Protective Shield Research Articles

Bio-Based Alkali Lignin Cooperative Systems for Improving the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam.

Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine-formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam.

Cathodic protection shielding of coated buried pipeline

AbstractDuring the 2000s, the concept of cathodic protection (CP) shielding was first raised in open literature and remains debated between coatings professionals. The mechanism of CP shielding, and its understanding continue to be studied for different coatings with different approaches and using various techniques. From the CP shielding factors to the assessment methods, the published literature merits a deep analysis to capture the established knowledge and identify the research gaps to further tackle the issue for reliable coated buried structures. A holistic approach to this topic seems necessary where coatings ageing, cathodic protection, electrochemistry, and transport processes should be considered. In the first part of the present review, the recent works related to the understanding of CP shielding, coatings properties were considered before discussing the mechanisms involved underneath coatings. Transport phenomena and their relationship with cathodic protection performance in the presence of chemical and microbiological processes are discussed in the second part. Finally, CP shielding assessment methods and modeling works are presented and discussed from different perspectives.

Evaluating the Electromagnetic Shielding of Continuous Carbon Fiber Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing.

Electronic devices are sensitive to electromagnetic (EM) emissions, and require electromagnetic shielding protection to ensure good operation, and prevent noise, malfunctioning, or even burning. To ensure protection, it is important to develop suitable material and design solutions for electronic enclosures. Most common enclosures are made with metal alloys using traditional manufacturing methods. However, using thermoplastic composites combined with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies emerges as an alternative that enables the fabrication of complex parts that are lightweight, consolidated, and oxidation- and corrosion-resistant. In this research, an AM technique based on material extrusion was used to print 2 mm-thick specimens with a multi-material made of micro-carbon fiber (CF)-filled polyamide that was reinforced at specific layers using continuous carbon fibers stacked with a 90° rotation to each other. The specimens' electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was evaluated in the frequency band of 0.03-3 GHz using the coaxial transmission line method. Depending on the number of CF layers, the EM shielding obtained can be up to 70 dB, with a specific shielding up to 60 dB.cm3/g, predominantly by the absorption mechanism, being 22 times higher than without the CF layers. These findings promote this innovative approach to lightweight customizable solutions for EM shielding applications.

Study on Shielding Effectiveness of High Transmittance Coating Film Glasses against Electromagnetic Pulse

This study investigated the shielding effectiveness (SE) of glass materials with conductive coatings by establishing a 3000 × 3000 × 3000 mm electromagnetic pulse (EMP)—shielded room according to the EMP shielding requirements in the US military standard MIL-STD-188-125-1. The EMP SE of conductive-coated glass samples was measured and verified with the broadband EMP conditions of 10 kHz∼1 GHz. The conductive thin film coating on the glass was made by mixing conductive materials, including In2O3, SnO2, Ta2O5, NbO, SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3, at different ratios. The mixed solutions were then coated onto the glass targets to facilitate conductive continuity between the conductive oxides and the shielding metal structure. The glass samples had dimensions of 1000 × 600 mm, which had electrolytic conductivity σ = 4.0064 × 103∼4.7438 × 103 (S/cm), 74∼77% transmittance, and 6.4∼6.8 Ω/□ film resistance. The experimental results indicated that the glass had SE of 35∼40 dB under 1 GHz EMP, satisfying the US National Coordinating Center for Communications’ Level 3 shielding protection requirement of at least 30 dB. The glass attenuated energy density by more than 1000 times, which is equivalent to shielding over 97% of EMP energy. Accordingly, the glass materials can be used as high-transmittance conductive glass for windows of automobiles, vessels, and aircrafts to protect from EMPs.

