Ship Fire Research Articles

A Virtual Sailor Training Platform for Fire Drills on Ship

본 논문은 선박 화재 상황에 대한 비상 대처 훈련을 가상 환경에서 수행하는 가상 선원 훈련 플랫폼을 제안한다. 제안하는 플랫폼은 HMD 기반의 몰입형 가상 환경을 제공하여 훈련 효과를 높일 뿐 아니라 네트워크를 통하여 다중 피훈련자가 함께 훈련에 참여하기 때문에 가상 환경에서의 협동 훈련을 수행할 수 있다. 본 플랫폼은 FDS 및 CFAST 기반의 오프라인 화재 시뮬레이션 결과를 기반으로 사실적인 화재 확산 및 시각화를 제공한다. 선박 화재 상황에 대한 해양 안전 교육 기관의 교재 시나리오를 기반으로 구현한 본 훈련 플랫폼은 기존의 절차 숙달 훈련에 더불어 몰입형 가상 기술을 이용한 장비 숙달 및 환경 숙달 훈련을 제공한다. 구현된 가상 선원 훈련 플랫폼은 장비 작동, 환경 통제, 원격 현장감을 기반하여 선원의 훈련도를 향상시키고 다수의 피훈련자가 실시간으로 임무를 공동 수행하는 가상 협력 훈련이 가능함을 보였다. 또한 구현된 플랫폼은 화재 진압 요령, 승객 유도 방법 등 다양하고 세부적인 기능 숙달 훈련이 가능함을 보였다. We propose a virtual sailor training platform which supports emergency drills for ship's fire in virtual environment. Proposed platform not only enhances training efficiency by providing immersiveness, but also enables a consolidated virtual training due to the network-based multiplayer capabilities. Based on the offline fire simulation results using FDS and CFAST the platform visualizes a realistic fire spread in real-time. The training platform on the basis of the fire training material of the maritime safety education institute induces equipment proficiency and environment adaptation throughout immersive virtual environment in addition to procedure proficiency as well. In the implementation we showed that the equipment and environment controls and telepresence improve the training proficiency and enable collaborative virtual training that participates multiple trainees and induces cooperation for a common goal. Implementation of the platform demonstrated the skill mastery capability of the drill such as efficient fire apparatus controls and passenger controls.

Comparative Analysis of Tanker Ships Incidents and their Environment Impacts

The paper presents a comparative analysis of tanker ships incidents and their environment impacts. The focus is on oil tankers because this type of ships poses the highest environmental risk. By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be considered a threat to the environment. In case of a maritime accident a ship can suffer fracture of the ships hull that may lead to oil outflow leading to environmental consequences or stability problems, which may again result in capsizing of the vessel. In terms of the consequences for the vessel maritime accidents can be classified in different categories. Severe accident means an accident involving a total loss of the ship, loss of life or severe pollution. Accident that is not severe which may involve: fire, explosion, stranding, collision damage caused by bad weather, damage caused by ice, fracture in the hull or suspected damage to the body. This may also lead to pollution. And incidents that are circumstances or events caused by, or related with the operation of a ship from which the ship or any person is being hazard or results in serious damage to the ship, the ship's structure or the environment. Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Shipping regulations have been developed or modified over years on the basis of some significant marine accidents. The regulations are mostly concentrated on reducing the consequences of maritime incidents. Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from U.S. waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015, depending on their age. Following the sinkings of the Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which also require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills. Air pollution from normal tanker engines operation and from cargo fires is another serious concern. Ship fires may not only result in the loss of the ship due to lack of specialized firefighting gear and techniques but the fires sometimes burn for days and require evacuations of nearby residents due to the dangerous smoke.

Parametric analysis of a cabin fire using a zone fire model

Fire onboard has always been considered as one of the most relevant hazards to ships. As an effect of ship fires, toxic smoke might develop and start spreading from the compartment of fire origin to other connected compartments. Such smoke can cause injuries and deaths and can impair the passengers and crew’s abilities to muster and evacuate the ship on time. Fire simulation models have been developed and are continuously being refined and validated to estimate the consequences of compartment fires. The available fire models generally include the capability to evaluate fire development and smoke movement as well as the time to reach critical untenable conditions inside such compartments. The work presented in this paper shows the results of a parametric study using the latest version of one of the available fire models of the zone model type, called BRANZFIRE, in order to assess the effect of changing the size of the compartments on the time available for occupants to escape safely.

