Context Of Shift Research Articles

Framing Mediterranean Famine: Food Crisis in Fourteenth-Century Barcelona

The study of famine has long been a part of the broader historical literature on late medieval crisis, but until recently the anglophone literature on this subject has tended to focus on the experience of northern Europe. The present article examines two famine cycles in the city of Barcelona: one in the 1330s, the other in the 1370s. Using sources ranging from chronicles to municipal ordinances to royal correspondence, this article analyzes these famine cycles within three distinct frameworks: a Europe-wide approach focusing on the effects of late medieval climate change, a regional approach that situates these famines within the fourteenth-century conflicts that disrupted Mediterranean trade networks, and a local approach that considers how the city’s distinct responses to each of these famines reflected important shifts in the urban context of Barcelona over the course of the fourteenth century. By juxtaposing all three approaches in an exploration of one city’s experience of fourteenth-century crisis, this article realizes two interrelated goals: to bring the experience of Mediterranean Europe into the broader conversation about late medieval famine, and to offer a case study of how employing various combinations of structure and contingency can nuance our conclusions about historical famine more generally.

The View of IT-Consuming Firms on the Key Digital Service Capabilities of IT-Producing Firms

Aim/Purpose: This study focuses on the connection between IT-producing firms’ digital service capabilities and the digital service performance of IT-consuming firms, especially online shop operators. Background: The acquisition and integration of knowledge regarding digital service capabilities and performance can increase the level at which employees assimilate information, organize with IT-consuming firms, and cooperate with them to develop the delivery of services and customize services to fill their needs. Exploring capabilities that may enable this process is a prerequisite for all businesses offering digital services and, thus, an engrossing and ongoing interest of practitioners and scholars. However, there is a lack of research on the relationship between IT-producing firms’ digital service capabilities and the digital service performance of IT-consuming firms in the business-to-business (B2B) context. Methodology: The study builds on a survey conducted among small firms that have an online shop in use and are located in Finland. Contribution: The study offers empirical evidence for the capabilities valued by IT-consuming firms, providing a model for IT-producing firms to use when deciding on a future focus. The study was executed in a B2B setting from the viewpoint of online shop operators, presenting a novel understanding of influential digital service capabilities. Findings: Adaptability, determined by capabilities related to utilizing information gained via the integration of a digital product into other digital tools (e.g., marketing, personalization, and analytics), statistically significantly affects all three aspects of an IT-consuming firm’s digital service performance (financial, operational, and sales). Another product capability, availability, which includes aspects such as security, different aspects of functioning, and mobile adaptation, affects one aspect of digital performance, namely operational. The results also suggest that the role of service process-related capabilities in determining service comprehensiveness significantly influences two aspects of IT-consuming firms’ digital service performance: financial (negative effect) and operational (positive effect). The results show that the capabilities associated with the relationship between the producing firm and the consuming firm do not affect IT-consuming firms’ performance to the same extent. Recommendations for Practitioners: The study results suggest that IT-producing firms should concentrate on leveraging service comprehensiveness, as there has been a shift in the B2B context from merely selling a digital product and associated services. It seems that usability-related issues are now taken for granted, and the emphasis is on features that support the use of information to create value. Recommendation for Researchers: The results contribute to the capabilities literature by showing that the shift in focus from technical product-related capabilities to relationship-related capabilities is not yet evident among small online store operators. Impact on Society: In addition to offering tools with different integration possibilities, supporting IT-consuming firms in making the most of the possibilities would be very helpful. Future Research: The comprehension of the relationship between digital service capabilities and digital service performance would benefit from future research that takes into account additional control variables. The theoretical model of this study can be further studied by using other performance measures, such as market performance, as dependent variables.

