Shift Distances Research Articles

Monitoring Pergeseran Tanah Tapak Tower Transmisi PT (PLN) Persero Dengan Menggunakan SMS Sebagai Notifikasi Peringatan

Landslides are one of the causes of the collapse of the transmission tower of PT PLN (Persero) which caused power outages, therefore monitoring the shifting of the transmission tower tread is very necessary so that power outages due to the collapsed tower can be anticipated faster. In this study the authors made a study to monitor tower shifts by using Ultrasonic sensors and LVDT sensors (Linear Variable Differential Transducer), Ultrasonic sensors function to detect shifts from towers and LVDT sensors function to detect shifts from the left and right tread tower ground. In this research, there are three main sensors, namely 2 LVDT sensors and one Ultasonic sensor - each sensor is placed in a safe position from interference and has the least possibility of being affected by landslides, Ultrasonic sensors read the tower shift towards the sensor mounted on the center side and LVDT sensors read the shift ground tread tower on the left and right side of the tower. The sensor sends the signal then is converted by the ATMega 8535 microcontroller into a millimeter unit for LVDT sensors and centimeter meter for Ultrasonic sensors. To find out the changes that occur in the tower and tower ground. Every change in distance or the occurrence of a microcontroller shift sends event data in the form of tower numbers and tower shift distances from each sensor reading using SMS (Short Message Service) communication. The installed LVDT sensor has a reading accuracy rate of 98,05% for LVDT 1 and 98,98% for LVDT 2 in millimeters and an Ultrasonic sensor has a reading accuracy rate of 99,44% in centimeters.

Toward Comprehensive Shifting Fault Tolerance for Domain-Wall Memories With PIETT

Spintronic domain-wall memories (DWMs) offer improved memory density and energy compared to conventional memories but are susceptible to shifting faults. We propose PIETT (<b>P</b>inning, <b>I</b>nsertion, <b>E</b>rasure, and <b>T</b>ranslation-fault <b>T</b>olerance) for improved misalignment correction versus the state of the art. PIETT proposes a derived error correction combined with multi-domain access approach to detect and correct a minimum of three misalignment faults after an arbitrary shift distance. Moreover, we characterize the rate of both misalignment and pinning faults in DWM nanowires and demonstrate that pinning faults are a significant concern to DWM. As such, PIETT is the first method combine correction of misalignment and pinning faults in random access DWMs. It also introduces novel PIETT Transverse Access Points (TAPs) that utilize a novel write access mode which can set/reset multiple domains in a single intrinsic operation and can store shift distance detection codes. By allowing checks between shifts of the intrinsic shift distance (<i>e.g.,</i> 3 domains), using a single TAP per nanowire expands misalignment protection and determines the needed corrective shifts to correct faults in all nanowires. Two TAPs expands misalignment protection to correct misalignment by more than one position and detects pinning by detecting different shift distances at each extremity of the nanowire. PIETT leverages knowledge of pinned nanowire locations to guide a modified SECDED ECC with one additional parity bit stored in additional parity nanowires. Thus, PIETT in TAP mode can correct unlimited, potentially multi-position, misalignment faults and either up to three pinning faults or up to two pinning faults with up to one bit-flip fault using scrubbing. PIETT provides eight to 21 orders of magnitude improvement in mean-time-to-failure with similar or better area overhead and only a 1&#x0025; system performance degradation compared to state of the art DWM misalignment correction.

