문내용을 해석함에 있어 명확하고 통일된 의견을 내지 못하고 있어 혼란을 야기하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 해사안전법상 안전관리 책임자의 자격기준 등에 관한 법률상의 문제점을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. In managing shipping business, the concept of seaworthiness of the vessel has developed in accordance with the development of the shipping industry. However, despite of the development of the vessel's seaworthiness, marine accident has continuously occurred at sea. International Maritime Organization(IMO) has paid attention to the research and investigation of Human Error in shipping operations in addition to physical seaworthiness of the vessel. In 1994, IMO adopted the "International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention(ISM code)" of "SOLAS 1974" Annex, to take countermeasure against this human error. In 1999, Korea adopted the 'ISM Code' and then enacted the Maritime Safety Act (previously Maritime Traffic Safety Act). The Maritime Safety Act regulates necessary qualifications of the Human Resources of shipping companies for establishment and implementation of the safety management system. However, there has been a discrepancy between shipowners and ship management companies in interpreting the legislative texts, finally causing confusion. In this paper, I would like to examine the deficiencies in the regulation on the standard of qualifications of the Designated Person under the Maritime Safety Act and thereby suggest any possible improvements in it.

Study on the Status and Development of Ship Management Company Based the Online Survey Technology

As a newborn organization bearing the responsibility, ship management company plays more and more important role in the maritime safety and management. The article studies the concept of ship Management company, combined with several special rectification activities of The State Department of transportation, use online survey technology to analyze the reason of the problem, clarifies the position of the ship management company and gives some suggestions for the risk control and development of the company.

Research on the Real Time Monitor and Evaluation System of the Crews' Work Pressure

Draw on the motor vehicle drivers' psychological quality comprehensive evaluation method, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, to scientific and rational analyze the current crew working pressure source and build a hierarchy strike indicators weight values by MATLAB software. Based on each weight index value, monitoring and evaluation the working pressure of the crewman and the whole crews, the results of the evaluation has a great significance on assessing the wayward seafarers and the Safe Operation of Ships' ability for ship management companies, maritime services sector.

선사와 수리조선업체의 파트너십에 관한 연구

This paper aims to empirically explore how the partnership between the two industries influences on the satisfaction of ship management companies. In addition, this paper intends to provide relevant information to enhance the competitiveness of ship repair companies by revealing the causalities of variations consisting of the partnership between ship management companies and ship repair companies. It revealed what characteristics are embedded in the partnership between ship management companies, and how the consisting factors of this partnership influences on satisfaction throughout prior factors. And this paper explored the variables that influence on the satisfaction of ship repair companies.

Shipping Performance Assessment and the Role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): 'Quality Function Deployment' for Transforming Shipowner's Expectation

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in third party ship management and their contribution to the Shipping Performance Index (SPI). This research is mainly motivated from the SPI initiative which is established by the InterManager for the assessment of the shipping performance of the third party ship management companies and to elicit quality service providers and the frontrunner companies in the maritime industry. The SPI is an unweighted average of KPI scores which is calculated from numerical outcomes of several performance indicators. However, the degree of importance and contribution of a specific performance indicator for shipowner’s satisfaction is not taken into consideration. Therefore, a theoretical gap exists on linking the shipowner’s expectations with the technical and numerical measures (i.e. KPIs). This paper proposes a preliminary process to establish the priorities of the KPIs by utilising Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The empirical results indicate the unweighted average method does not represent shipowners’ perception and the priority of KPIs should be revalued.