Comparison Research on Standards of Foreign Country and National Standard of China for Marine Fire Extinguisher

At present, the fire extinguishers equipped on China's warship cannot meet the requirements of the extinguishing of a ship fire, due to its special working environment. Focusing on this problem, this paper analyzes the deficiency of fire extinguisher equipped on warship currently. A comparison of U.S. military, European and Chinese standards of fire extinguisher has been done, respectively from aspects of the high and low temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, vibration resistance, shock resistance and the jet distance and the pressure resistance. The advantages and disadvantages of each standard have been analyzed. The necessity of the establishment of a marine fire extinguisher standard for our country has been probed. In the end, some suggestions have been put forward.

Study on the uncertainty of the available time under ship fire based on Monte Carlo sampling method

Available safety egress time under ship fire (SFAT) is critical to ship fire safety assessment, design and emergency rescue. Although it is available to determine SFAT by using fire models such as the two-zone fire model CFAST and the field model FDS, none of these models can address the uncertainties involved in the input parameters. To solve this problem, current study presents a framework of uncertainty analysis for SFAT. Firstly, a deterministic model estimating SFAT is built. The uncertainties of the input parameters are regarded as random variables with the given probability distribution functions. Subsequently, the deterministic SFAT model is employed to couple with a Monte Carlo sampling method to investigate the uncertainties of the SFAT. The Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient (SRCC) is used to examine the sensitivity of each input uncertainty parameter on SFAT. To illustrate the proposed approach in detail, a case study is performed. Based on the proposed approach, probability density function and cumulative density function of SFAT are obtained. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis with regard to SFAT is also conducted. The results give a high-negative correlation of SFAT and the fire growth coefficient whereas the effect of other parameters is so weak that they can be neglected.

A New Calculation Model of Detection Time for Heat Detector in Long and Narrow Space

Abstract Fire detector plays an important role in ship fire safety system. Usually, there are two types of fire detectors including fire smoke detector and heat detector, which are widely used in exit passageway, corridor, ladderway, and other long and narrow spaces in ship. Due to the smoke plume characteristics in these limited spaces are different to that of free plume in open place, the detection time calculating model of heat detector for these two different conditions are consequently different. This work is to develop a new detection time calculating model based on the fire plume rules including characteristics of temperature and velocity of fire smoke distributing in long and narrow spaces. Numeric method for calculating detection time is also presented. Finally, some calculations and analysis for a given fire scenario are performed. The numeric results are compared with that of the existing detection time calculating model based on free plume theory, which demonstrate the applicability of the model proposed in this article.

The efficiency increase in suppression of ship fires by optimization of the existing fire extinguishing means

This article discusses the ways of improving the effectiveness of putting out onboard fires. The main aim of the research is substantiation and selection of the tools aimed at firefighting procedures optimization through the application of the least expensive way to modernize existing onboard firefighting. Decreasing of oxygen concentration in an airtight ship compartment is one of the perspective ways of firefighting activities optimization. That is achieved by aligning the in-compartmental pressure to an atmospheric pressure and rarefying the in-compartmental media with inertial gases with the aid of nitrogen firefighting systems membrane mechanisms. Nitrogen is a low-expensive, chemically neutral and toxically safe inert gas which can be used to put out equipment under voltage causing a minimal damage to material. All these advantages make nitrogen ideal firefighting media. Optimization of the existing firefighting system by the use of nitrogen extinguishers (which enable not only put out a fire but also prevent material from possible ignitions) and membrane mechanisms (which provide for nitrogen in firefighting systems) will ensure the equipping of the Ukrainian Navy with modern and highly effective firefighting instrument

Probabilistic Fire Safety Assessment of Passenger Ships

A probabilistic framework is proposed for the assessment of passenger ship fire safety that is based on a structured generation of "design fires." The aim is to establish a rational and practical means for evaluating design selections (materials, geometry, sensors, and suppressors) that influence fire safety with reference to the implicit safety objectives attended by the current regulations. Thus, alternative design solutions could be evaluated more comprehensively. Fire growth intensity, restriction of heat release rate resulting from ventilation shortage, occurrence of flashover, and the final decay are key processes modeled in the current approach. They are interfaced with fire suppression triggered by detection. The effect of manual intervention is also assessed. An application is included based on uniform distributions of selected random parameters. Justification for the considered ranges is provided. The effect of assuming different probability distributions is considered. The methodology can be used for producing the probability of containment and extinguishment of fires as well as for judging the performance of an overall or partial ship design solution.

