Shift Changes Research Articles

Five Hypotheses on the Origins of Temperature Dependence of 77Se NMR Shifts in Diselenides.

Notable thermal shifts in diselenides have been documented in 77Se NMR for more than 50 years, but no satisfactory explanation has been found. Here, five hypotheses are considered as possible explanations for the large temperature dependence of the 77Se chemical shifts of diaryl and dialkyl diselenides compared to monoselenides and selenols. Density functional theory calculations are provided to bolster hypotheses and better understand the effects of barrier height and dipole energies. It is proposed that the temperature dependence of diselenide 77Se NMR chemical shifts is due to rotation around the Se-Se bond and sampling of twisted conformers at higher temperatures. The molecular twisting is solvent dependent; here, DMSO-d6 and toluene-d8 were evaluated. No correlation was established between para-substituents on diaryl diselenides and the magnitude of the change in the 77Se NMR shift (Δδ) with temperature.

Electrofluorochromic Hydrogels by Oligothiophene-Based Color-Tunable Fluorescent Dye Doping.

Soft electronic materials hold great promise for advancing flexible functional devices. Among the various soft materials available, hydrogels are particularly attractive for soft electronic device development due to their inherent properties, including transparency, shape adaptability through swelling/deswelling, and self-healing capabilities. Transparent hydrogels contribute to the creation of advanced smart devices such as sensors, smart windows, and anticounterfeiting technologies. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels are used as a platform for creating electrofluorochromic (EFC) devices in combination with oligothiophene-conjugated benzothiazole derivatives (OCBs) as fluorescent emitters. OCBs demonstrated excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) behavior with a large Stokes shift and emission changes responsive to solvent polarity and pH stimuli. Even in the solid state, OCBs exhibited strong fluorescence emission across a wide range of colors from blue to red, making them exceptionally well-suited for EFC device development. Their quantum yields in the powder state were obtained between 2.3% and 19.9%. Through the incorporation of OCBs into a PVA hydrogel (OCB@PVA), we achieved the successful fabrication of flexible EFC devices, including electronic paper and smart panels. When electric potentials (-2.4 and +2.4 V) were applied in OCB@PVA, fluorescence color changes were observed by an electrochemically induced pH change owing to electrohydrolysis of water. These devices demonstrated the potential of OCB@PVA hydrogels in the realm of flexible electronics. They could be used to create innovative and versatile devices with stimuli-responsive fluorescence properties.

Polymer-Chain Aggregation-induced Electrical Gating at the H- and J-aggregate P3HT

This research explores how aggregation influences the electrical behavior at both the planar - heterojunction poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/SiO2 and P3HT/ZnO nanocrystal (NC) interfaces. The formation of H- and J-type aggregates leads to distinct molecular ordering and packing structures, manifesting as changes in threshold voltage shifts (electrical gating) as well as absorption and luminescence properties. Ultrasound irradiation (sonication) significantly alters the molecular arrangement in P3HT, favoring the formation of H-aggregates over the typically formed J-aggregates. In pristine P3HT, J-aggregates facilitate efficient exciton movement and electrical generation, resulting in higher photocurrents compared to sonicated-P3HT, which predominantly forms H-aggregates. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on sonicated P3HT exhibit a more positive threshold voltage and increased mobility, indicating the presence of more mobile charge carriers, even in the absence of an applied voltage. In interfaces with ZnO NC, pristine P3HT demonstrates a considerable shift in threshold voltage under illumination, attributed to electron trapping. Conversely, sonicated P3HT interfaced with ZnO NC shows less electron trapping and minimal change in threshold voltage. This study underscores how the type of aggregate (H or J) in P3HT significantly dictates light-induced electrical gating. Ultrasound irradiation (sonication), while enhancing mobility by improving crystallinity, leads to a decrease in photocurrent efficiency in H-aggregates compared to the J-aggregates present in pristine-P3HT.

Including the Ensemble of Unstructured Conformations in the Analysis of Protein's Native State by High-Pressure NMR Spectroscopy.

