Shell Ash Research Articles

The effect of filler adding palm kernel shell ash on durability and marshall values properties of asphalt concrete mix

Lampung Province is one of the palm oil producers, especially in Way Kanan Regency. Way Kanan Regency has two palm oil-producing mills, namely PT. Sawit Indo Mas which is located in Kampung Tanjung Raja Sakti Blambangan Umpu and PT PLP which is located in Kampung Bumi Agung, Bahuga District. The two factories duce thousands of tons of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) vegetable oil daily produced from palm fruit plants (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq, Arecaceae). From oil management, it is undeniable that it can create a lot of solid waste from the palm shell. Meanwhile, the government has not made much effort to use the waste from the waste. When managing palm fruit, palm shells cannot be processed into oil because they have a hard texture, so the shells are discarded and become waste. Then we use the shell for research material as a filler. Palm shell ash has a silicon dioxide (SiO2) content which is also contained in Portland cement, so this content can allow the acquisition of a good asphalt mixture on the AC-BC layer. This study aims to see the effect of the effectiveness of adding shell ash fillers from palm shell waste in marshall test tests and value the resulting durability. The addition of fillers with percentages of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%. From the results obtained from the test results in the laboratory that the addition of shell ash fillers of 40% gets better performance compared to shell ash with percentages of 20%, 30%, and 60%, with a higher state value of 1225 kg shown. In marshall testing, using palm shell ash fillers can increase the value of KAO. So that from the marshall test, the durability value of the sample immersion at the IRS value of 0% was 98.4% greater than the 40%, which was 91.13%. Overall, using palm shell ash fillers meets the minimum requirements of Bina Marga as an asphalt mixture. The degree of weather change in immersion durability affects the strength level of the marshall test.

Compressive Strength and Optimization of Concrete Produced by Replacing Cement with Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

The compressive strength and optimization of concrete produced by replacing cement with CSA and GSA was conducted in this study. The materials used were cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, CSA, and GSA. The CSA and GSA replaced cement at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% in combination, with a total of seventy two (72) cubes cast, while the concrete compressive strength was determined after curing by complete immersion in water at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The modeling and optimization was done with the aid of design expert (version 13) software, while the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 23 and adopting the Least Square Difference (LSD) method. Results from the findings showed that the CSA used in the study is a good reactive pozzolana, and the GSA is not a reactive pozzolana. Also, the increase in CSA and GSA content in concrete reduces its workability, and concrete compressive strength. However, cement replaced with 5%CSA-0%GSA gave the optimum 28 days compressive strength which is not statistically significantly from the control concrete and can be used to produce concrete of compressive strength close to the control. Further findings from the regression model showed that CSA-GSA concrete compressive strength significantly fits a linear model and can be used to predict the 7, 14, 21, and 28 days compressive strength of CSA-GSA concrete, while the optimized result showed that CSA and GSA replacement of cement at 3.29% and 4.45% respectively yielded an optimum compressive strength of approximately 22.31N/mm2.

STUDI SUBSTITUSI PEMANFAATAN ABU CANGKANG KEMIRI SEBAGAI PENAMBAHAN AGGREGAT HALUS TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON Fc’ 14,53 MPa

Concrete is a mixture of portland cement or other hydraulic cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water, with or without additives that form a solid mass (SNI-03-2847-20020). This research is to find out the compressive strength of environmentally friendly concrete by utilizing the results of burning candlenut shells as a new alternative to obtain concrete obtained from waste bark. The method used is a quantitative method with research in the Civil Engineering laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah, West Sumatra. The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence candlenut shell ash has as a partial replacement of fine aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete and to find out how much influence candlenut shell ash has as a partial replacement of fine aggregate with a percentage of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. of the weight of the fine aggregate. Benefits of the research Provide knowledge on the use of candlenut shell ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in the manufacture of concrete. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the mixture of concrete with hazelnut shell ash fc' 14.53 occurred at an additional 10% percentage at 28 days of concrete age, namely 8.87 MPa, 15% percentage at 28 days concrete age of 14.53 MPa, while in the percentage of 20% at the age of 28 days of concrete is 12.46 MPa.Keywords: 12,53 MPa quality of concrete , compressive strength, candlenut shell ash.