Numerical simulation study on mesoscopic metallic foam core sandwich panels under hypervelocity impact

Due to its lightweight and superior energy absorption characteristics, metallic foams are exceptionally suitable for the protective shielding of spacecraft against debris. The mesoscopic structure of such a foam plays a pivotal role in enhancing its outstanding protective performance. Numerical simulations permit us to explore the damage mechanism of its internal structure and the evolving characteristics of debris clouds. By adopting the three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation in conjunction with the algorithm of background mesh mapping, this study constructed mesoscopic finite element models that accurately reflect the internal randomness and variability in ligament width within the metallic foam. Subsequently, numerical simulations were executed employing the FE-SPH adaptive method within the LS-DYNA. Comparative experimental cases substantiated the validity of the simulations, and an exhaustive mesh sensitivity analysis was conducted. Optimizing results from these simulations following a normal impact, we delved into the propagation of stress waves within the foam core, alongside the subsequent internal structural damage. Furthermore, we explored the damage mechanism of foam sandwich panels subjected to hypervelocity impacts. According to the fragmentation process of the projectile and the evolution of debris clouds, it was discerned that the random internal structure of the foam engenders an asymmetric and skewed debris cloud, dispersing its energy and culminating in multiple concentrated particle clusters with a predilection towards a particular direction. Tracking the velocity fluctuations of these ‘dominant particles’ and the inflicted damage on the rear facesheet revealed that the agglomerated tiny fragments of the projectile are primarily responsible for perforating the rear facesheet.

Facile fabrication of waterborne polyurethane coatings with good hydrophobicity and antifouling properties by leveraging fluorinated polysiloxane

The unsatisfactory water and fouling resistance of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings have significantly hampered their practical applications. Herein, a simple strategy to prepare a novel industrial WPU hydrophobicity and antifouling coating (FSiWPU) was employed. The FSiWPU coating was prepared by a facile polycondensation reaction to introduce hydroxyl-terminated siloxane fluoride (HTFSi) into polyether-type WPU. The study demonstrated that the coating material exhibited excellent hydrophobicity (with a water contact angle of 107.9°), water resistance (with a water absorption of 8.7 %) and considerable mechanical strength (35.6 MPa). More importantly, due to the surface enrichment of low-surface-energy HTFSi chain segments, the coating exhibited excellent antifouling and substrate shielding protection against various contaminating liquids and corrosive chemicals. The approach provided a promising candidate for the large-scale production and practical application of waterproof and anti-fouling waterborne polyurethane coatings.

Antifungal Properties of Ozone Treatment against P. citrinum and R. stolonifera in Fresh-Peeled Garlic

Garlic is susceptible to decay and presents a potential vehicle for foodborne disease transmission. Ozone treatment has proven to be an effective and innoxious method to provide bacterial resistance in this globally popular pungent vegetable. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different ozone treatments (differing in terms of concentration, treatment time and temperature) against Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus stolonifer in spoiled fresh-peeled garlic. The results have shown that the most inhibitory conditions for in vitro treatments were achieved with an ozone concentration, treatment time and temperature of 6 ppm, for 20 min at 20 °C, respectively, on the P. citrinum and 8 ppm, for 20 min at 25 °C, respectively, on the R. stolonifer. The optimum in vivo ozone treatment conditions for fresh-peeled garlic inoculated with the same two kinds of spoilage molds remained the same for both, consisting of an ozone concentration of 6 ppm, a time of 15 min and a temperature of 20 °C. Following these ozone treatments, the total number of colonies of yeast and mold, as well as the incidence, lesion diameter and depth of spoilage in the fresh-peeled garlic was significantly reduced during storage, with improved bactericidal inhibition effects. In conclusion, this study showed that ozone treatment effectively inhibits the growth of spoilage molds, destroys cell structures, and affects the metabolic and physiological processes of P. citrinum and R. stolonifer. Thus, it provides a protective shield and extends the shelf life of fresh-peeled garlic.