The analysis of pressure induced changes in the chemical shift of proteins allows statements on structural fluctuations proteins exhibit at ambient pressure. The inherent issue of separating general pressure effects from structural related effects on the pressure dependence of chemical shifts has so far been addressed by considering the characteristics of random coil peptides on increasing pressure. In this work, chemically and pressure denatured states of the cold shock protein B from Bacillus subtilis (BsCspB) have been assigned in 2D 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectra and their dependence on increasing hydrostatic pressure has been evaluated. The pressure denatured polypeptide chain has been used to separate general from structural related effects on 1H and 15N chemical shifts of native BsCspB and the implications on the interpretation of pressure induced changes in the chemical shift regarding the structure of BsCspB are discussed. It has been found that the ensemble of unstructured conformations of BsCspB shows different responses to increasing pressure than random coil peptides do. Thus, the approach used for considering the general effects that arise when hydrostatic pressure increases changes the structural conclusions that are drawn from high pressure NMR spectroscopic experiments that rely on the analysis of chemical shifts.

Analyse des Nativen Zustands von Proteinen durch Hochdruck NMR‐Spektroskopie unter Berücksichtigung des Ensembles Unstrukturierter Konformationen

AbstractDie Analyse druckabhängiger Änderungen der chemischen Verschiebung von Proteinen erlaubt es, Aussagen über strukturelle Fluktuationen zu machen, die diese bereits bei Umgebungsdruck aufweisen. Das Problem, allgemeine Effekte, die mit einer Erhöhung des hydrostatischen Drucks einhergehen, von strukturell bedingten Effekten auf die chemische Verschiebung zu trennen, wurde bisher durch das Einbeziehen der Eigenschaften unstrukturierter Modellpeptide angegangen. In dieser Arbeit wurden chemische Verschiebungen in 2D 1H‐15N‐HSQC Spektren von chemisch als auch druckdenaturierten Zuständen des Kälteschockproteins B aus Bacillus Subtilis (BsCspB) zugeordnet und ihre Abhängigkeit von Änderungen des hydrostatischen Drucks ausgewertet. Die durch hydrostatischen Druck denaturierte Polypeptidkette wurde verwendet, um allgemeine Effekte von strukturbedingten Effekten auf 1H und 15N chemische Verschiebungen zu trennen. Daraus resultierende Interpretationen der druckabhängigen Änderungen der chemischen Verschiebungen werden im strukturellen Kontext diskutiert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass das Ensemble unstrukturierter Konformationen von BsCspB anders auf eine Erhöhung des Drucks reagiert, als es unstrukturierte Modellpeptide tun. Daraus kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass der Ansatz, mit dem man allgemeine Effekte, die durch eine Erhöhung des Drucks hervorgerufen werden, abschätzt, die strukturellen Rückschlüsse ändert, die anhand einer Analyse von chemischen Verschiebungen getroffen werden.

NMR chemical shift assignment of Drosophila odorant binding protein 44a in complex with 8(Z)-eicosenoic acid

The odorant binding protein, OBP44a is one of the most abundant proteins expressed in the brain of the developing fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Its cellular function has not yet been determined. The OBP family of proteins is well established to recognize hydrophobic molecules. In this study, NMR is employed to structurally characterize OBP44a. NMR chemical shift perturbation measurements confirm that OBP44a binds to fatty acids. Complete assignments of the backbone chemical shifts and secondary chemical shift analysis demonstrate that the apo state of OBP44a is comprised of six α-helices. Upon binding 8(Z)-eicosenoic acid (8(Z)-C20:1), the OBP44a C-terminal region undergoes a conformational change, from unstructured to α-helical. In addition to C-terminal restructuring upon ligand binding, some hydrophobic residues show dramatic chemical shift changes. Surprisingly, several charged residues are also strongly affected by lipid binding. Some of these residues could represent key structural features that OBP44a relies on to perform its cellular function. The NMR chemical shift assignment is the first step towards characterizing the structure of OBP44a and how specific residues might play a role in lipid binding and release. This information will be important in deciphering the biological function of OBP44a during fly brain development.