Mechanical Properties Optimization and Modeling of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Reinforced Al-Mg-Si Composite using Grey Relational Analysis

There is relatively little information on the mechanical behavior and modeling of palm kernel shell ash reinforced Al-Mg-Si composite. Thus, this study investigates the mechanical behavior and modeling of Al-Mg-Si composite. Hardness, impact strength and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the composite were investigated and analyzed using Minitab 16 and Origin software. It was found that the mechanical properties of the composite are inconsistent with composition variation. The mathematical and graphical modeling of the composite mechanical properties of the composite have been presented. The modeling revealed that aside the composition, there are other factors responsible for the mechanical behavior of the composite which were not considered in the experimental analysis. Validation of the claim was also made with analysis. The study of the interaction between the two compositions on the resultant mechanical properties gave some specific compositions with better mechanical properties. However, this study strongly recommends conduction of further analysis on other important factors responsible for the mechanical response of the composite.

Effect of Cashew Nut Shell Ash on Volumetric Shrinkage of Compacted Clay Soil


 Hydraulic conductivity value of a compacted clay soil can rise above the minimum regulatory value during desiccation thereby induces large cracks in an engineered landfill. In the quest to reduce the degree of cracking that will be generated dues to the volumetric shrinkage of the compacted clay soil, which in turn will reduce the amount of leachate that will be percolating into the underground water system, an investigation was performed by treating a clay soil with up to 16% Cashew Nut Shell Ash (CNSA) content using three compactive efforts (Standard proctor (SP), West African standard (WAS) and Modified Proctor (MP)) at -2, 0, 2 and 4% of optimum moisture content (OMC). Samples were extruded from the compaction moulds and placed on the laboratory table to air dry for 30 days at a uniform regulated temperature of 27 ± 2Oc in order to evaluate the suitability of the material for the construction of cover and liner in an engineered landfill. Results indicated that the OMC and maximum dry density (MDD) increased with higher CNSA treatment. Volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) increased with; higher CNSA, higher molding moisture content and moisture content relative to the optimum. Effect of CNSA on the soil showed that all specimens prepared at 2% dry of optimum to 4% wet of optimum for 4% and 8% soil-CNSA mixtures for the three compactive efforts, met the maximum allowable regulatory VSS criterion of4%, thus making the material suitable for the construction of cover and liner in waste dumping ground.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Abu Sekam Padi dan Tempurung Kelapa untuk Bahan Beton Terhadap Sifat Struktural

Concrete is a construction material that was widely used in various structural elements of buildings. Concrete formed from a paste made of cement, coarse and fine aggregate mixed with water. Therefore, rice husk ash is an agricultural-based product that can be used as a cement additive without reducing its strength and durability. In this study, a research was conducted on theanalisys of the combined substitution between rice husk ash and coconut shell on the structural properties and composition of concrete. Rice husk ash in normal size can be used for fine aggregate, and coconut shell flakes as coarse aggregate. Variations of concrete mix are 15%, 20% and 25%. As a substitute for concrete, the material was characterized using the modern equipment available, namely X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results of XRD and XRF on the two substitution materials showed that the highest concentration was SiO2. Rice husk ash has an SiO2 of 85.65%, while in coconut shell it is 23.79%. Then a method of mixing all the ingredients to be made into concrete was tested mechanically to determine the compressive strength Furthermore, the XRD results of the concrete showed that there were amorphous and crystalline silica phases. The XRF results of the concrete material show that the Silica element is still present in the concrete which indicates it will strengthen the concrete structure. So in this study, rice husk ash and coconut shell ash can be used as a substitute for concrete

Development of hybrid aluminium alloy composites modified with locally sourced environmental wastes

ABSTRACTTowards developing green composite through waste recycling, the main objective of this work was to produce an Al6113 hybrid composite via stir casting with a combination of two different reinforcements, such as waste glass powder (WGP) and snail shell ash (SSA) particles. Samples mixtures were prepared and labelled as groups A, B, C, and D. Group A samples were developed with the blend of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% WGP and 3 wt% constant dose of SSA particles. Groups B, C, and D samples were prepared with the blend of the same proportion of WGP and 6, 9, and 12 wt% SSA. The mechanical properties of the composites were examined to determine the effect of reinforcement combination on the composites. It was observed that WGP inclusion enhanced tensile, impact, fracture, flexural, and compressive strength when combined with 3, 6, and 9 wt% SSA. Meanwhile, the blend of the WGP with 12 wt% SSA resulted in depreciation in strength. It is deduced that the properties of the composite can be improved by the dual presence of WGP and SSA in the proportions of 2–6 wt% WGP and 3–9 wt% SSA.