Research of Smoke Isolating with Air Curtain at Ship’s Tunnel

The rapid spreading of poisonous smoke is the main reason which causes death in ship fires. Ships always have long tunnels to traveling passengers or cargos. Because of their longness and straightness, smoke diffuses rapidly. Fire doors are used to stop the smoke from spreading into other parts in vessels. When the fire doors are closed, the way for evacuation is also closed. So it’s important for the professionals to develop a kind of smoke-preventing device which can let people pass by when stopping the smoke. The air curtain is a kind of smoke isolating device which is used to decrease the heat exchange in supermarket or freezer. This paper analyzes flow field, the heat control and the smoke isolating ability of air curtain used in the ships’ long tunnels with different jet angles and initial velocities. At last, a suitable angle is proposed.

여객선 화재시 피난행동특성을 고려한 규칙기반 에이전트 M&S

본 논문은 규칙기반 에이전트를 이용하여 여객선 화재시 피난행동특성을 고려한 승객행동모델을 제안한다. 기존 시스템들은 승객의 속도만을 반영한 속도기반모델을 사용하였다. 속도기반모델은 승객의 신체적 특징만 고려한 모델로 피난행동특성을 반영하기 어렵다. 이 문제점을 해결하기 위해 규칙기반 에이전트로 피난행동특성을 반영한 승객모델을 모델링하였다. 규칙기반 에이전트는 지식베이스와 추론엔진으로 구성된다. 지식베이스에는 피난행동특성들 중에서 다양한 행동 패턴을 보여줄 수 있는 예제를 선택하여 규칙형태의 지식으로 표현하고, 추론엔진은 지식을 전방추론하여 승객의 행위를 결정하도록 구현하였다. 이승객모델을 IMO MSC/Circ.1238의 문제 8에 적용하여 시뮬레이션을 진행한 결과 규칙기반 에이전트로 모델링한 승객이 다양한 인간의 행동 패턴을 표현할 수 있음을 검증하였다. This paper suggests the passenger model considered evacuation behavioral characteristics on the passenger ship fire using a rules-based agent technique. The existing evacuation simulation system was modeled only passenger speed. The speed-based model considered passenger's physical characteristics, so it couldn't consider evacuation behavioral characteristics. For solving this problem, we modeled the passenger model using a rule-based agent applied evacuation behavioral characteristics. The rule-based agent consists of knowledge base and inference engine. In knowledge base, we represented evacuation behavioral characteristics, and chose the examples of the evacuation behavioral characteristics to show various patterns of behavior. And we simulated in the IMO MSC/Circ.1238 example 8 and we proved the simulation results could represent variety patterns of human behavior.

A Study on Risk Response against Ship Fire using Robot

It is endeavoring for sea safety and fire[1] at sea prevention solidifying control of standard technology and safety supervision aspect in IMO[2] but sea accident and ship fire are happening continuously. Because using Robot in artistic talent of ship in this treatise, studied that correspond to Risk and manage. Attach fire perception sensor for Robot's Risk confrontation, and because using infrared rays sensor, TOUCH SWITCH, sound perception sensor, gas perception sensor, light perception sensor that is threaded in Robot and is achieved, controlled Robot, and establish Low-High value the speed of sound output use and DC MOTOR and COM SEN of when indicate Risk confrontation to Robot and establish Robot's Risk confrontation administration action.

RISET APLIKASI KESELAMATAN KEBAKARAN DI KAPAL

Zulfaidah Ariany, in this paper explain that fire ship at sea is a dangerous thing, both on the ship itself or on its passengers. Crew boat had put out the fire without the help of other collateral. Without a good extinguishing system will certainly result in damage to the ship and would endanger the safety of the soul crew and passenger ships.Ship fire safety research conducted by various parties including government organizations and non governmental organizations and academic institutions related to fire safety aspects of shipping and ship.The need for revision of regulations that have been enacted sail for this through the provision of research. Research conducted to gain understanding of the dangers that may occur on the ship, and a good method for controlling and extinguishing the fire. Research that was conducted earlier used as a basis in research notes or to come. Keywords : ship fire, fire safety