Modulation of narrow-field amacrine cells on light-evoked spike responses and receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells

By using multi-electrode array (MEA) recording technique in conjunction with white-noise checkerboard stimuli and reverse correlation methods, we studied modulatory actions of glycinergic narrow-field amacrine cells (NFACs) on spatiotemporal profiles of five functional groups of ganglion cells (GCs) in dark-adapted mouse retinas. We found that application of 2 µM strychnine significantly altered light-evoked spike rates of three groups of GCs. It also decreased receptive field center radii of all five groups of GC by a mean value of 11%, and shifted the GC receptive field (RF) centers of all GCs and the mean shift distances for the sustained GCs are significantly longer than the transient GCs. On the other hand, strychnine did not affect temporal profiles of the GC center responses, as it did not alter the time-to-peak or the biphasic index of the spike triggered average (STA) functions of GC RF centers. Strychnine also exerts limited actions on RF surrounds of most GCs, except that it moderately weakens the antagonistic surround of sustained OFF GCs and strengthens the antagonistic surround of the ON/OFF GCs, possibly through serial connections between NFACs and GABAergic wide-field amacrine cells (WFACs). Using the Sum of Separable Subfilter (SoSS) model and singular value decomposition method, we decomposed GCs’ STAs into five space–time separable subfilters, studied the observation rates of each subfilter in the five functional groups of GCs and determined NFAC-dependent and -independent synaptic circuitries that mediate center and surround responses of various groups of mouse retina retinal ganglion cells.

Short-Term Ensemble Streamflow Prediction Using Spatially Shifted QPF Informed by Displacement Errors

Abstract Errors associated with the location of precipitation in QPFs present challenges when used for hydrologic prediction, particularly in small watersheds. This work builds on a past study that systematically shifted QPFs prior to inputting them into a hydrologic model to generate streamflow ensembles. In the original study, which used static, predetermined shifting distances, flood detection improved, but false alarms increased due to large ensemble spread. The present research tests a more informed approach by randomly selecting shift directions and distances based on the distribution of displacement errors from a sample of QPFs. Precipitation forecasts were taken from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Ensemble (HRRRE), and streamflow predictions were generated using the Weather Research and Forecasting hydrological modeling system, version 5.1.1, in a National Water Model 2.0 configuration. A 63-member streamflow ensemble was generated using the 9 original HRRRE and 54 shifted HRRRE members. Two ensemble updating schemes were tested in which ensemble member weights were adjusted using precipitation location and QPF displacement present at convective initiation. The ensembles using QPF shifted based on climatological spatial errors showed higher probabilistic forecasting skill, while having comparable dichotomous forecasting skill to the original HRRRE ensemble. Other methods of selecting nine ensemble members from the full 63-member suite did not show significant improvement. Flood peak timing showed frequent errors, with average timing errors around five hours early. Larger watersheds tended to have better skill metric scores than smaller basins, with increased skill added by the shifting of QPF.

A dual-resolution unitary ESPRIT method for DOA estimation based on sparse co-prime MIMO radar

In this article, a novel structure of sparse co-prime multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar is proposed. The proposed sparse co-prime MIMO radar employs one co-prime planar subarray (CPSA) as transmit array and multiple separated co-prime planar subarrays as receive arrays. The receive subarrays are deployed separately yielding long aperture baselines to improve the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation accuracies. A dual-resolution 2-D unitary ESPRIT method is derived for DOA estimation based on such sparse co-prime MIMO radar. First, a noncoherent unitary ESPRIT method is employed to yield coarse DOA estimates using the output signals of sparse co-prime MIMO radar noncoherently. Second, a coherent 2-D unitary ESPRIT method is derived to obtain fine DOA estimates and resolve DOA ambiguity utilizing the coarse DOA estimates. The DOA estimation in presence of unknown inter-subarray phase offsets is also addressed. Then an optimization method is developed to select the appropriate shift distances of the receive CPSAs. Finally, the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) of DOA estimation is given to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed estimator. Simulation results confirm that the 2-D DOA estimation accuracies of the proposed approach outperform unitary ESPRIT methods employing conventional co-prime MIMO radar and MIMO radar with rectangular arrays.