The Logic of Six-Based Minor for Harmonic Analyses of Popular Music

Harmonic analyses of popular music typically take the minor tonic to be Roman numeral “one.” By nature, this “one-based” approach requires a new numbering scheme when songs shift between relative key centers. Recent scholarship has argued, however, that popular music often involves ambiguity between relative tonalities, as exemplified in the “Axis” progression, if not sometimes a tonal fusion of two relative keys. I thus argue for the utility of a “six-based” approach to the minor tonic, where the minor tonic is taken to be scale-degree 6. This six-based approach, common among practitioners of popular music as seen in the Nashville number system, avoids the forced choice of a single tonic, and it thus offers a consistent way to track chord function and behavior across shifts between relative key centers. After considering these shifts in a diatonic context on the levels of both phrase and song form, I posit that popular music involves three possible tonalities, together which form a “triple-tonic complex” akin to Stephenson’s three harmonic palettes: a major system, a parallel-minor system, and a relative-minor system. I conclude by considering how chromatic chords common in a major key, such as II and ".fn_flat('')."VII, correspond to their counterparts in the relative minor, IV and ".fn_flat('')."II, thereby collapsing the landscape of diatonic modes into three modal complexes. Overall, the paper serves to reveal the logic of six-based minor—why it is useful, what issues it resolves, and what insights it can afford us about harmonic syntax in popular music.

Overflowing tables: Changes in the energy intake and the social context of Thanksgiving in the United States

In the United States, recent studies have demonstrated weight gain over Thanksgiving contributing to a significant portion of annual national weight gain. Understanding the social context of how Thanksgiving celebrations were perceived is critical for preventing and reducing excess weight during this time. Energy intake from present-day data was back-calculated from body weight data collected in participants before and after Thanksgiving. Similar calculations were performed in studies that also included Christmas. A Latent Dirichlet Allocation analysis of topics scraped from Twitter under the hashtag #thanksgiving was performed. The top topics and search queries from Google Trends on Thanksgiving 2020 were also identified. Since 1621, the social context of Thanksgiving has evolved from a focus on prayer and celebrated gratitude to a focus on food, football, and retail. What is served on Thanksgiving and its energy content has not substantially changed since the late 18th century. On the other hand, body weights and mean energy intake have steadily increased over time with the most rapid increases occurring since 1941. The shift in the social context of Thanksgiving and other factors of an existing obesogenic environment have likely combined to generate increased energy intake and weight gain during Thanksgiving.

Following a straight path? The social locations and sexual identity trajectories of emerging adult women

The sexual identities of today's young women are more fluid and less consistently heterosexual than those of their predecessors – a trend that can be attributed to shifts in the socio-cultural context over time. However, this cannot explain within-cohort differences in women's identity trajectories. In this article, I draw from critical heterosexuality studies and test how young women's social locations are associated with their propensities to change towards or away from claiming a straight identity. Consistent with expectations, I find that women who occupy a position on the sexual landscape characterised by lower levels of heteronormativity, or who indicate a willingness to break with heteronormative expectations in the future, are more likely to change away from claiming a straight identity over time. My findings suggest that heteronormative ideology continues to structure women's lives to degrees that vary according to their social locations.

De-contextualisation fuels controversy: the double-edged sword of humour in a hybrid media environment

Humour has a unique way of delineating social boundaries, and comedy can function as a double-edged sword; it can strengthen bonds and bring people together, or divide through provocation and violation of social norms. As a consequence, humour controversies are telling events that contain the possibility of highlighting cultural and political sensibilities – even more in the current political landscape, with increasing media fragmentation. This study analysed four humour functions through the theoretical lens of media framing, via three cases of humorous content that caused controversies in the Swedish news media. These cases were one divisive radio roast of a politician, one TV satire segment that was received as racist, and one audio podcast with young women who challenged a Swedish political consensus climate. Framing is the power of media to select and highlight certain aspects of issues, and by extension, shape public opinion. By subjecting the media coverage of these three controversies to a qualitative content analysis, the framing was examined and discussed in the light of four humour functions: identification, clarification, enforcement, and differentiation (Meyer 2000). Furthermore, the study examined the media context and the role it played in the framing of the controversies. One main finding was that the most uniting humour function of identification could be transformed into the most dividing humour function of differentiation through a shift in media context.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Big Data and Its Potential to Value Creation and Capture

The emergence of big data is a radical shift in the business context, leading to a change in value creation and capture. This phenomenon is a newborn concept in the business and management literature confirmed by the growing number of publications over recent years. This paper presents an updating comprehensive bibliometric analysis to describe and assess the scientific landscape of value creation and capture based on leveraging big data in the literature. Bibliometrix and VOSviewer were selected as software tools for descriptive and network bibliometric analysis based on the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2011 till 2020. By implementing bibliometric analysis such as analysis of citations and co-occurrence of keywords, we have recognized the most prominent and influential authors, papers, journals, countries, and four potential clusters of current trends in studies. These four trends of value creation and capture from big data studies are: 1) strengthening the basic knowledge of value creation in the big data era, 2) data-driven business model and value capturing, 3) dynamic capabilities and centrality of knowledge, and 4) digital transformation of the service industry. Finally, by identifying the existing research gaps, future research directions in each cluster are demonstrated.

Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy Change: Kyrgyzstan’s U-Turns on the U.S. Air Base at Manas Airport

Abstract Mainstream theories of international relations explain the foreign policies of small states based on the function of external incentives and pressures. This article challenges such explanations and analyzes Kyrgyzstan’s decisions concerning the U.S. air base at Manas between 2005 and 2010, which was a curious case of risk-taking in foreign policy by a small state. Applying a framework of “ideas, interests and institutions,” the article shows how changes in Kyrgyzstan’s foreign policy reflected a shift in the domestic context of policymaking.

Prescription Drug and Cannabis Use among Recent Latinx Immigrants Pre- and Post-Immigration to the US

ABSTRACT Introduction: Shifts in the sociopolitical context of Latin America have led to steep increases in recent Latinx immigrants (RLI) arriving in the US within the context of forced migration. Yet, little is known about how adverse experiences of RLIs before and after immigration may impact their health including drug use. The purpose of this study was to examine prescription drug and cannabis use before and just after immigration among RLIs and how this drug use is influenced by pre-and post-immigration factors. Methods: This study utilized baseline data from a study examining pre- to post-immigration drinking and driving trajectories among RLI in the United States (US). Baseline criteria included: self-identifying as a Latinx immigrant, 18 − 34 years old, who recently immigrated from a Latin American country. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine predictors of drug use both prior to and after immigrating. Results: There were 540 RLI, 50.2% male and 47.8% subjected to forced migration. Prescription and illicit drug use decreased post-immigration with sedatives being the most common. Higher levels of education was associated with increased odds of pre-immigration prescription drug use and cannabis use. Those experiencing forced migration were more likely to engage in prescription drug use before and after immigration, while no associations were found for cannabis use. Conclusion: Findings suggest a need for increased substance use and mental health services among RLIs arriving within the context of forced migration. More research is needed to understand the trajectories of drug use among RLI as their time in the US increases.

A study on the Effect of Telecollaboration through Social Networking on Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Learning: The Case of Iranian Female High School EFL Learners

Technology enhanced instruction has been a paramount issue in recent decades leading to a shift in educational context. Moreover, telecollaboration as an electronically mediated intercultural communication has been introduced for the purpose of foreign language learning as well as the development of intercultural competence. Along this way, the present study was an attempt to probe on the effect of social networking through mobile assisted language learning (MALL) instruction (i.e., WhatsApp) on high school students’ reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. Furthermore, the difference between the effect of social networking through WhatsApp on the learners’ reading comprehension ability and vocabulary learning was compared. The design of the study was quasi-experimental with pre-test/post-test and the experimental and control groups. To do so, 60 female high school learners were homogenized using the Oxford Placement Test. Reading comprehension and vocabulary pre- and post-tests were administered among the learners to examine the effect of MALL instruction though WhatsApp on the learners’ reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. To analyze the data, independent samples t-test and MANOVA were used. Findings showed the outperformance of the experimental group over the control group in both reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the learners’ reading comprehension and vocabulary learning when they received social networking instruction through WhatsApp. Therefore, it can be concluded that using MALL can have beneficial effects on EFL learners’ reading comprehension and vocabulary.