선박구조가 승무원 생존율에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

Land fire receives additional extinguishing methods easily by professional extinguisher. But because of isolation and independence from land when sailing on the sea, ships are difficult to get special help from land. Generally, the death ratio by suffocation is higher than the death rate by flame and to reduce suffocation death ratio, fast evacuation is required. This paper aims to improve survival ratio at ship fires by soot density reduction. This study examines soot density and visibility using FDS. And also examines evacuation time by Pathfinder. The FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulator) is a 3 zone model(Field Model) analysis tool and the patherfinder is a useful analysis tool for evacuation. This research examined about evacuation time using the current regulations of the ship`s corridor width and exit width first. And then studied evacuation time again when ship`s structure was changed according to the method that is proposed in this paper. And finally compared the results each other.

Numerical Simulation and Research of Pool Fire Suppressed by Water Mist in the Engineroom of a Ship

Ship engineroom fire is one of the most common and serious disasters in shipwrecks. It has become a hotspot of research to use water mist system to extinguish engineroom fire efficiently in the ship fire fighting field. In this paper, using Fluent to simulate water mist suppressing engineroom fire on the conditions of different fire scales, droplet diameters, spray cone angles and spray pressures. Research indicates that: large scale fires are more easily suppressed than small scale fires by water mist in the enclosure engineroom; the droplets of water mist should be neither too big nor too small, or else it would go against fire fighting. It is pointed out that the droplets should be in the range of 200 μm to 400 μm; the smaller cone angle nozzle can guarantee a high flame cooling effect; the increase of spray pressure can enhance the flame cooling effect, but probably of only marginal help in reducing the oxygen content.

Burn injuries caused by ship fire: A 12-year study in Shanghai

The 105 patients admitted to our Burn Institute from 1st January 1996 to 31st December 2007, with ship fire-related burns were studied retrospectively. The mean age was 30.2 ± 12.6 years with a range of 1–58. One hundred and three patients (98.1%) were men and 2 (1.9%) women. The mean total burn surface area (TBSA) was 46.5%, mostly deep burns. The most common areas of burn were the head, neck and upper limb. Summer months July, August, June and September were times of highest incidence. Fifty-seven (54.3%) patients had inhalation injury, 42 received tracheotomy, and 38 received mechanical ventilation. The treatment was complex, difficult, long, and costly. The interval between burn and start of resuscitation ranged from 2.1 to 67 h with a mean of (5.9 ± 4.4) h. Forty-two patients (40%) started intravenous fluid resuscitation 6 h after burn. Twenty-four patients (23%) received insufficient fluid resuscitation developed hypotension and severe shock at admission. Ninety-two (87.6%) patients required operations including tracheotomy, debridement and grafting, per patient was 5.2. The mean length of hospital stay was 44.2 days. Pulmonary edema was the most common complication during the early post-burn period (within 7 days), and sepsis during the later period (>7 days). Nine patients died of MODS or sepsis, giving a mortality rate of 8.57%. Conclusion: Caution and preventive measures are needed for persons in ships for fire-related burns.

Application of AHP to fire safety based decision making of a passenger ship

Ship fire safety is increasingly attracting attention from both researchers and engineers. This paper develops an approach to integrate ship fire safety assessment and decision-making using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The approach can be used to help reduce the probability of fire occurrence and severity of possible consequences during the operational phase of a passenger ship. It utilises the AHP theory to rank the fire events and further integrates the available control options (to minimise these fires) within the analysis. A test case on the operation of a passenger ship is used to demonstrate the approach.