Functional lightweight protective clothing shielding design for constant radiation shielding of flight attendants and Monte Carlo simulation verification

The use of easily accessible shielding suits for personal defense by flight attendants to reduce occupational cosmic radiation exposure is attracting increasing attention. However, to ensure activity in a limited area, the flexibility of the thin film must be considered. Although several process technologies to reduce the thickness of the shielding fabric are available, nanofiber production through electrospinning is the most effective, and it is attracting attention owing to its excellent reproducibility of the shielding performance. Therefore, in this study, a general sheet and a nanofiber shielding sheet were manufactured, and their shielding performance was compared. In addition, the shielding effect of the nanofiber shielding sheet was verified under aircraft conditions via Monte Carlo simulation. The shielding performance for neutrons and gamma rays, which are the most common sources of cosmic radiation, was 17.5% and 15.2%, respectively, with the Ba-133 and Cs-137 sources in the 0.3 mm shielding fabric. The absorbed dose change with the 5 mm shielding fabric was 7 μGy/d for neutrons and 4.3 μGy/d for protons. The shielding fabric developed in this study is expected to have an active shielding effect when used as personal protective equipment (clothing) by aircrew.

Epithelial lining inspired protective shield for prolonged endotracheal intubation

Endotracheal intubation often suffers from side effects due to inherent defects of the endotracheal tube (ETT) itself, posing a formidable challenge for minimally invasive medical interventions. Inspired by biological functions of the epithelial lining, a novel concept of a protective shield is proposed and engineered onto the surface of commercially-available ETTs via a gas-phase fluorination technology. The direct gas-solid reaction enables fluorinated decoration adaptively to both outer and inner surfaces of ETTs for all-round protection. The protective shield composed by the fluorinated coating not only shows high stability to harsh conditions, excellent hydrophilic lubrication, and good biocompatibility, but also exhibits a favorable anti-biofouling property to a broad spectrum of biofoulings and strong antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Crediting the above merits, in vivo experiments affirm that the ETT with the protective shield is efficacious to migrate intubation-related complications in two aspects: reducing mucosal injury and inflammation caused by the outer surface friction, and preventing biofilm formation and airway obstruction to maintain inner tube patency. This work opens an avenue for updating EETs to meet clinic needs and holds promise towards the development of invasive biomedical devices.

Enhancing Effective Verbal Communication Between Radiologic Technologists and Patients: Assessing the Impact of Service Delivery in Hospitals of Dhaka City

Objective: Effective communication is crucial in the field of radiography as it holds significant importance in the practice. Radiologic technologists need to possess an understanding of both the physical and emotional requirements of patients. This understanding can be attained through proficient communication skills. Methodology: A qualitative research study was conducted in nearly fifteen private hospitals in Dhaka City in Bangladesh and 61 radiological technologists and 111 patients responds to this study. Result: The most important thing is, radiological technologist data showed there were 40 (65.6%) radiological technologists using protective shields for patients when taking radiographic exams and likewise Patients data showed there were 65 (58.6%) patients said that the radiological technologists were not using protective shields when taking radiographic exam. This is a contradictory issue of each other. It is due to a lack of awareness among professionals and patients and also due to a lack of supervision of the concerned authority. Conclusion: The study aimed to assess the extent of verbal communication occurring between radiological technologists and patients. It also sought to recognize the significance of patient care, ensuring patient safety, and determining priorities within diagnostic radiology departments.

Searching for a brighter future-Lived experiences of ongoing recovery processes following COVID-19 infection.