LBA01-03 ACADEMIC UROLOGY TWEET PERFORMANCE DASHBOARD

You have accessJournal of UrologyLate-breaking Abstract I - Benign1 Sep 2021LBA01-03 ACADEMIC UROLOGY TWEET PERFORMANCE DASHBOARD Emily Manning, Adam Calaway, Justin Dubin, Stacy Loeb, Mohit Sindhani, Alexander Kutikov, Kirtishri Mishra, Lee Ponksy, and Laura Bukavina Emily ManningEmily Manning More articles by this author , Adam CalawayAdam Calaway More articles by this author , Justin DubinJustin Dubin More articles by this author , Stacy LoebStacy Loeb More articles by this author , Mohit SindhaniMohit Sindhani More articles by this author , Alexander KutikovAlexander Kutikov More articles by this author , Kirtishri MishraKirtishri Mishra More articles by this author , Lee PonksyLee Ponksy More articles by this author , and Laura BukavinaLaura Bukavina More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002148.03AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has limited in-person opportunities such as away rotations and residency interviews within academic urology. Twitter may serve as a vital tool mitigating these barriers and expanding the field. Our study aims to re-evaluate Twitter usage among academic urology programs in 2020 compared to 2009-2019. METHODS: We evaluated 83,000 tweets from 113/133 U.S. academic urology program twitter accounts during 2009-2020 through the Application Programming Interface on April 2, 2021. Text patterns were interpreted as positive, neutral, or negative via sentiment analysis. Tweets, number of followers, @mentions, hashtags, and account creations were analyzed. We captured word cloud (visualization of most frequent words) and trigram (most frequent three-word combinations) analysis. RESULTS: Our data revealed that 2020 depicted a record number of tweets (22,544) and account creations (23). For all programs, the median (IQR) number of tweets and followers was 1,748 (872-3,051) and 2,201 (1,509-3,956). The University of North Carolina (8,707) tweeted the most. However, Johns Hopkins (5,365) had the most followers. The most frequently mentioned account in both 2009-2019 and 2020 was the American Urological Association (@americanurological). @uro_res and @uroresidency ranked higher in 2020 than previously. Compared to 2009-2019, positive sentiment increased by 3%, while negative decreased by 2%. Word cloud analysis identified urology and resident as the most prominent words in 2020, shifting from urology and cancer (2009-2019). Trigram analysis revealed 2009-2019 tweets pertained around (risk, prostate, cancer) whereas 2020 tweets revolved around (virtual, open, house), suggesting a context shift to program recruitment. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings reveal that urology programs are capitalizing Twitter to promote residency recruitment and education via increased tweets and account creations, which will have far-reaching implications on urology's future. Source of Funding: No funding © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e1171-e1171 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Emily Manning More articles by this author Adam Calaway More articles by this author Justin Dubin More articles by this author Stacy Loeb More articles by this author Mohit Sindhani More articles by this author Alexander Kutikov More articles by this author Kirtishri Mishra More articles by this author Lee Ponksy More articles by this author Laura Bukavina More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Emerging Complexity in CD4+T Lineage Programming and Its Implications in Colorectal Cancer

The intestinal immune system has the difficult task of protecting a large environmentally exposed single layer of epithelium from pathogens without allowing inappropriate inflammatory responses. Unmitigated inflammation drives multiple pathologies, including the development of colorectal cancer. CD4+T cells mediate both the suppression and promotion of intestinal inflammation. They comprise an array of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets tailored to a specific inflammatory context. This diversity of form and function is relevant to a broad array of pathologic and physiologic processes. The heterogeneity underlying both effector and regulatory T helper cell responses to colorectal cancer, and its impact on disease progression, is reviewed herein. Importantly, T cell responses are dynamic; they exhibit both quantitative and qualitative changes as the inflammatory context shifts. Recent evidence outlines the role of CD4+T cells in colorectal cancer responses and suggests possible mechanisms driving qualitative alterations in anti-cancer immune responses. The heterogeneity of T cells in colorectal cancer, as well as the manner and mechanism by which they change, offer an abundance of opportunities for more specific, and likely effective, interventional strategies.

Induced forgetting of pictures across shifts in context.

Previous research from our lab has shown that recognizing an object stored in visual long-term memory leads to the forgetting of related objects. Here we ask whether context, an integral aspect to modern models of memory, plays a role in induced forgetting. We manipulated the activated context at test, both externally (e.g., changes in testing room) and internally (e.g., 1 hr and 24 hr later). We found that only interfering with the ability to internally reinstate context after 24 hr eliminated induced forgetting. Thus, we demonstrate that mental context reinstatement plays a role in induced forgetting and specify that models of memory should incorporate internal context reinstatement as an underlying factor of forgetting. We also propose a process model of induced forgetting, discuss limitations of laboratory-based memory tasks, and offer a new term, induced suppression, to collectively describe this robust phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Social Experience Alters Oxytocinergic Modulation in the Nucleus Accumbens of Female Prairie Voles

