Shipbuilding Project Research Articles

Development of Augmented Reality Technology Implementation in a Shipbuilding Project Realization Process

The technology of Augmented Reality is taking on an increasingly important role in the digital (and green) transformation of industry, including shipbuilding. Upgraded to the three-dimensional ship model in the form and content of a Digital Twin, (industrial) Augmented Reality contributes to the activities of sale and marketing, development, and design, as well as production and maintenance. Recognizing its leading potential in creating the configuration of Shipyard 4.0, research on the further applicability of Augmented Reality in shipbuilding processes, with an emphasis on outfitting activities, was initiated in collaboration between industry and universities. This paper describes the course of the research, i.e., the development of an Augmented Reality application supportive of the shipbuilding process. The authors emphasize the possibility of achieving savings in shipbuilding project realization by implementing the Augmented Reality application according to the conducted proof of concept, thus contributing to shipbuilding system competitiveness improvement.

Integration of FMEA and Bayesian network methods for risk assessment of components delay in ferry ship construction

Construction of new ships in Indonesia. In this case study, the construction of a 600 DWT Ro-Ro ferry. The 600 DWT Shipbuilding Project involves various risks that may affect the schedule and results. A risk assessment involving the quality control team, project lead, and production management is carried out to identify and quantify the level of risk and its consequences.
 The results of this assessment assist in understanding and managing project risk, stress the importance of communication and coordination between teams, and enable better contingency planning and more effective project management. The FMEA calculation method is used to identify potential failure modes, determine the impact of each failure, and calculate a risk score based on the probability and effect of each failure. The Bayesian method updates the likelihood of failure based on new data that appears during the shipbuilding process. FMEA data is taken from the RPN (Risk Priority Number) at the Occurrence value, then weighted against the list of risks. Most risks are considered 'rare' in terms of likelihood and 'insignificant' in terms of consequence, indicating that despite potential obstacles, the impact on the project is expected to be minimal. However, several risks with 'minor' effects have been identified, highlighting the importance of effective risk planning and mitigation.
 The integration of this method still needs to be improved, especially in the shipping industry. This method can be developed by making applications to control the procurement of materials at the beginning and during the construction and evaluation process at the end. The effort to make the ship construction timely according to the contract answers the shipbuilding challenges that often occur in developing countries

The Influence of Transformational Leadership, Work Stress & Organizational Commitment on the Performance of the Ship Building Project Team at PT. PAL Indonesia Mediated by the Job Satisfaction of Project Team Members

Purpose: PT. PAL Indonesia is a shipping industry that applies advanced technology in its operational processes. This factory is one of the best factories in Indonesia and in the Southeast Asia region. The company conducts an ongoing evaluation due to the fact that there have been delays in design & planning in the last five years. This evaluation is to find solutions to problems that occur, where the performance of employees (ship building project team) is the main concern of the Director.
 Design/methodology/approach: This research identifies the influence of these factors on the performance of employees (ship construction project team) of PT. PAL Indonesia. The method used is a quantitative approach where data is obtained by distributing questionnaires online to PT. PAL Indonesia. This study involved 91 respondents from employees involved in ship building projects. Then analyzed using SEM – PLS 3.3 (Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square).
 Findings: Based on the results of the literature review, there are many factors that influence employee performance, some of which include leadership style, organizational commitment, work stress & job satisfaction. Based on the results of the SEM analysis, only 2 variables were obtained that affect the performance of the project team at PT. PAL Indonesia. The most dominant factor is in the transformational leadership variable.
 Practical implications: The benefits of research results can be input for companies, especially in the field of ship building.
 Paper type: Research paper

Risk Analysis of the Causes of Delay in Ship Construction (Case Study of KM CL 9E Ship Construction)

In shipbuilding work, the risk of delays must be analyzed and anticipated so that such delays do not occur and cause losses for both parties. This study aims to calculate the risk of a shipbuilding project using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. The final result obtained is the result of the calculation of the Risk Priority Number (RPN) in determining what risks can af fect shipbuilding work. There are two jobs with RPN value > 200 which are classified as High Risk namely errors in lofting and damage to the pulley block as a supporting tool. The plans for risk management with the highest RPN value are then discussed with th e shipyard. Risk mitigation is carried out on the possible risk of errors in lofting, namely by adding worker personnel in the loft ing workshop who serve as supervisors and examiners. While the risk of breakage of the trough can be overcome by paying attention to the inventory and also the condition of the tool.

