Shell Ash Research Articles

Red Clam Shell based Basic Heterogenous Catalyst for Transesterification of Ricinus communis L Oil Synthesis and Characterization

The transesterification process in synthesizing biodiesel utilizes basic catlalyst to enhance the reaction. This research investigated the use of red clam shell based basic heterogenous catalyst for biodiesel production from Ricinus communis L oil. The purpo21se of this research was to optimize the heterogenoeus catalyst synthesis and comprehend the synthesized catalyst characterization. Red clam shell powder was prepared through 750°C, 800°C and 850°C calcination temperatures for 4 hours. The synthesized heterogeneous catalysts were characterized through SEM, XRD and FTIR in order to comprehend the morphology, its content and the present functional groups existed. It was founs out that the red clam shell ash had porous structure with its regularity increases with increasing calcinating temperature. Besides, according to XRD analysis the porous material with the highest amount of CaO presented was determined to be at 800°C calcination temprature to be 92.6% alongwith CaCO3 indicating the basic properties. Moreover, the functional groups presented on heterogeneous catalyst were observed to be CaO as the sharpest peak was at 3653.82 cm-1 and CaCO3 at 1452.40 cm-1, 1004.91 cm-1 and broad peak around 500 cm-1 with 800°C calcination temperature. Two percent of 800°C calcinated catalyst was utilized for transesterification with 1:8 oil to methanol ratio at 60°C reaction temperature. It was figured out that the synthesized biodiesel exhibited 4.587 x 10-3 Pas and 0.878 kgm-3 as its viscosity and density respectively. The use of red clam shell based catakyst for Ricinus communis L oil transesterification for biodiesel production was proven to be potential and demands further study on its application for transesterification reaction.

Fabrication, Mechanical Characterization, and Ranking of Shell Ash Reinforced Al-7075-Based Hybrid Composites

In the research article, the fabrication of Al-7075-based hybrid composites was done by stir casting technique with the addition of a mixture of crab shell ash (CSA), oyster shell ash (OSA), and snail shell ash (SSA). The mixtures of CSA, OSA, and SSA (MCOSA), CSA and OSA (MCOA), CSA and SSA (MCSA), as well as OSA and SSA (MOSA) with weight percentages in a range of 1–3% were added to the base material. The specimens were prepared according to the ASTM standards and tested for mechanical properties. The hardness, as well as impact, flexural, and tensile strengths of the composites, were increased as the amount of reinforcement to the base metal was increased, and compressive strength was decreased. The greatest tensile strength, tensile modulus, and compressive strength values were observed for the composite designated with AlOSA3. The maximum flexural strength and hardness values were observed for the compositions AlOS21 and AlCO12, respectively. Two techniques (TOPSIS and VIKOR) were successfully applied to the mechanical attributes of composites. The ranking results of both methods were compared. The ranking results for TOPSIS and VIKOR were the same for the index value 0.25. The composites filled with aquatic waste fillers can be used for automotive applications concerning their enhanced mechanical properties compared to the Al-7075 metal alloy properties.

Study of the Utilization of Heavy Metal Biosorption (Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni) with Chitosan from Crab and Kupang Shell Waste

Pollution is defined as the entry of an object, substance or energy into the aquatic environment that has a negative impact on living things. This study aims to determine the adsorbent absorption of crab shell ash and kupang ash to the levels of heavy metal chromium (Cr), CrChromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) in standard solution. Shell ash is made by calcination using a furnace at 900 ° C for ± 9 hours. The standard solution was added to the shell then stirred and allowed to stand for 8 hours. and for metal analysis using a Serum Spectrophotometer. metal analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotomer. From the results of the study, it was found that the absorption capacity of crab and kupang ash on Fe and Cu metals reached 100%. The absorption capacity of the three metals on Co, Mn and Ni is not too different with values above 99%. Shell ash was able to absorb Cr more than the other compared to other shell ashes with a value of 99.91%.

Durability of concrete made with groundnut shell ash as cement replacement

Concrete was considered in time past to be very durable, however many structures continue to show signs of deterioration during the specified or traditionally expected service life. The process of deterioration is more often caused by environmental factors. These have continued to enhance further research on processes as well as effective preventive measures on how best the use of available materials continually to produce durable concrete. The objective of this research is to investigating durability of using concrete produced with groundnut shell ash as replacement for cement. Groundnut Shell ash (GSA) was used to replace cement in percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% respectively. Sulfuric acid was used to provide the acid environment required for the short time durability test which comprise of 0.0005 %Ammonia (NH3), 0.00001 %Arsenic (As), 0.0002 %Chloride (Cl), 0.0001 %Heavy metals (Pb), 0.0001 %Iron (Fe), 0.00002 %Nitrate (No3), 0.00015 %, Oxygen absorbed (O), 0.0025 %and Non-volatile residue. Concrete Cubes were cast for control and three (3) samples for each for various percentage of cement replacement with 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing period, a Second batch samples were inserted into sulfuric acid for another 28 days to determine durability of concrete. The results shows a loss in weight of the concrete with increase in curing age while decreases with increase in the dosage of GSA. With treatment, the concrete cube has a lower percentage loss in strength and the lowest value of percentage loss in strength achieved at 10% GSA at 28 days curing in sulfuric acid with a value of 0.18%. The reduction in percentage loss in weight recorded in the treated samples shows that concrete produced with GSA are more durable when compare to natural concrete.