Study on tribological behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites strengthened with novel groundnut shell ash and boron carbide

The current study reveals the dry sliding wear behaviour of novel groundnut shell ash and boron carbide (B4C) reinforced hybrid aluminium matrix composite fabricated through the squeeze casting process. The experiments were carried out on the basis of Taguchi's L27 (3)13 orthogonal array and optimization by genetic algorithm. The input parameters namely reinforcement percentage (wt.%), applied load (20, 30, 40 N), sliding speed (1, 2, 3 m/s) and wear rate, coefficient of friction as a measurable response. The findings of the analysis of variance revealed that the reinforcing percentage was the most important parameter in evaluating hybrid composite wear behaviour. The wear rate and coefficient of friction decrease while increasing the weight percentage of B4C but increase with the addition of groundnut shell ash. The wear resistance of (Al/2.5GSA/7.5B4C) hybrid composite showed more than 50% improvement compared to the base alloy. Worn-out surface morphology was reported with the occurrence of fine groove, delamination and cracks. The prepared hybrid composites show enhanced mechanical and wear resistance suitable for automobile engine brackets, cylinders, pistons etc. The environmentally friendly groundnut shell ash has the ability to function as reinforcement for the growth of composites.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ABU CANGKANG PENSI TERHADAP KUAT GESER TANAH LEMPUNG

Land is a place that is usually used to build a foundation or building that supports all the loads of the structure or construction that stands on it, both building construction and road construction. If it is used for roads, it is important to check the soil so that the road construction that is built can last a long time. In some areas, the soil needs to be researched because the soil conditions in the area contain a lot of clay so it is necessary to check the shear strength of the soil. To increase the shear strength of the soil, it is necessary to conduct research using several methods, including using pensi shell ash as an additional material. The pencil material used is passed filter no. 200, with the percentage of pensi shell ash in the soil content of 0%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The tests carried out consisted of testing the physical properties and mechanical properties of the soil. Testing of the physical properties of the soil includes the sieve no. 200 test, the specific gravity (gs) test, the Atterberg limit test. Meanwhile, testing of mechanical properties includes soil density, optimum moisture content, cohesion and internal shear angle. The results showed that the addition of pensi shell ash to the original soil with a treatment period of 3 days, the addition of 6% pensi shell ash had a cohesion value (c) of 13.12 kN/m² and a shear angle of 5.46⁰, and for the addition of 8% pensi shell ash, the cohesion value (c) is 27.05 kN/m² and the shear angle is 1.66⁰ and for the addition of 10% pensi shell ash, the cohesion value (c) is 12.5 kN/m² and the shear angle is 8.66⁰. The highest value for shear strength was obtained at the addition of 10% pensi shell ash. Keywords: Clay, Pensi shell ash, inner shear angle.

Coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA): a versatile and waste-originated catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 1, 4-dihydropyridines

Coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA): a versatile and waste-originated catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 1, 4-dihydropyridines

Synthesis and characterization of structural metal matrix composite using agricultural waste targeting for environmental sustainability

Coconut shell is one of the major agricultural wastes like rice husk, corn hub, groundnut shell etc., which can be found in abundance in various countries those have significant potential in agricultural sector. In the recent times, it has been found that these kind of agricultural wastes are effectively utilized by recycling them targeting for various engineering and scientific applications and in turn to achieve environmental sustainability. In the present study, the mechanical behavior of aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with coconut shell ash (CSA) and silicon carbide is investigated. The composite specimens are fabricated by stir casting technique under normal atmospheric conditions with different weight fractions of reinforcements. The as cast specimens are heated to 500°C and maintained for four hours followed by normal cooling and subsequent aging at 170°C for two hours. Microstructural examination of the composites confirmed the uniform distribution of reinforcements and grain boundaries with no significant agglomeration. Properties such as mass density, hardness, and ultimate tensile strength are computed in order to appraise the mechanical behaviour of composites. The results revealed the fact that, with increasing the quantity of CSA in reinforcing phase, the ultimate tensile strength is increased and hardness is decreased. On the other side, the percentage of elongation is improved marginally and stiffness decreased. Inclusion of CSA offered significant influence on the mechanical behavior of Al-SiC-CSA hybrid composites. To some extent, AA 6061/CSA competes with AA 6061/SiCp in mechanical behavior rather than hybrid composites because of lack in both chemical and structural affinity between the reinforcements.