Implementation of hematology oncology lecture series for nursing staff.

e21005 Background: Westchester Medical Center has an oncology unit that provides care for hundreds of patients annually. Inpatient cancer patients often have especially complex medical treatment plans that require interdisciplinary collaboration and specialized knowledge of oncologic conditions. There is a need to implement formal teaching tailored to nursing staff devoted to topics in hematology and oncology. Our goal was to develop a monthly lecture series for nursing that deepened their understanding of cancer treatments, enabling them to assess and monitor patients with greater expertise. Methods: Topics were chosen based on relevance and are listed in the table. Speakers included full-time faculty, fellows and residents, pharmacists, and medical students. Ten lectures were completed and scheduled approximately once monthly in the mornings just prior to sign out for nursing shift change. Nursing staff were asked to complete a set of questions prior to each lecture (Pre-Test) They were given the same set of questions after each lecture (Post-Test) to determine whether there was an improvement in understanding of the topic. Informational handouts were distributed at the end of each lecture to provide participants with a summary of key points. A survey administered at the conclusion of the lecture series was collected to assess attitudes towards the lectures. Results: Overall test scores improved after each lecture was given, as demonstrated in the table: Pre and Post Lecture Test Scores. Additionally, feedback regarding the lectures was positive. 100% agreed that they gained a better understanding of topics related to hematology oncology and 92% agreed that participation in these lectures has improved their ability to function collaboratively on interprofessional healthcare teams. Conclusions: A didactic lecture series is a valuable component of hematology oncology education for nursing staff and will improve quality of care of the oncology service. Some limitations of this lecture series concerned nursing staff scheduling conflicts and their availability for lecture attendance. Possible interventions in the future may include setting aside time dedicated for monthly lectures and scheduling lectures for afternoons to avoid conflicts with shift changes and morning rounds. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the value of continued education in empowering nursing staff to deliver quality care to hematology oncology patients.[Table: see text]

Evaluation of the energy budget of thermokarst lake in permafrost regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Thermokarst lake formation accelerates permafrost degradation due to climate warming, thereby releasing significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, complicating hydrological cycles, and causing environmental damage. However, the energy transfer mechanism from the surface to the sediment of thermokarst lakes remains largely unexplored, thereby limiting our understanding of the magnitude and duration of biogeochemical processes and hydrological cycles. Therefore, herein, a typical thermokarst lake situated in the center of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) was selected for observation and energy budget modeling. Our results showed that the net radiation of the thermokarst lake surface was 95.1, 156.9, and 32.3 W m−2 for the annual, ice-free, and ice-covered periods, respectively, and was approximately 76% of the net radiation consumed by latent heat flux. Alternations in heat storage in the thermokarst lake initially increased from January to April, then decreased from April to December, with a maximum change of 48.1 W m−2 in April. The annual average heat fluxes from lake water to sediments were 1.4 W m−2; higher heat fluxes occurred during the ice-free season at a range of 4.9–12.0 W m−2. The imbalance between heat absorption and release in the millennium scale caused the underlying permafrost of the thermokarst lake to completely thaw. At present, the ground temperature beneath the lake bottom at a depth of 15 m has reached 2.0 °C. The temperatures and vapor-pressure conditions of air and lake surfaces control the energy budget of the thermokarst lake. Our findings indicate that changes in the hydrologic regime shifts and biogeochemical processes are more frequent under climate warming and permafrost degradation.