Range shifts of overwintering birds depend on habitat type, snow conditions and habitat specialization

Climatic warming is forcing species to shift their ranges poleward, which has been demonstrated for many taxa globally. Yet, the influence of habitat types on within- and among-species variations of distribution shifts has rarely been studied, especially during the non-breeding season. Here, we investigated habitat-specific shift distances of northern range margins and directions of the distribution center based on long-term data of overwintering birds in Finland. Specifically, we explored influences of habitat type, species’ snow depth tolerance, species’ climatic niche and habitat specialization on range shifts during the past 40 years in 81 bird species. Birds overwintering in arable land shifted more clearly toward north compared to birds of the same species in rural and forest habitats, while the northern range margin shift distances did not significantly differ among the habitat types. Range shifts were more linked with the species’ snow depth tolerance rather than species’ climatic niche. Snow depth tolerance of species was negatively associated with the eastward shift direction across all habitats, while we found habitat-specific patterns with snow depth for northward shift directions and northern margin shift distances. Species with stronger habitat specializations shifted more strongly toward north as compared to generalist species, whereas the climatic niche of bird species only marginally correlated with range shifts, so that cold-dwelling species shifted longer distances and more clearly eastward. Our study reveals habitat-specific patterns linked to snow conditions for overwintering boreal birds and highlights the importance of habitat availability and preference in climate driven range shifts.

Imaging Through Random Scatterer with Spatial Coherence Structure Measurement

Optical coherence is becoming an efficient degree of freedom for light field manipulations and applications. In this work, we show that the image information hidden a distance behind a random scattering medium is encoded in the complex spatial coherence structure of a partially coherent light beam that generates after the random scatterer. We validate in experiment that the image information can be well recovered with the spatial coherence measurement and the aid of the iterative phase retrieval algorithm in the Fresnel domain. We find not only the spatial shape but also the position including the lateral shift and longitudinal distances of the image hidden behind the random scatterer can be reconstructed, which indicates the potential uses in three-dimensional optical imaging through random scattering media.

Optical memory effect in square multimode fibers.

We demonstrate experimentally the existence of a translational optical memory effect in square-core multimode fibers. We found that symmetry properties of square-core waveguides lead to speckle patterns shifting along four directions at the fiber output for any given shift direction at the input. A simple theoretical model based on a perfectly reflective square waveguide is introduced to predict and interpret this phenomenon. We report experimental results obtained with 532-nm coherent light propagating through a square-core step-index multimode fiber, demonstrating that this translational memory effect can be observed for shift distances up to typically 10 µm after propagation through several centimeters of fiber.

Combined soliton solutions of a (1+1)-dimensional weakly nonlocal conformable fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the cubic–quintic nonlinear material

We concentrate on a (1+1)-dimensional weakly nonlocal conformable fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equation with cubic–quintic nonlinearities, and get some exact combined soliton solutions and periodic solutions based on the Jacobian elliptic function method and double function method. We discuss dynamical behaviors of bright soliton, dark soliton, periodic bright soliton train and periodic M-shaped soliton train, and find that shift distances along the x-direction of these solitons all add if the value of the fractional order increases.

Cosmology and the massive photon frequency shift in the Standard-Model Extension

The total red shift z might be recast as a combination of the expansion red shift and a static shift due to the energy–momentum tensor non-conservation of a photon propagating through Electro-Magnetic (EM) fields. If massive, the photon may be described by the de Broglie–Proca (dBP) theory which satisfies the Lorentz(-Poincaré) Symmetry (LoSy) but not gauge-invariance. The latter is regained in the Standard-Model Extension (SME), associated with LoSy Violation (LSV) that naturally dresses photons of a mass. The non-conservation stems from the vacuum expectation value of the vector and tensor LSV fields. The final colour (red or blue) and size of the static shift depend on the orientations and strength of the LSV and EM multiple fields encountered along the path of the photon. Turning to cosmology, for a zero Omega _{Lambda } energy density, the discrepancy between luminosity and red shift distances of SNeIa disappears thanks to the recasting of z. Massive photons induce an effective dark energy acting ‘optically’ but not dynamically.