Utilization of waste plum stones as a source of oil and catalyst for biodiesel production

Possibilities of using waste plum stones in biodiesel production were investigated. The plum kernels were used as a source to obtain oil by the Soxhlet extraction method, while the whole plum stones, the plum stone shells that remained after the crashing, and the plum kernel cake that remained after the oil extraction, were burned off to obtain ashes. The collected ashes were characterized by elemental composition, porosity, and base strength and tested for catalytic activity in transesterification of esterified plum kernel oil. Dominant elements were potassium, calcium, and magnesium at different contents in the three obtained ashes. The most active catalyst was the plum stone shell ash, so the effect of temperature (40, 50, and 60?C) on the reaction rate was investigated. The reaction rate constant increased with the reaction temperature with the activation energy value of 58.8 kJ mol-1. In addition, the plum stone shell ash can be reused as a catalyst after recalcination.

STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SYNTHESIZED FROM PERIWINKLE SHELL AS A pH ENHANCER IN WATER BASED DRILLING MUD

Reservoirs that contain acidic gases can lead to the corrosion of the drilling string and casing which could result in incessant down time and also increase the cost of drilling operation. This research work aimed at investigating the potential of using locally sourced materials such as Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) that can serve as substitutes to imported chemicals used in the industry, to help raise the mud pH to the API standard (9.5-12.5) whilst reducing the cost of drilling operation. Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH2)) was extracted from Periwinkle Shell using two different process routes (via the calcination of the PSA and without it). Characterization tools were used to assess the functional groups present and the elemental composition of the periwinkle shell. Various laboratory equipment was used to observe the impact the additives would have on the mud properties (pH, mud weight, filtration characteristics and rheological properties) of the new drilling fluid. Results showed that as the mass of the synthesized Ca (OH2) from the calcined PSA, the uncalcined PSA and the commercial Ca (OH2) was increased, the pH of the mud samples was observed to have increased the pH of the base mud by 20.9%, 15.1% and 10%. Therefore, this research showed that the extracted Ca (OH2) acted primarily as a pH enhancer. However, the addition of Ca (OH2) from all sources exhibited poor filtration characteristics as there was high filtrate loss as the filtration time and the additive concentration increased which could affect the formulation and the performance of the drilling mud.

A Review on The Compressive Strength and Workability of Concrete with Agricultural Waste Ash as Cement Replacement Material

Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment. Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.

Performance improvement of AA6061-T651 friction stir butt-weldment using particulate addition strategy

The joint quality performance of AA6061-T651 friction stir weldments had been investigated in this study through addition of pulverized waste glass (PWG), palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) and synthetic silicon carbide (SSC) with a bid to enhancing some selected mechanical properties. Optimized processing parameters which include 1120 rpm rotational speed, 40 mm/min traverse speed, 1.5o tilt angle) and optimum reinforcement strategy (parallel hole) established from a preliminary investigation were utilized for the friction stir welding. The mechanical properties such as the tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were then further investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties of all the reinforced welded joints improved significantly than the unreinforced joint having a relatively reduced joint performance of 132 MPa tensile strength, hardness of 45.3 HRB and impact energy of 39.4 J. The PWG-reinforced friction stir welded joint performed optimally at a tensile strength of 212.7 MPa, 72 HRB hardness and 54.5 J impact energy followed by the SSC-reinforced joint which exhibited 173.7 MPa tensile strength, 54.8 HRB hardness and impact energy of 41.7 J. Hence, 80%, 59% and 38% joint performance was exhibited through tensile strength, hardness and impact energy of PWG-reinforced friction stir weldments of AA6061-T651 against the unreinforced weldments.

Investigation of mechanical properties of Al6061 with reinforcement of coconut shell ash and graphene metal matrix composites

In this research paper mainly focused on the fabrication of aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with coconut shell ash particulates and graphene to enhance the mechanical behaviour of aluminum 6061. The coconut shell ash particulates (CSA) and graphene are reinforced with 6061 aluminum Alloy. The fabrication of aluminum metal matrix composites was prepared by adding 1.0 wt% of graphene and 10 wt% of coconut shell ash particulates in aluminum alloy by using stir casting techniques with a restricted environment. The proper reinforcement on 6061 aluminium Alloy materials plays a very important role in enhancing its mechanical and micro structural properties. The results obtained reveals that the mechanical properties were improved by adding 1.0 wt% of graphene and 10 wt% of coconut shell ash particulates such properties are tensile strength, hardness and yield strength of 6061 aluminum Alloy materials. The Micro structural analysis reveals that the proper dispersion of graphene and coconut shell ash particulates in 6061 aluminum Alloy materials. The enhanced mechanical properties were obtained by addition of 10 wt% of coconut shell ash particulates and 1.0 wt% ofgraphene.