Social relationships are dynamic and evolve with shared and personal experiences. Whether the functional role of social neuromodulators also evolves with experience to shape the trajectory of relationships is unknown. We utilized pair bonding in the socially monogamous prairie voles as an example of socio-sexual experience that dramatically alters behaviors displayed toward other individuals. We investigated oxytocin-dependent modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens as a function of pair bonding status. We found that an oxytocin receptor agonist decreases the amplitude of spontaneous Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents (EPSCs) in sexually naive virgin, but not pair-bonded, female voles, while it increases the amplitude of electrically evoked EPSCs in paired voles, but not in virgins. This oxytocin-dependent potentiation of synaptic transmission relies on the de novo coupling between oxytocin receptor signaling and endocannabinoid CB1 receptor signaling in pair bonded voles. Blocking CB1 receptors after pair bond formation increases the occurrence of a specific form of social rejection – defensive upright response – that is displayed towards the partner but not towards a novel individual. Altogether, our results demonstrate that oxytocin’s action in the nucleus accumbens is changed through social experience in a way that regulates the trajectory of social interactions as the relationship with the partner unfolds, potentially promoting the maintenance of a pair bond by inhibiting aggressive responses. These results provide a mechanism by which social experience and context shift oxytocinergic signaling to impact neural and behavioral responses to social cues.

A Qualitative Inquiry into the Eating Behavior and Physical Activity of Adolescent Girls and Boys in Indonesia

Despite the rising double burden of malnutrition, adolescent nutrition has received little attention in Indonesia. Eating and physical activity behaviors established in adolescence are known to track into adulthood and may contribute to chronic diseases in later life. This study aimed to explore the eating behaviors and physical activity of Indonesian adolescents, and their influencing factors. The study, designed as a qualitative study, was conducted in 2 selected districts in Indonesia: Klaten and Lombok Barat. Data were collected through immersion, open and informal discussions, and participant observations with 302 adolescent girls and boys. The eating and physical activity behaviors of adolescent boys and girls are influenced by contextual changes in their family lifestyles and environment. The adolescents in this study only conflate physical activity with participation in sport. Even when a wider view of physical activity is cast, their level of physical activity remains low, especially for adolescent girls. Adolescents and their families generally eat 3 meals a day, with schools an important source of food for adolescents. Adolescents skip breakfast at home, and breakfast and lunch are usually purchased and eaten at school. Fewer families cook and families rarely eat together due to increasingly busy lives, increased mobility, and digital connectivity. The rapid contextual shifts taking place in Indonesia influence the home, school, and peer environment to shape eating behaviors and physical activity among adolescent boys and girls. Gender-responsive multicomponent school-based interventions have the potential to serve as an important entry point for influencing adolescent nutrition.

Sequencing toponymic change: A quantitative longitudinal analysis of street renaming in Sibiu, Romania.

Recent scholarship in critical toponymy studies has refashioned the understanding of street names from innocent labels to nominal loci of historical memory and vectors of collective identity that are embroiled with power relations. Urban nomenclatures consist of more than mere linguistic signposts deployed onto space to facilitate navigation. Street names are also powerful signposts that indicate the political regime and its socio-cultural values. Drawing on these theoretical insights, this paper is focused on Sibiu (Romania) and explore the city’s shifting namescape in a longitudinal perspective spanning one century and a half of modern history (1875–2020). The analysis is based on a complete dataset of street names and street name changes registered across five political regimes (Habsburg Empire, Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People’s Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania, and post-socialist Romania). A series of multiple logistic regression models were carried out to determine the factors that influence toponymic change. The statistical results point out several significant predictors of street renaming: (1) the streets’ toponymic characteristics (politicized or neutral name); (2) artery rank (public squares and large avenues or ordinary streets and alleys); and (3) topographic features (a street’s size and centrality). Such a quantitative approach coupled with a longitudinal perspective contributes to the scholarly literature on place-naming practices in three major ways: firstly, by advancing an innovative methodological framework and analytical model for the study of street name changes; secondly, by delineating with statistical precision the factors that model toponymic change; and thirdly, by embedding these renaming practices observed especially after significant power shifts in the broader historical context of the changes brought in the city’s street nomenclature.