(Z)-5-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-3-{[(3,5-di-chloro-phen-yl)amino]-methyl-idene}furan-2(3H)-one.

The title compound, C17H10BrCl2NO2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a large cell volume of 6207 (3) Å3. The asymmetric unit of the title compound investigated at 120 K contains two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (Z' = 2). Each mol-ecule demonstrates slight non-planarity in the solid state and a Z-configuration for the exocyclic C=C bond. The crystal packing reveals the presence of π-π stacking inter-actions between the substituted benzene rings [centroid-centroid distances of 3.836 (5) Å, shift distances in the range 1.272-1.843 Å].

Shifts of the Mean Centers of Potential Vegetation Ecosystems under Future Climate Change in Eurasia

Climate change dominantly controls the spatial distributions of potential vegetation ecosystems; the shift trends in the mean centers of potential vegetation ecosystems could be used to explain their responses to climate change. In terms of the climate observation data of Eurasia for the period from 1981 to 2010 and the climate scenario data for the period from 2011 to 2100 under the three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and, RCP8.5, which were released by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) ecosystem model was improved to quantitatively classify the potential vegetation types, and the shift model of mean center was adopted to compute the trends in the spatiotemporal shifts of potential vegetation types in Eurasia. The results showed that the mean centers of the major potential vegetation ecosystems would be distributed in the central and southern parts of Eurasia. Under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, the potential shift distances of the mean centers of the vegetation types under the RCP8.5 scenario would be the largest, and those of the polar/nival area, subpolar/alpine moist tundra, warm temperate dry forest, subtropical moist forest, cool temperate moist forest, cool temperate wet forest, subtropical wet forest, subtropical thorn woodland, warm temperate moist forest and subtropical dry forest would be larger than those in the other potential vegetation types in Eurasia. Moreover, the shift directions of the mean centers of the major potential vegetation types would generally shift northward, and subtropical dry forest, warm temperate moist forest and subpolar/alpine moist tundra would be the most sensitive to change among all vegetation types under the three scenarios for the period from 2011 to 2100.

Climate Change Impacts on the Potential Distribution and Range Shift of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is one of the most important bark beetles in North America and causes considerable economic and ecological losses during outbreaks. The distribution of this pest species is likely to be altered by climate change, which may threaten currently unaffected areas. In this study, we used CLIMEX to project the potential global distribution of D. ponderosae according to both historical climate data (1987–2016) and future climate warming estimates (2021–2100) to evaluate the impact of climate change on this species. Regions with suitable climate for D. ponderosae are distributed in all continents except Antarctica under both historical and future climate conditions, and these are predicted to change continuously with climate change. Overall, climate suitability will increase in middle- and high-latitude regions and decrease in low-latitude regions, and regions most sensitive to climate change are located in the mid-latitude zone. Moreover, the shift directions and ranges of climate-suitable regions under future conditions will differ among continents, and the shift distances in the north–south direction are larger than these in the east–west direction for Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and Oceania, indicating that shift direction is possibly mainly affected by temperature. These projected distributions may provide theoretical guidance for early-warning intervention and risk assessment.

The Dosimetric Impact of Shifts in Patient Positioning during Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Brain Tumors.