Revisiting the seafarer shortage problem: the case of Singapore

Earlier in the Baltic International Maritime Council (BIMCO)/International Shipping Federation (ISF) 2005 report, the issue of seafaring shortage had already been identified as a global issue. The most recent BIMCO/ISF 2010 report still highlights that crewing would be likely a future challenge as continuing tight labour market would lead to recurrent shortages for some officers. In this paper, we aim to explore how the shipping industry and its associated seafaring career can be marketed more effectively to enhance its image and attract and increase the supply of suitably qualified seafarers. Several interviews were conducted with regulatory bodies and ship management companies, followed by a survey with students of nautical studies at Singapore Maritime Academy. It is found that those tangible and intangible benefits attached to an Employer of Choice (EOC) such as salary, bonus, good welfare aboard ships and corporate social responsibility are critical to retain seafarers, while efforts to attract students to the seafaring career right from the secondary level should focus on the employment brand that provides a challenging and unique career, stable income and guaranteed employment. This study suggests that employers with a successful EOC strategy will likely develop a strong employment brand that will increase the levels of recruitment and retention. It is also recommended that the tripartism between maritime governing bodies, training institutions and shipping and ship management companies will be essential to the effective attraction and retention of quality seafarer for the maritime industry.

Using Reliability Block Diagrams and Fault Tree circuits, to develop a Condition Based Maintenance Model for a Vessel’s Main Propulsion System and Related Subsystems

Merchant shipping has undergone a great transformation over the past three decades. The shipping market is highly competitive which, coupled with high crewing and fuel costs, leads to high operational costs. One of the paramount factors involved in vessel operation is the maintenance cost, and there is a dire need to keep this cost to a minimum. Fortunately, the earlier policy of repair- only maintenance in commercial shipping has been done away with, replaced by the policy of preventive maintenance. The Planned Maintenance System was introduced by ship management companies in the early 1990s. Planned Maintenance offered benefits over the repair-only policy, but has its own demerits. Often machinery equipment is opened up for routine maintenance after a specified time interval, irrespective of the need. This can lead to potential failures, which is explained by the fact that preventive maintenance results in meddling of a well set piece of machinery equipment, leading to its subsequent failure. This is where condition-based maintenance (CBM) steps into prominence. CBM monitors the health of the machinery equipment, analyses the condition and helps in decision making. The main propulsion system forms the heart of a vessel and its reliability needs to be ensured, together with the reliability of its associated sub-systems. The entire system can be represented by reliability block diagrams, to show the interdependence of various components comprising the system. This helps in the decision making process of CBM whereby a ship’s engineer may decide to stop the running machinery equipment, open and overhaul the same, or postpone the overhaul for a later safe date.

선박관리업의 마케팅에 관한 연구

The purpose of this paper is to find out the applicability of relationship marketing concept in a professional ship management context primarily on ship management service business. The dramatic growth in ship management industry leads to the intensified competition among professional ship management companies in the world. Thus they have tried to find out ways of ensuring competitiveness to be a market leader in this industry. The fundamental base of marketing is that it involves exchanges. Professional ship management involves a series of transactions and exchanges between client and ship manager. Ship management companies will ensure competitiveness by applying the concept of relationship marketing to real practices.

A Study on Government Policy for Ship Management Industry: Focusing on Ship Management Companies

A Study on Government Policy for Ship Management Industry: Focusing on Ship Management Companies

Malaria in Croatia: from eradication until today

Results Thus at the beginning of the observed period there were 12 cases of imported malaria per year, whilst in the last five years that number dropped to a yearly average of 6. Between 1987 and 2011, Croatia recorded a total of 233 cases of imported malaria. The disease still most commonly affects seafarers and workers temporarily employed in malaria endemic countries. During 2011, of the 7 cases of imported malaria in Croatia, only 1 was a seafarer. It is very likely that the number of imported malaria cases is somewhat higher in seafarers but the disease often goes unnoticed among Croatian health services due to the fact that seafarers get treatment in ports around the world. The predominant causative agent for imported malaria is Plasmodium falciparum, which has been found in 61.8% (144/233) of patients. The disease is still mostly acquired during visits to Africa: 187 out of 234 (80.25%); visits to Asia account for a smaller portion (41/233; 17.6%), while South America has not been recorded as a source of imported malaria cases in the past 10 years. Although almost all travellers and seafarers are advised to use chemoprophylaxis and ship management companies must provide chemoprophylaxis for their seafarers, irregular or non-existent application of chemoprophylaxis is the cause of imported malaria contraction. However, data on chemoprophylaxis should be considered with caution since these were obtained via patient polls and depend on their memory at that particular point in time.