Application of Risk Management In Shipyards Based SNI IEC/ISO 31010:2016 on New Shipbuilding Projects

Shipbuilding in the shipyard needs to be analyzed for risk management to minimize and take action to avoid risk. Risk management techniques in SNI IEC/ISO 31010:2016, namely the consequence and probability matrix. This study aims to identify hazards in new construction works and determine the level of consequences and the probability of a risk arising. This research's benefit is knowing the danger and risk level category. This study uses qualitative research and data collection techniques through in-depth interviews or direct observation in the field. The results showed 14 hazards from 3 jobs: plate cutting, welding, and lifting. The risk analysis scale shows a very high risk (priority I). The high risk (priority II), medium-high risk (priority III), low risk (priority IV), and shallow risk (priority V) in new construction works at PT. XY

METHODICAL APPROACH TO COMPLEX INVESTMENT ANALYSIS OF CASH FLOWS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FLEET REPLENISHMENT PROJECT

The purpose of the article is to develop a methodical approach to complex investment analysis of cash flows on the example of shipping investment. This is especially relevant for projects in the shipping industry with a significant capital costs, a high share of debt financing, a low profitability and a high risk. The study used such scientific methods as financial modelling, analysis and synthesis of results, logic and analytical methods. Authors have developed the approach to investment analysis of cash flows for the shipbuilding project, which includes five stages. At the first stage the structure of investment are determined, taking into account ship type and size and building terms. The second stage involves construction the three statements model for forecasting of financial indicators. At the third stage assessment of profitability and liquidity were fulfilled. At the fourth stage security cover ratios and average breakeven were analysed. The fifth stage is devoted to risk assessment with using techniques of sensitivity and scenario analysis.

Autonomous ship concept evaluation – Quantification of competitiveness and societal impact

The prospect of large-scale international adoption of autonomous ships has led to expectations of reduced costs and emissions for waterborne transport of goods. This is commonly attributed to the possibility of removing manning from the ship, which enables more efficient ship designs and reduced operational costs. So why have we not seen a multitude of autonomous ship building projects? There are several reasons for this, including immature technology and regulations. However, there is another reason which has received less attention; the lack of quantifiable evidence for the benefits arising from investing in autonomous ships. There are some case studies on the impact of autonomy on transport cost, but there is no established method for evaluating the effects of an investment in autonomous ships. This paper will present Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) developed to enable such quantification. Furthermore, the developed KPIs are chosen not only to enable quantification of benefits but also to be calculable based on data which it is reasonable to assume that are available or obtainable at a concept stage.

Application of Risk Management In Shipyards Based SNI IEC/ISO 31010:2016 on New Shipbuilding Projects

Shipbuilding in the shipyard needs to be analyzed for risk management to minimize and take action to avoid risk. Risk management techniques in SNI IEC/ISO 31010:2016, namely the consequence and probability matrix. This study aims to identify hazards in new construction works and determine the level of consequences and the probability of a risk arising. This research's benefit is knowing the danger and risk level category. This study uses qualitative research and data collection techniques through in-depth interviews or direct observation in the field. The results showed 14 hazards from 3 jobs: plate cutting, welding, and lifting. The risk analysis scale shows a very high risk (priority I). The high risk (priority II), medium-high risk (priority III), low risk (priority IV), and shallow risk (priority V) in new construction works.

Ship Production Planning Using Shipbuilding System Modeling and Discrete Time Process Simulation

Production planning is an important factor for production efficiency in the shipyard. However, planning is currently executed by manual operations based on the experience of field workers because of the complexity of the target shipbuilding project. This paper proposes a method of creating a realistic production plan automatically by modeling the complex shipbuilding project and using the developed process simulation. Specifically, we propose a method to represent the target shipbuilding process by four system models—Product, Workflow, Workplace, and Team. By executing the developed process simulation using system models, a Gantt chart can be created as a realistic production plan. From the case studies of a virtual shipyard manufacturing a ship hull block, it can be said that the proposed method can create a good production plan considering the complexity of the target shipbuilding project. In addition, the proposed method can evaluate the bottleneck of the target shipyard and the re-allocation plan for workers quantitatively.