Research in Denmark indicates that approximately 30% of people with confirmed COVID-19 infection experience at least one physical symptom 6-12 months after the acute infection. The lived experiences of undergoing prolonged recovery processes and how these processes unfold need further attention. To contribute in-depth knowledge about recovery, as experienced over time by people living with the post COVID-19 condition. Within a qualitative research design, nine women and six men were interviewed. Ten of them gave a follow-up interview. Prompt cards and participant-generated photographs were included. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur's theory of interpretation guided the data analysis. Living with long-term health problems associated with the post COVID-19 condition involved recovery processes where participants struggled with reduced capacity, new unpredictability and uncertainty in everyday life. Participants continuously searched for improvement and aimed for regaining former health and well-being. Lack of knowledge, acknowledgement and support made it difficult to find clear directions for improvement. Participants created a protective shield and struggled, often jointly with family and friends, to cope with bodily, cognitive, emotional, existential and social challenges. Over time, some participants realised that they might not be able to fully return to their earlier habitus. However, some of them gained a new foothold and sense of hope for the future. This study provides in-depth insight into the experience of changing and open-ended recovery processes while living with the post COVID-19 condition. Over time, some participants learned to rebuild their lives, adapting to their reduced capacities. Future care and rehabilitation models for these patients must address the complex and challenging nature of recovery processes associated with living with post-COVID-19 condition.

Digestive exophagy of biofilms by intestinal amoeba and its impact on stress tolerance and cytotoxicity

The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for amebiasis, a disease endemic to developing countries. E. histolytica trophozoites colonize the large intestine, primarily feeding on bacteria. However, in the gastrointestinal tract, bacterial cells form aggregates or structured communities called biofilms too large for phagocytosis. Remarkably, trophozoites are still able to invade and degrade established biofilms, utilizing a mechanism that mimics digestive exophagy. Digestive exophagy refers to the secretion of digestive enzymes that promote the digestion of objects too large for direct phagocytosis by phagocytes. E. histolytica cysteine proteinases (CPs) play a crucial role in the degradation process of Bacillus subtilis biofilm. These proteinases target TasA, a major component of the B. subtilis biofilm matrix, also contributing to the adhesion of the parasite to the biofilm. In addition, they are also involved in the degradation of biofilms formed by Gram-negative and Gram-positive enteric pathogens. Furthermore, biofilms also play an important role in protecting trophozoites against oxidative stress. This specific mechanism suggests that the amoeba has adapted to prey on biofilms, potentially serving as an untapped reservoir for novel therapeutic approaches to treat biofilms. Consistently, products derived from the amoeba have been shown to restore antibiotic sensitivity to biofilm cells. In addition, our findings reveal that probiotic biofilms can act as a protective shield for mammalian cells, hindering the progression of the parasite towards them.

Traps of the Morkoka River Basin and their morphology as response to the possible presence of kimberlites

The traps in outcrops of the middle course of the Morkoka River were formed in three stages and implementation phases. Each subsequent introduction phase of the basite melt was distinguished by its petrogeochemical features, degree of crystallization of the magmatic melt, and density. An unusual form of intrusion introduction in the second phase (crushing of the sill and the introduction of an early intrusion into the rocks) was revealed. During the formation of kimberlite diatremes, the carbonate rocks containing them became denser and thermoelastic stress fields associated with the magnetoelastic Villari effect arose. As a result, the so-called “protective shield” was formed around the kimberlites. A comparison of the trap sill behavior of the Morkoka River with the similar behavior of traps near kimberlites (Komsomolskaya and Morkoka tubes) suggests the presence of an unknown kimberlite body under traps in this area.

Origin of Enhancement of Orbital Magnetic Moment in SiO2-Coated Fe3O4 Nanocomposites Studied by X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism.