Analyzing Turkish Ship Management Companies’ Expectations for The Students of Dokuz Eylül University Maritime Faculty

Bologna sureci, 2010 yilina kadar Avrupa Yuksekogretim Alani yaratmayi hedefleyen bir Avrupa reform surecidir. Bu surec icinde egitim kurumlarindan beklenen paydaslari (isveren, ogrenci, mezun, akademisyen) ile birlikte; ulusal ve sektorel yeterlilik A previous version of this paper was presented at IMLA 20 Conference on 1-6 July 2012 in West Terschelling, the Netherlands. Res.Asst., Dokuz Eylul University, Maritime Faculty, erkan.cakir@deu.edu.tr Assoc.Prof.Dr., Dokuz Eylul University, Maritime Faculty, snas@deu.edu.tr 3Asst.Prof.Dr., Dokuz Eylul University, Maritime Faculty, yusuf.zorba@deu.edu.tr dogrultusunda, kurum misyonuna ve akreditasyon olcutlerine uygun, kalite guvence sistemiyle denetlenebilen yeterliliklere dayanan, bilgi, beceri ve yetkinliklere sahip programlar gelistirmeleridir. Bu Fakultesi mezunlarinin sahip olmasi beklenen bilgi, beceri ve yetkinliklerinin ortaya cikarilmasi surecini kapsamaktadir. Bu kapsamda calismamiza katilan 20 gemi isletmesine bu gemi isletmelerinde calisan mezunlarimiz, staj yapan ogrencilerimiz hakkinda bilgi, beceri, yetenek ve orf-adet konularinda ogrencilerimizi puanlamalari istenmis, ayrica okulumuza ne gibi tavsiyelerde bulanabilecekleri hakkinda sorular yoneltilmistir. Elde edilen veriler isiginda mezunlarimizin ve aktif olarak egitim goren ogrencilerimizin eksik yonleri ve artilarini ortaya cikararak, okulumuzun bu eksiklikleri gidermek ve arti yonlerin daha gelistirilmesini saglamak amaciyla Bologna sureci kapsaminda okulumuzun ne gibi calismalar ve programlar gelistirebilecegini ortaya cikarmak amaclanmistir. calisma, Bologna ilkeleri dogrultusunda Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Denizcilik

The Effect and Countermeasures of Introducing Electro-Technical Officer on Board

Electro-technical officer will be introduced and as a mandatory rating on board in the STCW78/10 amendments, the article introduces the origin and requirement of the ETO, analysis the impact on maritime authorities, ship management company and education and training institutions of navigation and puts forward some countermeasures, as well as soon as possible to provide the reference for our country to perform convention.

Determinants of Indian sub-continent officer–seafarer retention in the shipping industry

The retention of officer–seafarers within the international shipping industry is a difficult problem facing shipping and ship management companies. One strategic option open to all companies that should improve overall retention is to seek to become an employer of choice by providing an intellectual capital environment attractive to officer–seafarers. This is investigated through a survey of officer–seafarers covering areas where ship management can exercise some control over their working conditions. These cover recognition by their employer and commensurate rewards, organizational culture and structure and building relationships with external parties. Experienced Indian sub-continent officer–seafarers were the sample population resulting in more than 200 valid completions. These were analysed using correlation and regression. Although all hypotheses were in the predicted direction, only four passed the significance test: long-term career prospects, a smooth and fair recruitment process, a better relationship with maritime authorities and an employee-friendly organizational culture. Stepwise regression indicated that only organizational culture had a significant positive effect on intention to remain a seafarer. The items in the organizational culture construct accord with recommendations from the literature on becoming an employer of choice and improving employee retention, providing guidance for attracting and retaining officers.