MANUFACTURING ASPECTS OF OFFSHORE FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION

The research presented in this paper aim at identifying research commonalities between shipbuilding, offshore fabrication practices and manufacturing. As part of an exploratory effort a literature review and a case study of two offshore structures projects were performed. Research concerning shipbuilding and offshore fabrication, together with literature from other industries in construction, larger engineering projects and traditional manufacturing was reviewed. The two offshore structures projects were analyzed by means of interviews and complemented by direct observations and document reviews. The study concludes that there are gaps in the research concerned with holistic perspectives on the fabrication and installation phases of shipbuilding and offshore projects. The number of actors involved in any project of this magnitude increase barriers and communication interfaces. The dynamic nature of these types of projects was also observed and the changeability should always be a accounted factor when dealing with projects of this sort. The interviews held as part of the verification of observed phenomena in literature was limited to two projects and a single company and actors perceptions. However the collected data served well in being complementary to the literature review. It could be the task of academia to patch the gaps for overall project success, in the cases where single industry actors simply cannot see the benefit or do not have the recourses to fill them themselves. This study combines findings from traditional manufacturing industries, shipbuilding, offshore structures fabrication and large engineering projects in general.

Learning curve based integrated procurement and project scheduling of multiple sister ships project

Studies reported in extant literature confirm the importance of the considering learning curve effect in a project context. However, a study that incorporates the learning curve effect in an integrated procurement and project schedule has not been yet reported in the literature. The primary contribution of the present study is to address this research gap. It develops a learning curve based integrated procurement and project scheduling Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model for a shipbuilding project involved in manufacturing of multiple sister ships.The present study makes its second contribution in the MIP model. It provides an innovative way to model decision variables corresponding to order quantity by defining order batching scenarios. This approach reduces the size of search space, thereby reducing the computational complexity of solution approach. Its third contribution is conceptualization of two new parameters, schedule compression percentage and batching degree, to analyze the effect of the learning curve on project schedule and the tradeoff between transportation cost and inventory holding cost.

Research on Collaborative Order Decision-Making Method for Symmetric Participants in Complex Shipbuilding Projects

More extensive enterprise cooperation is an effective means to increase the competitiveness of shipbuilding companies in the current distributed manufacturing environment. Most cross-enterprise collaborative processes for shipbuilding projects have been widely concerned. However, the symmetry and cooperativity among the order decision-making process is rarely involved. A key issue for decision makers is to balance the interests of each symmetric participant and realize the consistent decision-making for the order. Existing order decision-making methods in the shipbuilding industry are low efficiency. The aim of this paper is to provide an assistant decision-making method to support effective order decision-making and multi-party cooperation for the multi-wining negotiation objectives. To solve this problem, a collaborative order decision-making framework based on decision support system (DSS) and multi-agent system (MAS) theory is presented, simulating the collaborative order decision-making process, and bridging the order decision-making with production scheduling. Then, a multi-stage negotiation method is provided to solve the distributed and symmetric order decision-making problem, and an illustrative example is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and rationality of the methods. Finally, an application case using a prototype system will be reported as a result.

Prospects of Russian-Korean High-Tech Cooperation in the Arctic: New Challenges in Light of Sanctions and COVID-19

The article is devoted to the analysis of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea in the Arctic in the face of a pandemic Covid-19 and new sanctions imposed by Western countries on Russia. In the conditions of economic slowdown, it is cooperation in high-tech industries - shipbuilding, logistics projects - has become a priority for Russian-Korean cooperation in the Arctic The authors compare the priorities of the participation of South Korean companies in the modernization of the Northern Sea Route, in the development of cooperation in shipbuilding, joint transport and logistics projects with Russia’s interests in Arctic. In the context of the pandemic, the introduction of sanitary and restrictive measures, remote staff mode, the ban on the entry of foreign specialists caused a decrease in the volume of shipping in the whole world and between Russia and the Republic of Korea. In the new conditions, business activity, mobility of investors, representatives of medium and small businesses participating in Arctic cooperation decreased. This is evident in the analysis of economic indicators. Despite the obvious negative trends, countries have managed to maintain all areas of interaction. The authors note the consistent implementation of previous agreements on major shipbuilding projects, the preservation of dialogue mechanisms to discuss transport and logistics projects in the region, taking into account the interests of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea.