Phytoplankton biomass in northern lakes reveals a complex response to global change

Global change may introduce fundamental alterations in phytoplankton biomass and community structure that can alter the productivity of northern lakes. In this study, we utilized Swedish and Finnish monitoring data from lakes that are spatially (135 lakes) and temporally (1995-2019, 110 lakes) extensive to assess how phytoplankton biomass (PB) of dominant phytoplankton groups related to changes in water temperature, pH and key nutrients [total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), iron (Fe)] along spatial (Fennoscandia) and temporal (25 years) gradients. Using a machine learning approach, we found that TP was the most important determinant of total PB and biomass of a specific species of Raphidophyceae - Gonyostomum semen - and Cyanobacteria (both typically with adverse impacts on food-webs and water quality) in spatial analyses, while Fe and pH were second in importance for G. semen and TN and pH were second and third in importance for Cyanobacteria. However, in temporal analyses, decreasing Fe and increasing pH and TOC were associated with a decrease in G. semen and an increase in Cyanobacteria. In addition, in many lakes increasing TOC seemed to have generated browning to an extent that significantly reduced PB. The identified discrepancy between the spatial and temporal results suggests that substitutions of data for space-for-time may not be adequate to characterize long-term effects of global change on phytoplankton. Further, we found that total PB exhibited contrasting temporal trends (increasing in northern- and decreasing in southern Fennoscandia), with the decline in total PB being more pronounced than the increase. Among phytoplankton, G. semen biomass showed the strongest decline, while cyanobacterial biomass showed the strongest increase over 25 years. Our findings suggest that progressing browning and changes in Fe and pH promote significant temporal changes in PB and shifts in phytoplankton community structures in northern lakes.

Using structured communication to improve patient handoffs and reduce medical errors.

Communication errors during transfer of care from one clinician to another are a major cause of medical errors. In 2006, The Joint Commission made handoff communications a national patient safety goal. In 2014, the Association of American Medical Colleges included giving and receiving a report to transfer a patient's care as one of the 13 core entrustable professional activities required for entry into residency programs. Communication is the key to successful transfer of patient care from one clinician to another during shift change. A structured method of communication used by all clinicians in high-stakes healthcare settings can ensure all vital information about a patient is given to the receiving clinician.

Understanding the depolarization phenomena in (1−x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. (x) Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 solid solutions using in-situ temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy

A decrease in depolarization temperature (T d) from 456 K to 352 K was observed with an increase in BCZT substitution in the NBT for the (1−x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. (x) Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 solid solutions. A transition towards a higher ergodic state was elucidated with an increase in BCZT content that helped to reduce the free energy barrier, hence lesser thermal energy was required to depolarize the modified systems. Furthermore, a decrease in remnant polarization and coercive field, coupled with an increase in energy storage (W stored) and efficiency (η%) with higher BCZT content. In-situ temperature-dependent Raman spectra provide additional insights, highlighting the faster changes in phonon shifts and lifetimes corresponding to the A–O, B–O, and BO6 vibrations around the depolarization temperature (T d). The observed phase transformation to a P4bm phase at temperatures significantly higher than T d is substantiated by Raman shift and phonon lifetime variations in the modes associated with the A–O and B–O vibrations. The transitions can be understood as: at T ∼ T d the polar nano regions (PNRs) start to appear due to weakening of bonds, T > T d all the long-range ferroelectric domains transform to PNRs converting the material to a fully ergodic state, and at much higher temperatures (T ≫ T d) the R3c PNRs vanish and P4bm PNRs appear.

Direct electrospinning for producing multiple activity nanofibers consisting of aggregated luteolin/hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

Hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HPγCD) inclusion complex nanofibers (Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF) containing Luteolin (Lut) were prepared by electrospinning technology. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the formation of Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the morphology of Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF was uniform and bead-free, suggesting that self-assembled aggregates, macromolecules with higher molecular weights, were formed by strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed that Lut was distributed in Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy revealed the change in chemical shift of the proton peak between Lut and HPγCD, confirming the formation of inclusion complex. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had good thermal stability. The phase solubility test confirmed that HPγCD had a solubilizing effect on Lut. When the solubility of HPγCD reached 10 mM, the solubility of Lut increased by 15-fold. The drug loading test showed that the content of Lut in fibers reached 8.57 ± 0.02 %. The rapid dissolution experiment showed that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF dissolved within 3 s. The molecular simulation provides three-dimensional evidence for the formation of inclusion complexes between Lut and HPγCD. Antibacterial experiments showed that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF exhibited excellent antioxidant properties with a free radical scavenging ability of 89.5 ± 1.1 %. In vitro release experiments showed Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had a higher release amount of Lut. In conclusion, Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF improved the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of Lut, providing potential applications of Lut in the pharmaceutical field.