Unlike conventional photon radiotherapy, sophisticated patient positioning tools are not available for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Thus, BNCT remains vulnerable to setup errors and intra-fractional patient motion. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of deviations in positioning on the dose administered by BNCT for brain tumors at the Tsing Hua open-pool reactor (THOR). For these studies, a simulated head model was generated based on computed tomography (CT) images of a patient with a brain tumor. A cylindrical brain tumor 3 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length was modeled at distances of 6.5 cm and 2.5 cm from the posterior scalp of this head model (T6.5 cm and T2.5 cm, respectively). Radiation doses associated with positioning errors were evaluated for each distance, including left and right shifts, superior and inferior shifts, shifts from the central axis of the beam aperture, and outward shifts from the surface of the beam aperture. Rotational and tilting effects were also evaluated. The dose prescription was 20 Gray-equivalent (Gy-Eq) to 80 % of the tumor. The treatment planning system, NCTPlan, was used to perform dose calculations. The average decreases in mean tumor dose for T6.5 cm for the 1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm lateral shifts composed by left, right, superior, and inferior sides, were approximately 1 %, 6 %, and 11 %, respectively, compared to the dose administered to the initial tumor position. The decreases in mean tumor dose for T6.5 cm were approximately 5 %, 11 %, and 15 % for the 1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm outward shifts, respectively. For a superficial tumor at T2.5cm, no significant decrease in average mean tumor dose was observed following lateral shifts of 1 cm. Rotational and tilting up to 15° did not result in significant difference to the tumor dose. Dose differences to the normal tissues as a result of the shifts in positioning were also minimal. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the mean dose administered to tumors at greater depths is potentially more vulnerable to deviations in positioning, and greater shift distances resulted in reduced mean tumor doses at the THOR. Moreover, these data provide an estimation of dose differences that are caused by setup error or intra-fractional motion during BNCT, and these may facilitate more accurate predictions of actual patient dose in future treatments.

Retreat of Pindari glacier and detection of snout position using remote sensing technology

Pindari glacier is the source to Pindar River, one of the major tributary to the River Alaknanda. This study aims to assess the retreat of the Pindari glacier in four decades using visual interpretation of remote sensing data. The GPS technology (coordinates) was used to determine the latest snout position in 2014. The location of snout was marked using series of periodic Landsat imagery with manual digitization process. We marked the snow area and snout point for the different years by using satellite data. Further, these datasets were compared to measure the changes in the glacier position and the shift distances. The cumulative glacial retreat was recorded 1569.01 m with average glacier retreat rate of 51.23 m/year within the study duration (1976–2014). The glacier retreat rate/year was faster during 1976–94 than 1999–2014. The finding of the study may bring attention to the scientific society and trigger more vigorous study on quantifying glacier retreat in Pindari as well as other glaciers of the Himalaya.

Construct a perfect word hash function in time independent of the size of integers

We present an algorithm for constructing a perfect word hash function for n integers that takes O(n4log⁡n) time. This time is independent of size of the integers or the number of bits in the integers. We call it a word hash function because we require that the hash function can hash multiple integers packed in a word in constant time. Previous algorithms for constructing a perfect word hash function have time dependent on the number of the bits in integers. Although an O(n(log⁡log⁡n)2) time algorithm is known for constructing a perfect hash function, the hash function constructed is not a word hash function and it cannot hash multiple integers packed in one word in constant time. The property of word hashing is indispensable in the current best deterministic and randomized algorithms for integer sorting. Our result is achieved via an algorithm of O(n2log2⁡n) time that computes the shift distances for integers of Ω(n2log⁡n) bits. These shift distances can then be used to pack the extracted bits of each integer to O(n) bits. Perfect word hash function constructed with our method using these shift distances allows a batch of mn integers with m integers packed in a word to be hashed in O(n) time.

Method to measure the phase modulation characteristics of a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.

The universal liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is widely used in many aspects of optical studies. The working principles and applications of LC-SLM were introduced briefly. The traditional Twyman-Green interference method, which was used to measure the phase modulation characteristics of a liquid spatial light modulator, had some obvious disadvantages in practice. To avoid these issues, the traditional Twyman-Green interference method was improved. Also, a new method to process interference fringes and measure the shift distances and cycles automatically by computers was proposed. The phase modulation characteristics of P512-1064 LC-SLM produced by the Meadowlark Company were measured to verify the validity of the newly proposed method. In addition, in order to compensate and correct the nonlinear characteristics of the phase modulation curve, three universal inverse interpolation methods were utilized. The root mean squared error and residual sum of squares between the calibrated phase modulation curve and the ideal phase modulation curve were reduced obviously by taking advantage of the inverse interpolation methods. Subsequently, the method of shape-preserving subsection cubic interpolation had acquired the best performance with high computation efficiency. Experiments have been performed to verify the validity of the interpolation method. The experimental results showed that the phase modulation characteristics of LC-LSM could be acquired and calibrated automatically with convenience and high efficiency by utilizing the newly proposed processing method.