TIME ACCELERATION ANALYSIS AND OPTIMAL COST OF HOSPITAL HOSPITAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ON SHIP BUILDING USING CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CASE STUDY: PT. PAL INDONESIA (PERSERO))

Hospital Auxiliary Ship is an Indonesian Navy ship produced by PT. PAL Indonesia (Persero). The construction of this BRS ship was very time consuming and one of the main parts of the ship building project was the construction of the hull structure. In relation to time and production costs, the shipyard must be as efficient as possible in the use of time in each activity or activity, so that costs can be minimized from the original plan. Acceleration of the total duration in a project is done by accelerating critical activities in the project. To find out which are the critical activities of a project, the Critical Path Method (CPM) technique is used; namely by drawing a Network Diagram of the project. By using the CPM method in scheduling a ship hull construction project, it can be seen which activities should take precedence so as not to experience delays and waste. After that, the crashing method is carried out by increasing work hours (overtime) which aims to speed up the time of the project. The results of research for activities that are in the initial critical path with the CPM method can be seen as activities A, C, H, M, R, W, AB, AC, AD, AI, AP, AT, BA, BJ, BN. After accelerating, the critical path activities include activities A, C, H, M, R, W, X, AC, AD, AI, AP, AT, BA, BH, BO. Calculation of the project during initial conditions with Early working days without using overtime hours PT PAL Indonesia (Persero) costs Rp. 5,299,631,000, - while the Crashing Method is through the addition of 1 hour / day overtime so that the project implementation can be accelerated from the initial implementation of 450 days to 412 days and PT. PAL Indonesia (Persero) issued a project cost of Rp. 5,323,752,480, -.
 
 Keywords: Hospital Support Ship, Scheduling, CPM, Crashing.

CURRENT APPROACHES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF NAVAL SHIPBUILDING PROJECTS

The paper deals with the analysis of development and trends in the field of management of naval shipbuilding projects. The introductory part gives an overview of project management in the defense sector as well as in the naval shipbuilding sector. The analysis of naval shipbuilding project management is done through consideration of four criteria: naval strategy and long-term planning, shipbuilding industrial base, workforce, and project management organization. Due to limited resources, five countries were selected: the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (GBR), Australia (AUS), New Zealand (NZL), and Croatia (HRV). After individual countries have been analysed, synthesis and comparison of results were presented in tabular form. The conclusion is based on global trends in this area, how the naval shipbuilding project management in the Republic of Croatia is harmonized with them, and recommendations for improving the process of managing naval projects in the Republic of Croatia. The scientific contribution of the paper is in defining a systematic approach to managing naval shipbuilding projects that could serve as a generic model on which the future organization and management processes of naval shipbuilding projects in the Republic of Croatia and other maritime countries, that are comparable in economic strength and defense needs, may be founded.

Determination of Critical Pattern of 60 Meter Ship Construction Project Using Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)

PT. XYZ in Surabaya is engaged in the production of commercial ships, providing ship repair and maintenance services as well as general engineering with specifications based on orders. Along with the development of the technology industry, ship production requires every shipyard to evaluate the system used. The time delay is the problem of building a 60 meter commercial ship. The Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) is a method for scheduling project time and showing critical trajectories of project activities. The results showed that in the project scheduling, there are 13 activities that have a zero value or critical activity which are activities Hull Fabrication, Hull Sub Assembly, Hull Assembly, Hull Erection, Blasting and Painting Raw Material, Finishing Hull, Anode, Machinery Outfitting, Cabling, Computing and Information, Machinery Commisioning, Equipment Commisioning, Harbour Acceptance Test, Yard Trial, Delivery to Customer So that it needs more strict control and supervision from the contractor in carrying out the activities of the 60 meter commercial ship building project activities for each activity/activity so that it does not experience delays and the project can be completed on time.