Effect of Duck Egg Shell Ash with Fly Ash as Cement Substitution in Geopolymer Concrete

The increasing production of cement as a basic material for making concrete is due to the increasing demand for concrete throughout the world. Innovative materials are needed as a substitute for cement to reduce the greenhouse effect, fly ash is pozzolanic which in fact has the potential to replace Portland cement as the main ingredient of concrete, and duck eggshell flour has good prospects to be used as an additional precursor material for geopolymer concrete. This study aims to determine further variations of the proportion of duck egg shells, the mechanical properties of the concrete produced using duck egg shell ash with fly ash. This study used an experimental method with the percentage of duck egg shell ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total use of cement. Using Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH as activator with a concentration of 14M. At the age of 7 and 28 days with room temperature treatment. This study resulted in duck egg shell ash being able to increase the compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days with the percentage of substitution up to 5% with a value of 59.26 MPa, in the porosity test the minimum value was at the age of 28 days at a percentage of 5% 0.403%, and the value of the modulus of elasticity. experienced an increase in value at a percentage of 5% with the result 36071.43 MPa. Duck egg shell ash with a proportion of 5% is the optimum substitution where the compressive strength, porosity and modulus of elasticity tests on geopolymer concrete have linear values.

Utilisation of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell Ash to Improve Soil pH for Agricultural Purposes

Utilisation of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell Ash to Improve Soil pH for Agricultural Purposes

Analisis Nilai Nilai Kadar Air Optimum Dan Kepadatan Kering Pada Tanah Lempung Dengan Penambahan Abu Cangkang Kemiri

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding Candlenut Shell Ash to the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content in clay soil. Pecan shell ash as a clay soil density stabilization agent which was carried out by standard proctor testing. The research method used is Atterberg Limits testing, Moisture Content testing, Specific Gravity testing, Gradation testing (sieve analysis and hydrometer), and Compaction testing. From the characteristic tests it showed that the soil was classified as clay soil and the compaction test at point 1 and point 2 with mixed variations of 0%, 5%, 7%, 9% experienced an increase in the optimum water content. and maximum dry density. In the compaction test, 5 samples were carried out with the optimum moisture content value at point 1 of 0% variation, namely 22.855%, which continued to increase at the highest variation of 9%, namely 25.388 and at point 2, variation of 0%, namely 21.880%, continued to increase at variation of 9%, namely 24.217%, while the value of The maximum dry density at point 1 of 0% variation, which is 0.992, continues to increase at the highest variation of 9%, which is 1.058 and at point 2, variation of 0%, which is 0.957, also continues to increase at the highest variation of 9%, which is 1.047. From the results of the research conducted, it was found that Pecan Shell Ash increased the value of the optimum water content and the maximum dry density value so that it could be used to stabilize the soil.

Interaction of anthracite coal ash and Archis hypogaea shell ash on an innovative brick: an experimental and simulation study

ABSTRACT The research recommends a novel and sustainable method to utilize an agricultural waste in the anthracite coal ash-based brick production. Arachis hypogaea shell ash is used as a substitute for the sand in the anthracite ash-based brick production. Also, random forests are used for the strength prediction. The tests for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence and hardness are being conducted to assess the performance. The presence of shell ash up to 60% replacement resulted in an incremental trend of anthracite ash-based brick’s strength with a denser microstructure. The M-sand to Arachis hypogaea shell ash ratio has to be maintained at 40:60 to get the optimum results. The addition of shell ash to the Anthracite coal ash brick could reduce the absorption rates by nearly 37%. The correlogram and relatively variable importance suggests that the curing regime plays a dominant role than the shell ash content. Random forests predicted the strength accurately with least errors. A novel mathematical equation is being proposed to predict the compressive strength of the Innovative brick. The research could significantly contribute to the sustainable utilization of the Arachis hypogaea shell ash in the brick production and it leads lesser utilization of manufactured sand.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ABU CANGKANG KERANG HIJAU DAN ZAT ADIKTIF SUPERPLASTICIZER SEBAGAI BAHAN TAMBAH CAMPURAN SEMEN TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON K-400

In thisistudy, the authors took green shell ash and superplasticizer addictive substances as additives in the concrete mixture. This studyiintends to determine the effect of using green shell ash and superplasticizer addictive substances on the compressive strength of concrete K-400. Green shell ash and superplasticizer addictive substances are additives used in concrete mix materials. The total number of test objects in this study were 36 samples, each 9 samples of specimens in 4 variations, namely normal concrete, normal concrete + green shell ash 3% and the addictive substance superplasticizer 1%,inormal concretei+ shell ash green 3% and superplasticizer 2% addictive substance, and normal concrete + green shell ashes 3% and superplasticizer 3% addictive substance. After the addition of green clamshell ash and superplasticizer addictive substance, a compressive strength test of the concrete was carried out, with the obtained characteristic concrete quality on the addition of 3% green clamshell ash and 1% superplasticizer addictive substance, the concrete compressiveistrength value was 403.72 kg/cm2 at the age of 28 days. On the addition of green clamshell ash 3% and 2% superplasticizer addictive substance, the concrete compressive strength value was 411.78 kg/cm2 at the age of 28 day. On the addition of green shell ash 3% and superplasticizer 3% addictive substance, the concrete compressive strength value was 425.48 kg/cm2 at the age of 28 day.