In this study, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were dispersed uniformly by varying the thickness of the SiO2 coating, and their electronic and magnetic properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the structural configuration of monophase inverse-spinel Fe3O4 NPs in nanometer size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of proper nonporous crystallite particles with a clear core-shell structure with silica on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs. The absorption mechanism studied through the zeta potential indicates that SiO2-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites (SiO2@Fe3O4 NCs) possess electrostatic interactions to control their agglomeration in stabilizing suspensions by providing a protective shield of amorphous SiO2 on the oxide surface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate a spherical morphology having an average grain diameter of ∼11-17 nm with increasing thickness of SiO2 coating with the addition of a quantitative presence and proportion of elements determined through elemental mapping and electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. Synchrotron-based element-specific soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) techniques have been involved in the bulk-sensitive total fluorescence yield mode to understand the origin of magnetization in SiO2@Fe3O4 NCs. The magnetization hysteresis of Fe3O4 was determined by XMCD. At room temperature, the magnetic coercivity (Hc) is as high as 1 T, which is about 2 times more than the value of the thin film and about 5 times more pronounced than that of NPs. For noninteracting single-domain NPs with the Hc spread from 1 to 3 T, the Stoner-Wohlfarth model provided an intriguing explanation for the hysteresis curve. These curves determine the different components of Fe oxides present in the samples that derive the remnant magnetization involved in each oxidation state of Fe and clarify which Fe component is responsible for the resultant magnetism and magnetocrystalline anisotropy based on noninteracting single-domain particles.

Biofilm producer multi drug resistance alert bugs in ventilator associated pneumonia patients. Threat to antibiotic era and future concern

Background Emerging threat of drug resistance among Bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has resulted in higher hospital costs, longer hospital stays, and increased hospital mortality. Biofilms in the endotracheal tube of ventilated patients act as protective shield from host immunity for bacterial growth and emerge them as multidrug resistant. Aim To know the prevalence of various bacterial isolates causing VAP, ability to form biofilm and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Material & Methods This study was conducted in the department of Microbiology in collaboration with the Respiratory Medicine department for a period of one year (November 2018-19). Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) along with 1 cm tube tip from clinically confirmed VAP patients were processed as per the standard microbiological procedure for the detection of bacterial biofilm formation and their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Statistical Analysis: Data was statistically evaluated using SPSS-PC-20 version. ‘P’ value less than 0.05, considered statistically significant. Results 72 patients with CPIS score > 6 were clinically confirmed as VAP. Various Bacteria isolated were Klebsiella pneumoniae in 52 (53%), Escherichia coli 16 (16.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 (14.2%), Acinetobacter spp. 8 (8.1%), Proteus mirabilis 6 (6.1%) and Pseudomonas luteola 2 (2%). All bacterial isolates were processed for their ability to form biofilm, 86 (87.7%) were biofilm producers (BFP) while 12 (12.2%) were biofilm non-producers (BFNP). Conclusion Bacterial etiology, prolonged intubation, biofilm formation, and drug resistance have ramification on outcome of VAP. Keywords: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), CPIS score, Biofilm formation, Tissue culture plate method (TCP), Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR)

Analysis of Energy Absorption of Soft Body Armor with Experimental Method and Finite Element Method Using STF (Shear Thickening Fluid) Composite Material

Body armor is personal protective equipment or shield clothing for soldiers that has existed since Roman times until now. The function of body armor is to protect the body from attacks by foreign objects by absorbing energy. Body armor must have ballistic resistance and stabbing resistance, however, body armor that is often found usually has a high anti-ballistic level but is low in receiving stabbing attacks. STF (Shear Thickening Fluid) is a composite material which is unique in that the viscosity level can change in a way that causes the liquid dispersion to become solid and allows for increased stabbing resistance. This research began by making Kevlar samples which were then mixed with STF and then subjected to tensile testing to obtain material properties that were useful for simulating with FEM. The simulation is intended to analyze the rate of energy absorption that occurs in the sample. The results show that the kinetic energy absorption rate of the bullet is absorbed at a viscosity of 87%. The small energy that occurs is also absorbed in the form of frictional resistance with a value of 11.9%. The identified comparison results show that in cases 1-3 the percentage of viscosity is high so it is viscous, whereas in case 4 the direct reflection of the viscosity is low so it is close to liquid.