Factors Related to The Implementation of Handover in Hospital Inpatient Rooms

Handover is an oral communication of information about patients carried out by nurses at the change of shift. Inaccurate information in carrying out acceptance considerations can have a serious impact on patients. The aim of this literature review is to determine the factors associated with patient handover in hospital inpatient rooms. A literature search was carried out based on articles published between 2018-2023 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria that had been determined using 1 data base, namely GoogleSchool. This literature search uses the PRISMA guideline in carrying out the screening process. From the search results, 2,420 articles were obtained. After carrying out the screening process, there were 3 articles that met the criteria and will be analyzed. Based on a study of 3 articles, it was found that the factors related to the implementation of patient handover in inpatient rooms in hospitals are: supervision, knowledge, peer support, communication, and organizational culture. Factors related to the implementation of handover patient consist of interna and external factors. It is hoped that hospitals will establish policies related to the management of handover patient in the form of standards and handover patient procedures that are applied in all hospital inpatient rooms, socialization and need supervision toward handover patient. As well as increasing nurses' knowledge through training. Keywords: factors, consideration, inpatient, hospital, nurse

Highly Sensitive Qualitative and Quantitative Identification of Cashmere and Wool Based on Terahertz Electromagnetically Induced Transparent Metasurface Biosensor.

Cashmere and wool are both natural animal fibers used in the textile industry, but cashmere is of superior quality, is rarer, and more precious. It is therefore important to distinguish the two fibers accurately and effectively. However, challenges due to their similar appearance, morphology, and physical and chemical properties remain. Herein, a terahertz electromagnetic inductive transparency (EIT) metasurface biosensor is introduced for qualitative and quantitative identification of cashmere and wool. The periodic unit structure of the metasurface consists of four rotationally symmetric resonators and two cross-arranged metal secants to form toroidal dipoles and electric dipoles, respectively, so that its effective sensing area can be greatly improved by 1075% compared to the traditional dipole mode, and the sensitivity will be up to 342 GHz/RIU. The amplitude and frequency shift changes of the terahertz transmission spectra caused by the different refractive indices of cashmere/wool can achieve highly sensitive label-free qualitative and quantitative identification of both. The experimental results show that the terahertz metasurface biosensor can work at a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. It provides a new way to achieve high sensitivity, precision, and trace detection of cashmere/wool, and would be a valuable application for the cashmere industry.

Future malaria environmental suitability in Africa is sensitive to hydrology.

Changes in climate shift the geographic locations that are suitable for malaria transmission because of the thermal constraints on vector Anopheles mosquitos and Plasmodium spp. malaria parasites and the lack of availability of surface water for vector breeding. Previous Africa-wide assessments have tended to solely represent surface water using precipitation, ignoring many important hydrological processes. Here, we applied a validated and weighted ensemble of global hydrological and climate models to estimate present and future areas of hydroclimatic suitability for malaria transmission. With explicit surface water representation, we predict a net decrease in areas suitable for malaria transmission from 2025 onward, greater sensitivity to future greenhouse gas emissions, and different, more complex, malaria transmission patterns. Areas of malaria transmission that are projected to change are smaller than those estimated by precipitation-based estimates but are associated with greater changes in transmission season lengths.