선박관리산업발전법안의 분석과 개선방안에 관한 연구

우리나라는 선박관리산업의 중요성을 인식한 해운업계 및 학술단체의 전문가들에 의해 지속적으로 노력한 결과 최근 국회의원의 발의에 의하여 "선박관리산업발전법안"이 제안되었다. 이러한 성과는 우리나라의 선박관리산업이 선진국 대열에 진입하게 되는 결정적인 계기가 된다고 생각한다. 이 연구는 최근 발의된 우리나라 "선박관리산업발전법안"을 각 조문별로 소개하고, 조문별 분석을 통해 법적인 문제점과 실효성을 검토하여 개선방안을 제시함으로써 향후 우리나라 선박관리산업의 발전을 위한 법과 제도의 발전에 기여하는 것을 궁극적인 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 우리나라 "선박관리산업발전법안"의 구성, 목적, 용어의 정의, 다른 법률과의 관계 등을 중심으로 개념을 소개하고, 이 법률안의 핵심이라고 할 수 있는 선박관리산업의 육성 및 지원, 그리고 선박관리우수사업자의 인증을 중심으로 구체적 실효성을 분석하였다. Korea ship management industry originated from overseas seamen employment business since 1963 in the Republic of Korea. Recently, new trend of shipping business has developed in a separate way with ship's ownership and management, that is, cargo business which is in charge of shipowner and practical affairs for ship operation which is in charge of specialized ship management company. Ship Management Industry is being focused as a new development engine with the anticipation of continuous development over 10% a year leading a competitiveness and saving cost in the world market. Therefore, "Draft Ship Management Industry Development Act" was suggested by the shipping business group and academic scholars as a result of continuous research for a long time. This was also submitted to the national assembly for adoption as a national law. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the development of Korea ship management industry through the consideration of each article of this draft Act implications and suggestion of legal and institutional improvements. The result of this study will ultimately contribute to the growth of the Korean ship management industry and enhance their business scope internationally. For the above mentioned purpose, I focus on nurturing and supporting Korea ship management industry, and accreditation of superior ship management industry, etc. within the scope of the submitted draft act.

BRM訓練の効果に関する実験的研究

In 1998, the first BRM training, which was one of the safety countermeasures of the VLCC's accident in Tokyo Bay, was started in Japan. Recently, BRM training, which a full-mission ship-handling simulator is used for, is popularized widely. However, there are not many papers of verifying effectiveness on BRM training quantitatively. When it is compared with the training of ship-handling skill, there is difficulty in the verification of effect on BRM training. On the other hand, the verification of effect on BRM training is being required by the shipping management companies which asked for their crew's training. In this study, simulator experiments were carried out in order to verify effectiveness of BRM training quantitatively. The graduates of Japan Coast Guard Academy participated in the experiment as the trainee of BRM training, which a full-mission ship-handling simulator is used for. The indexes "TSA: Time to Situational Awareness", "DTSA: Difference in time of between target TSA and actual TSA", "LR: Level of Reporting" and others are successfully introduced, to verify of effect on BRM training.

Advantages and disadvantages of managing own ships by a third party ship management company: an empirical investigation

This paper examined the maritime institution of ‘third party ship management’ (TPSM). This appeared for the first time in 1970s. In 2008, 2,302 ships were managed under this. The research over this subject is limited. The paper compared this institution with the traditional of managing own ships. Research carried out with five fully answered questionnaires managing up to 1,547 ships and 29 million dwt. TPSM flourished at the time when ownership and management have been separated; Greece being an exception. The real competitive advantage we found for TPSM companies is the recruitment and the education of crew provided at crew supply at the ‘international maritime centres’. At a secondary degree TPSM companies ‘sell’ also technical services. Ship-owners managing own ships maintain cost control in house fully aware of its importance along with in-house chartering. Despite what one may think, TPSM resorted to Antigua and Barbuda flag by majority. Ship-owners giving their ships to TPSM come from developed countries. Comparative efficiency is also examined.