Influence of phycospheric bacterioplankton disruption or removal on algae growth and survival

Phycospheric bacteria play a crucial role in the survival of microalgae. However, the potential of using the growth regulation and community structure modulation of phycospheric bacteria to prevent the occurrence of blooms is yet to be verified. The phycospheric bacterioplankton of Cyclotella sp. can be categorized into HNA (high nucleic acid) bacteria and LNA (low nucleic acid) bacteria. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the HNA bacteria exhibited higher α-diversity compared to the LNA bacteria, and the microbial community composition also exhibited variations. Metagenomic sequencing further indicated the distinct ecological functions between HNA and LNA bacteria. Furthermore, the study showcased the restorative capacity of the phycospheric bacterioplankton. Biomass analysis revealed that the recovery of phycospheric bacterioplankton positively influenced the microalgae growth, thus affirming the significance of phycospheric bacterioplankton to microalgae. The community structure of phycospheric bacterioplankton demonstrated a notable decrease in the abundance of restored LNA core bacteria. Additionally, the restored phycospheric bacterioplankton exhibited a more complex co-occurrence network structure, resulting in decreased resistance and sensitivity of microalgae to adverse environments. The presence of phycospheric bacterioplankton provides a protective shield for microalgae, and thus destabilizing or removing phycospheric bacterioplankton may effectively inhibit growth of microalgae.

Biofilm inhibition on natural rubber by hydrophilic modification using carboxymethyl chitosan stabilised high energy faceted silver nanoparticles

Intense bacterial infections have evolved into an immediate public and clinical health crisis, and medical devices are demanded to treat biofilm-mediated infections. It remains a challenge in medical products to eliminate pathogenic organisms despite documented protocols for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces. Silver nanoparticles have appeared as a favourable prospect to fight the rise of bacteria. The present article depicts the synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) stabilised anisotropic silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) test against Staphylococcus aureus authenticated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated antibacterial action of the nanoparticle. The silver nanoparticles were coated on natural rubber, and the surface properties of silver attached natural rubber developed by simple immersion were assessed using elemental analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The coated rubber film exhibits antibacterial properties with significant biofilm removal of 50.64% E. coli, 40.28% S. aureus and 33.87% P. aeruginosa with lower bacterial adhesion along with contact killing efficiency. The developed material can be used in rubber-based medical devices; thus provides a protective shield against bacteria, especially in the hospital field.

Do gold prices respond more to uncertainty shocks at the zero lower bound?

This paper employs a nonlinear Interacted-VAR model to evaluate the effects of economic uncertainty shocks on gold prices at the zero lower bound (ZLB) regime. We use different measures of economic uncertainty and estimate their interaction effects with monetary policy stances. We find that the responses of gold prices to uncertainty shocks are much stronger and more persistent during the ZLB periods. The regime-dependent effects are shown not to be driven by the business cycle, and are robust to alternative economic uncertainty measures. Our counterfactual experiment further demonstrates that the role of monetary policy stance is quantitatively important for explaining the different responses of gold prices to uncertainty shocks. These results - viz, the added value that gold assets appear to provide to diversified investment portfolios during periods of heightened economic uncertainty - have important implications regarding the circumstances whereby gold's likely effectiveness as a protective shield can be maximized.

GLOBALISASI DAN ANCAMANNYA BAGI KETAHANAN NASIONAL DALAM ASPEK IDEOLOGI

Globalization as a phase of change carried out by people in various parts of the world, in which countries, regions, and communities are connected to each other in various fields. The blurring of geographical boundaries is the hallmark of globalization, this encourages wider information exchange. This paper discusses the threat of globalization that affects national resilience on ideological aspects using the Ethnography Content Analysis (ECA) method. The ease of access to information was also used by terrorist groups to spread radical ideologies using the pretext of the struggle to defend religion. They recruit their Muslims and make religion a protective shield. At this level, terrorist groups have become a threat to national resilience, because its existence can threaten the safety of the community through bombing actions carried out in various places. Besides, this group has also infused people with a radical ideology that has disrupted the country’s sovereignty with their desire to uphold Islamic law in Indonesia.