Investigating lanthanide dopant distributions in Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) using solid state paramagnetic NMR

This paper demonstrates the approach of using paramagnetic effects observed in NMR spectra to investigate the distribution of lanthanide dopant cations in YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet, Y3Al5O12) optical materials, as a complimentary technique to optical spectroscopy and other standard methods of characterization. We investigate the effects of Ce3+, Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+, and Tm3+-Cr3+ on 27Al and 89Y NMR spectra. We note shifted resonances for both AlO4 and AlO6 sites. In some cases, multiple shifted peaks are observable, and some of these can be empirically assigned to dopant cations in known configurations to the observed nuclides. In many cases, AlO6 peaks shifted by more than one magnetic neighbor can be detected. In general, we observe that the measured intensities of shifted resonances, when spinning sidebands are included, are consistent with predictions from models with dopant cations that are randomly distributed throughout the lattice. In at least one set of 27Al spectra, we identify two sub-peaks possibly resulting from two paramagnetic cations with magnetically coupled spin states neighboring the observed nucleus. We identify systematic changes in the spectra related to known parameters describing the magnetic effects of lanthanide cations, such as larger shift distances when the expectation value of electron spins is greater. We lastly comment on the promise of this technique in future analyses of laser and other crystalline oxide materials.

Enhanced Resolution of DNA Separation Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Doped with Graphene Oxide.

In this work, a novel agarose gel electrophoresis strategy has been developed for separation of DNA fragments by doping graphene oxide (GO) into agarose gel. The results show that the addition of GO into agarose gel significantly improved the separation resolution of DNA fragments by increasing the shift distances of both the single DNA fragments and the adjacent DNA fragments and completely eliminating the background noise derived from the diffusion of the excessive ethidium bromide (EB) dye in the gel after electrophoresis. The improved resolution of DNA fragments in GO-doped agarose gel could be attributed to the successive adsorption-desorption processes between DNA fragments and GO sheets, while the elimination of the background noise could be attributed to the adsorption of the excessive EB dye on the surface of GO sheets and high fluorescence quenching efficiency of GO. These results provide promising potential for graphene and its derivate utilized in various electrophoresis techniques for separation and detection of DAN fragments and other biomolecules.

Three-dimensional analysis of alveolar changes of complete unilateral cleft lip patients after presurgical nasoalveolar molding treatment

This study analyzed the alveolar changes of complete unilateral cleft lip (UCCL) patients after pre-surgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) treatment using a three-dimensional method. Palate impressions of thirty UCCL patients who underwent PNAM treatment in the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were taken pre- and post-PNAM. The plaster impressions were scanned using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The DICOM files were exported and 3D models reconstructed in Mimics 15.0. The following parameters were analyzed in SPSS 17.0: cleft alveolar gap width, alveolar arch end width, upper lip frenulum-median plane distance, alveolar shift distance, and length of alveolar section. After PNAM treatment, the cleft alveolar gap width and upper lip frenulum-median plane distance decreased significantly (P<0.05). No statistically significant change was observed in the alveolar arch end width (P>0.05). Alveolar shift distances for both sides increased significantly (P<0.05), and the shift distance of major alveolar sec-tion had a more significant increase than the minor alveolar section. The lengths of the alveolar section of both sides increased significantly (P<0.05) with the length of the major alveolar section increasing more significantly than the minor alveolar section. The impression-CBCT method supply accurate three-dimensional data of the alveolar process. The PNAM treatment can significantly correct alveolar deformity and improve appearance.