Effectiveness of silica gel from palm kernel shell ash as a moisture absorber of bottle packaging medicine

Silica gel is widely used in industrial and pharmaceuticals, especially as a moisture absorber. Silica gel can be synthesized from a material containing high SiO2. One of natural material SiO2 resource is palm kernel shell ash (PKSA). PKSA contains 55.2% SiO2. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of silica gel from PKSA as a moisture content absorber for bottle packaging medicine. This study used experimental method with laboratory analysis. The steps in this study were initiated with the preparation of PKSA, synthesis of silica gel from PKSA, characterization of the synthesized silica gel with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) instruments, water content analysis to determine the optimum absorption time of silica gel as a moisture absorber for bottle packaging medicine followed by testing the effectiveness silica gel at the optimum absorption time. The results showed that obtained silica gel from PKSA with a yield of 34%. XRF characterization shows content of SiO2 by 45.13 %. XRD characterization shows the nature of the solid silica gel in the form of crystalline phase. The optimum absorption time is 2 weeks for silica gel from PKSA. The effectiveness of the silica gel from the PKSA is 85.65 % as bottle packaging medicine moisture content absorber. Further analysis is needed on how to minimize the level of impurities in silica gel of PKSA to increase the effectiveness as a bottle packaging medicine moisture absorber.

Lethality of single, binary and ternary combinations of rice husk ash, groundnut pod shell ash and Eugenia aromatica Baill powder to adults of Callosobruchus species attacking stored grain legumes

Lethality of single, binary and ternary combinations of rice husk ash, groundnut pod shell ash and Eugenia aromatica Baill powder to adults of Callosobruchus species attacking stored grain legumes

Lethality of single, binary and ternary combinations of rice husk ash, groundnut pod shell ash and Eugenia aromatica Baill powder to adults of Callosobruchus species attacking stored grain legumes

The study investigated the lethality of powders made from rice husk ash, dry flower buds of Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill. and groundnut pod shell ash, to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius and C. chinensis Linnaeus at 25 ° C and 65% relative humidity. The powders were tested singly, and in binary, and ternary combinations at the dosages of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g/10 g of grain in glass Petri dishes. The powder combinations were mixed in equal proportions. There was a control involving no powder. Adult mortality of 20 individuals was observed 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment. Data analysis indicated significant differences among treatment means. Adult mortality increased with increase in dosage of powders and period of exposure. When applied singly the three insecticidal powders showed decreasing lethality to the adults beetles in this order E. aromatica > rice husk ash > groundnut pod shell ash. In the binary and ternary combinations with equal proportion of materials, the less toxic powders were significantly enhanced in lethality. The use of the binary and ternary combinations may be favoured for use in mitigating Callosobruchus damage to stored grain legumes for reasons of affordability, sustainability and durability.

The Effect of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene and Palm Kernel Shell Ash Mixture on the Physical, Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Paving Blocks

The aim of this research was to evaluate the physical-mechanical parameters of paving stones obtained on the basis of the mixture of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) waste. The ratio of LLDPE to PKSA waste (% weight) was varied in five treatments: A0 (100:0), A1 (97.5:2.5), A2 (95:5), A3 (92.5:7.5), A4 (90:10) and A5 (87.5:12.5). The physical appearance, thickness, compressive strength, water absorption, and morphological characteristics of the paving blocks were observed. The blocks were observed at ambient temperature, exposed to sunlight, and placed on the ground surface on day 0 and day 365. The results showed that addition of PKSA waste decreased the compressive strength but increased the water absorption capacity without a significant effect on the thickness of the paving blocks. Observation after 365 days showed insignificant decreases of compressive strength and thickness, whereas the water absorption capacity increased slightly. Small cracks and more voids in the surface, and more brittleness were observed. To summarize, composites of LLDPE and PSKA as filler have physical-mechanical properties that can be used for road pavement blocks.