Disturbance in the protein landscape of cochlear perilymph in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Hearing loss is a pivotal risk factor for dementia. It has recently emerged that a disruption in the intercommunication between the cochlea and brain is a key process in the initiation and progression of this disease. However, whether the cochlear properties can be influenced by pathological signals associated with dementia remains unclear. In this study, using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated the impacts of the AD-like amyloid β (Aβ) pathology in the brain on the cochlea. Despite little detectable change in the age-related shift of the hearing threshold, we observed quantitative and qualitative alterations in the protein profile in perilymph, an extracellular fluid that fills the path of sound waves in the cochlea. Our findings highlight the potential contribution of Aβ pathology in the brain to the disturbance of cochlear homeostasis.

Magnetic hyperfine interactions of probe 57Fe atoms within the hexagonal manganite ScMnO3

Here we present the Mössbauer study of the combined magnetic and electrical hyperfine interactions of the probe 57Fe nuclei localized in the hexagonal manganite ScMnO3. The hyperfine interactions were measured in the temperature range where ScMnO3 demonstrates spin ordering: 15 K <T <TN (∼ 130 K). By analyzing the hyperfine parameters of 57Fe nuclei, we evaluated the oxidation state of the iron ions, their local crystal environment, and the orientation of the magnetic moments μFe in the structure of ScMn0.99657Fe0.004O3 at T <<TN. The temperature-dependent evolution of Zeeman structures in Mössbauer spectra was analyzed using the stochastic relaxation model, and indicates the presence of frustration of the superexchange interactions Fe3+−O−Mn3+. The temperature dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field Bhf(T) was described using critical indices, whose values reflect the reduced dimensionality of the magnetic system under study. It was shown that the observed sharp temperature-dependent change of the quadrupole shift of the Zeeman structure components may be attributed to the spin reorientation process, resulting in antiferromagnetism with a weak ferromagnetic component.

Advanced Paternal Age in Focus: Unraveling Its Influence on Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes.

As global demographics shift toward increasing paternal age, the realm of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), faces new challenges and opportunities. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the implications of advanced paternal age on ART outcomes. Background research highlights the social, cultural, and economic factors driving men toward later fatherhood, with a focus on the impact of delayed paternity on reproductive outcomes. Methods involve a thorough review of existing literature, centering on changes in testicular function, semen quality, and genetic and epigenetic shifts associated with advancing age. Study results point to intricate associations between the father's age and ART outcomes, with older age being linked to diminished semen quality, potential genetic risks, and varied impacts on embryo quality, implantation rates, and birth outcomes. The conclusions drawn from the current study suggest that while advanced paternal age presents certain risks and challenges, understanding and mitigating these through strategies such as sperm cryopreservation, lifestyle modifications, and preimplantation genetic testing can optimize ART outcomes. Future research directions are identified to further comprehend the epigenetic mechanisms and long-term effects of the older father on offspring health. This study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach in navigating the intricacies of delayed fatherhood within the context of ART, aiming for the best possible outcomes for couples and their children.

Rapid molecular species identification of mammalian scat samples using nanopore adaptive sampling

Rapid molecular species identification of mammalian scat samples using nanopore adaptive sampling

Projected habitat preferences of commercial fish under different scenarios of climate change

The challenges of commercial species with the threats of climate change make it necessary to predict the changes in the distributional shifts and habitat preferences of the species under possible future scenarios. We aim to demonstrate how future climatic changes will affect the habitat suitability of three species of commercial fish using the predictive technique MaxEnt. The dataset used to extract geographical records included OBIS (54%), GBIF (1%), and literature (45%). The output of the model indicated accurate projections of MaxEnt (AUC above 0.9). Temperature was the main descriptor responsible for the main effects on the distribution of commercial fish. With increasing RCP from 2.5 to 8.5, the species would prefer saltier, higher temperatures and deeper waters in the future. We observed different percentages of suitable habitats between species during RCPs showing distinct sensitivity of each fish in facing climate changes. Negative effects from climate change on the distribution patterns of commercial fish were predicted to lead to varying degrees of reduction and changes of suitable habitats and movement of species towards higher latitudes. The finding emphasizes to implement adaptive management measures to preserve the stocks of these commercial fish considering that the intensification of the effects of climate change on subtropical areas and overexploited species is predicted.