Analyzing the factors affecting engineering change implementation performance in the engineer-to-order production environment: case studies from a Norwegian shipbuilding group

Engineering changes (ECs) are unavoidable in the engineer-to-order (ETO) environment. ECs improve products and bring additional profit to ETO companies if effectively negotiated and implemented. Despite the abundant relevant literature on EC management, ETO companies still report cost overruns owing to ECs. Here, a multiple case study conducted in a Norwegian shipbuilding group was used to investigate the factors affecting EC implementation performance in complex ETO environments. The factors were examined by a cross-case analysis of six ECs occurring in the shipbuilding projects. Eleven factors were identified and analyzed; their impact on EC cost was assessed by experts. The factors were ranked; the ranking shows three factors having the highest impact: time of EC occurrence, competence and experience of engineering and production staff, and degree of vertical integration in a supply chain. Finally, the study recommends EC management practices and tools to reduce the negative impacts of the identified factors.

Hand Motion Recognition of Shipyard Welder Using 9-DOF Inertial Measurement Unit and Multi Layer Perceptron Approach

A viable system that can monitor the effective working time of welder in real-time is required to overcome the low use of effective welder time in the Shipbuilding Project in the Indonesian Shipyard. It is made possible by using a wearable sensor tri-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. In this research, sensors are used to recognize typically hand motion of welder during welding activities: preparation, welding and cleaning slags, respectively in three welding positions 1G, 2G, and 3G. Initially, observations were made to recognize the relationship between welder activities and hand motion. Second, raw data containing hand movements from the welder is captured in the form of time-series signals using inertia sensors for various different activities. Third, the raw data of measurements for those activities is extracted and analyzed to identify significant features such as mean, root-mean-square, power spectral density using the welch method (autocorrelation, spectral peak, and spectral power). Finally, typical activities of welder are classified using the resulting feature data with Multi Layer Perceptron. The validation of results shows that the algorithm is capable to recognize the hand motion activities of the welder.

Customized risk assessment in military shipbuilding

This paper describes a customized risk assessment framework to be applied in military shipbuilding projects. The framework incorporates the Delphi method with visual diagrams, Bayesian Networks (BN) and the expression of expert opinions through linguistic variables. Noisy-OR and Leak Canonical models are used to determine the conditional probabilities of the BN model. The approach can easily be adapted for other shipbuilding construction projects. The visual diagrams that support the Delphi questionnaire favor the comprehensive visualization of the interdependencies between risks, causes, risks and causes, and risks and effects. The applicability of the framework is illustrated through the assessment of risk of two real military shipbuilding projects. This assessment includes a sensitivity analysis that is useful to prioritize mitigation actions. In the two cases studies, the risks with higher probability of occurrence were failures or errors in production, of the contracted, in the requirements, and in planning. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that a set of mitigation actions directed at relatively easily controllable causes would have achieved important reductions in risk probabilities.

Research on Collaborative Planning and Symmetric Scheduling for Parallel Shipbuilding Projects in the Open Distributed Manufacturing Environment

In the current distributed manufacturing environment, more extensive enterprise cooperation is an effective means for shipbuilding companies to increase the competitiveness. However, considering the project scale and the uneven production capacity between the collaborative enterprises, a key issue for shipbuilding companies is to effectively combine the product-oriented project tasks and the specialized production-oriented plants. Due to information privatization, the decision-making process of project planning and scheduling is distributed and symmetric. Existing project scheduling methods and collaboration mechanisms in the shipbuilding industry are somehow inefficient. The aim of the research is to provide an assistant decision-making method to support effective task dispatching and multi-party cooperation for better utilization of the distributed resources and to help project managers control the shipbuilding process. The article initially establishes an agent-based complex shipbuilding project collaborative planning and symmetric scheduling framework, simulating the distributed collaborative decision-making process and bridging the multi-project planning with the individual project scheduling in much detail, which fills the research gap. A negotiation method based on iterative combination auction (ICA) is further proposed to solve the integration problem of project planning and task scheduling, and an illustrative example is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and rationality of the methods. Finally, an application case using a prototype system on shipbuilding projects collaborative planning and scheduling will be reported as a result.