Narratives of neo-fascist transnational trajectories: travellers, warriors or ‘national-tourists’?

ABSTRACT During the cold war, Italian neo-fascism had an impressive transnational dimension, which is receiving increasing scholarly attention. The Italian post-war context played a pivotal role in shaping neo-fascist militants’ identity as a proudly marginalized warrior elite: the extent to which this underwent a shift in the transnational context is nonetheless yet to be determined. Adopting a narrative psychology lens, this article explores the transnational experience’s narratives of three former neo-fascist militants (Vincenzo Vinciguerra, Stefano Delle Chiaie, Pierluigi Concutelli). The analysis of their autobiographies allows me to highlight that the transnational experience played a significant role in the construction of some militants’ personal myths, while others tend to diminish it to remain focused on the domestic battle. While the focus is mainly on individual narratives, the texts here analysed shed light on some common elements indicating that operating in a transnational context led to a partial shift in neo-fascist identity.

How does policy alienation develop? Exploring street-level bureaucrats’ agency in policy context shift in UK telehealthcare

Policies can fail when frontline staff feel they have limited influence on policy implementation (powerlessness) or that policy has little or no personal meaning (meaninglessness) – they become alienated from the policy – but how does this alienation develop? In this article we ask whether policy alienation might be viewed as a process that develops over time: a process that ebbs and flows, interacting with the policy landscape as it shifts, rather than a psychological state. Feelings of alienation can be shared across groups of actors, as they collectively shift and initiate change. This study uses participant observation and interviews with front-line employees as they navigate a UK government policy introducing telehealthcare to improve health management of patients with chronic conditions. We find that: (i) cumulative misalignment between different policy implementation contexts allows policy alienation to develop over time; (ii) the shared experience of alienation in co-worker groups contributes to further misalignment; and (iii) front-line staff use their discretion to respond to policy alienation, which has the power to enhance or destroy policy implementation. We offer an alternative perspective for understanding how policy alienation can be prevented and policy implementation can be enhanced.

Contextual control of the retardation of flavour aversion learning by preexposure to the unconditioned stimulus: Acquisition or retrieval deficit?

Two experiments, using rats as the subjects, and flavour aversion learning with an injection of lithium chloride (LiCl) as the unconditioned stimulus (US), examined the effects of a context shift between phases of the procedure on the retardation of learning produced by preexposure to the US. Experiment 1 showed that the US-preexposure effect (the reduction in the size of the conditioned aversion) was not attenuated when the animals were given both preexposure to the US and the conditioning procedure in a novel context but received the test phase in a different context (the home cages). Experiment 2 showed that, after degrading the injection cues–illness association by interpolating saline injections between LiCl preexposures, the US-preexposure effect was attenuated when there was a context shift between preexposure and conditioning, but that the context shift was without effect when it occurred between conditioning and test. These results are consistent with the proposal that US preexposure obtained in this procedure has its effect by interfering with the formation of the target association; they provide no support for the suggestion that the effect depends on interference at the test stage.

Day-level shifts in social contexts during youth cannabis use treatment.

Social context plays a critical role in youth cannabis use. Yet few studies have examined if and when social contexts shift during cannabis use treatment. This study examined daily shifts in youths' social contexts with the goal of characterizing how specific social contexts (e.g., time with cannabis-using friends or siblings) relate to cannabis craving and use during cannabis treatment. Participants were 65 cannabis users (51% male), ages 15-24 years, who participated in a double-blind randomized clinical trial that tested the effects of motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapies plus either adjunctive pharmacotherapy or placebo on cannabis craving and use. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data, collected from a pre-randomization period through the completion of the six-week intervention, assessed youths' social contexts, cannabis use, and craving. Time-varying effects models identified shifts in social contexts during treatment. Overall, time spent with cannabis-using friends and siblings decreased, where time spent with non-using friends or alone increased across the trial. Time with parents or non-using siblings was unchanged. Comparing the relative associations of social contexts with same-day craving and use, more time with cannabis-using friends and with siblings was uniquely associated with greater craving and use. Social context is an important factor in youth substance-use treatment. While time spent with cannabis-using friends and siblings decreased over treatment for all participants, those who continued to spend time with using individuals reported greater craving and use. This research supports increased attention to shifting youths' social contexts to enhance treatment success. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).