Safety of ocean shipments of plutonium between Europe and Japan

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has conducted an extensive study of emergency response planning applicable to sea transport of plutonium for the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC). This work covered four separate areas to better define the accident environment for long range sea transport of nuclear materials. A probabilistic safety analysis evaluated technical issues for the transport of plutonium between Europe and Japan. An engine room fire aboard a purpose built ship was used to analyse the vulnerability of plutonium packaging designed to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) standards. A comprehensive corrosion study estimated the time required for sea water to breach a containment boundary in submerged generic plutonium packaging. A survey of worldwide commercial recovery capabilities provided a compilation of information on the capabilities of salvaging high value cargo from sunken ships. This paper addresses salvage modes from harbour depths to the deepest ocean trenches. Previous studies (J. L. Sprung et al., SNL reports SAND98-1171/1 and SAND98-1171/2, May 1998) included a probabilistic risk assessment of the overall safety, source term evaluations and finite element structural dynamics calculations to determine the effects of ship to ship collisions on nuclear material containers and the effects of ship fires on transport packaging as determined by actual fire experiments conducted on board a test ship. The previous studies, together with this work, form a comprehensive technical basis that encompasses the overall safety of sea transport of plutonium between Europe and Japan. Based on these technical analyses, transport of nuclear materials by sea in Type B packaging, approved in accordance with US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and IAEA regulations, and carried in purpose built ships with adequate surveillance, has a very high degree of safety for the failure modes studied. Non-purpose built ships do not have the redundancy in safety features provided by the newer purpose built ships. However, SNL studies on non-purpose built ships have shown accident environments to be within NRC and IAEA regulatory assumptions for Type B packaging. These studies were carried out for both structural ship to ship collisions and engine room fires by analysis (for the collisions) and direct experimentation and analysis (for the fires). Thus, land transport mode regulations are applicable for sea transport accident conditions.

A real-time shipboard fire-detection system based on grey-fuzzy algorithms

To improve on the performance of traditional ship fire alarm systems, this paper investigates a dual-sensor device employing a grey-fuzzy algorithm. The theoretical aspects of the device and its experimental evaluation are presented. In terms of the algorithm, first an adaptive fuzzy classification system with an automatically generated rule base is developed for accurate fire-detection response to the output of a sensor pair (one temperature K-type thermocouple and one analog photoelectric smoke detector). Second, two alternative grey GM(1,1) prediction models are developed for anticipating trends in real-time temperature and smoke data, thus allowing early fire warning. Finally, the fuzzy system is combined with the grey-prediction algorithms for final testing. In the engine room of a docked coastal fishing trawler, two experimentally controlled fires are created, one open flame and one smoldering, and results from the sensor pair are recorded. As-detected results for each fire are processed by computer which tests the response behaviour of the alternative fuzzy-grey options and selects the optimal options set, and also compares the dual-sensor pair as conventionally operated in a commercial detector. Results indicate grey-fuzzy algorithms combining fuzzy rule-based classification and grey GM(1,1) unified-dimensional new message modelling are feasible in real-time shipboard fire detection, allowing accurate fire alarm triggering from 30 to 60 s earlier than conventional methodology.

断熱材表面に滴下浸透した潤滑油の自発火温度

The lubricating oil is important material for a marine diesel engine. But it is inflammable liquid same as fuel oil, so it has prospect of being ignited and burning when it leaks and spatters on the high temperature surface of the heat insulator of the exhaust pipe and so on. This is the cause of ship's fire disasters. We examined the ignition characteristics of the gas oil, marine diesel oil and heavy fuel oil, and reported the ignition temperature of these inflammable liquids.In this study, we aim to confirm self ignition temperature of the lubricating oil at the atmospheric pressure. As a result, we found that the boundary temperature region of the lubricating oil, which is the area between ignition and non-ignition temperature line of it, is included within that of heavy fuel oil.

Forensic Engineering Investigation Of A Cruise Ship Fire

Each Year There Are Approximately 50 Major Fires Aboard Ships, Which Result In Financial Loss, Personal Injury And Death. Financial Loss At Sea Instigated The Formation Of Insurance Companies Such As Lloyds Of London, Which Now Provide Fire Insurance For Most Assets. Over A Nine-Year Period From 1977 To 1986, The Liverpool Underwriters Association Reported That 33 Percent Of The Fires Originated In Machinery Spaces, 3.6 Percent Originated In Electrical Installations And 0.5 Percent Originated In Stores. Between 1991 And 1993, 54 Percent Of The Fires Originated In Engine Rooms. The Engine Room Fires Were Often Initiated By An Explosion Or The Result From An Uncontrolled Release Of Flammable Vapors Or Fuel Into The Engine Room. 40 Percent Of All Fires In Engine Rooms Are Extinguished Using Portable Appliances While 18 Percent Are Extinguished By Fixed Carbon Dioxide Systems. Portable Appliances Are Most Effective In The First 15 Minutes And Carbon Dioxide In The First 30 Minutes...A Case Study Of The Investigation Of A Fatal Passenger Cruise Ship Fire Will Be Utilized To Show How The Burn Patterns Differ, How To Determine A Fires Area Of Origin And Possible Causes Of The Fire.