Ultra-Fine Treated and Untreated Walnut Shell Ash Incorporated Cement Mortar: Properties and Environmental Impact Assessments

The utilization of walnut shell (WS) as partial replacement of aggregates and cement is getting more attention in modern research on construction material. Though WS provides lightweight concrete, but less compressive strength and porous structure of concrete is still problematic for its utilization. Thus, this study is using untreated walnut shell powder (UWSP) and ultra-fine treated walnut shell ash (UFTWSA) as a substitute for cement. Different weight fractions of UWSP and UFTWSA (5, 10, 15 and 20%) were used to investigate the influence on fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar. Further, the durability of all mixes was evaluated by immersing them in different concentrations of MgSO4 (5, 10 and 20%). The experimental results revealed that the inclusion of UWSP and UFTWSA reduces the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar. Moreover, UWSP addition has more negative impact on fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar as compared to UFTWSA. The hardened properties of mortar specimens remarkably decreased by immersing in MgSO4 solution. However, all mixes contained UWSP and UFTWSA and not exposed to acid attack achieved more than 30 MPa and can be classified as good type mortar depending on obtained ultra-sonic plus velocity values (UPV).

Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Suhu Pembakaran Terhadap Mikrostruktur Dan Kandungan Silika Abu Kulit Kakao (Theobroma Cacao) Dengan Metode SEM Dan XRD

This study aims to determine the effect of combustion temperature on the microstructure and particle diameter of the average silica ash of cocoa shells, and to determine the effect of combustion temperature on the silica content of cocoa shell ash. The method used is experimental through a quantitative approach. The basic material used is cocoa husk (Theobroma cacao) with combustion temperatures of 450, 550, 650, and 750 oC. The tests used to determine the microstructure and silica content of cocoa husk ash were SEM and XRD after which they were analyzed again using Digimizer Software and X-Powder Software. SEM results based on microstructure indicate the occurrence of agglomeration in the cocoa ash silica sample, and it is known that the particle diameter size of sample A = 1,6916 µm, sample B = 0,7824 µm, sample C = 0,7809 µm, and sample D = 0,7173 µm. Based on the XRD results, it can be seen that the silica contained in sample A = 34,8%, sample B = 49,0%, sample C = 65,0%, and sample D = 70,6%. Based on the SEM results, the best results are in the sample which has the smallest size, namely sample D with a particle diameter of 0,7173 µm and based on XRD results the best results are in sample D with the highest SiO2 content of 70,6%. So that the combustion temperature affects the results of SEM and XRD where the effective temperature in the manufacture of cocoa shell ash silica is 750 oC

Influence of Coconut Shell Ash and Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete: An Experimental Study

Abstract: The amount of garbage generated by industrial and agricultural activities on the earth's surface has given rise to concerns about the environment's sustainability and the planet's ecosystem. Because waste generation generates CO2 and other hazardous gases during disposal or manufacturing, it contributes to global warming. In this investigation, the cement is replaced by waste materials such as Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) and Glass Powder (GP). Using CSA and GP with cement replacements of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%, more than 108 specimens have been prepared in laboratory and examined. After being mix designed , the concrete is mixed in a ratio of 1:2.03:3.10 by weight of cement sand and coarse aggregate at water/cement ratio of 0.55. Initial setting, final setting time, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength are among the qualities of concrete and cement that have been investigated.

A Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using M-Sand and Ground Nut Shell Ash as a Partial Replacement of River Sand

Abstract: Now a days the global consumption of sand as quality aggregate in concrete production could be very excessive. Several growing nations have encountered some strain within the supply of herbal sand as a way to meet the growing need of the infrastructural development in latest 12 months, to conquer the strain and call for of river sand, researchers and practitioners inside the creation enterprise have identified a few opportunity. One of them is M-sand; it is high pleasant silica sand with uniform bodily traits and with the aid of made from crushing of granite rocks. It is proved that M-sand used, as quality combination will decorate the electricity of concrete to a greater extend. This paper presents an experimental research at the homes of concrete in which satisfactory mixture is partially changing by using used M-sand and Ground nut shell ash. The most effective variable considered on this study is volumetric substitute (10%, 20%, 30%, forty%, and 50%) of sand. Out of those 5 substitute levels satisfactory 3 were pick by using trial works. The concrete become tested for droop test, compression test, flexural check, split tensile test for 7 & 28 days.

Ultra-Fine Treated and Untreated Walnut Shell Ash Incorporated Cement Mortar: Properties and Environmental Impact Assessments

The utilization of walnut shell (WS) as partial replacement of aggregates and cement is getting more attention in modern research on construction material. Though WS provides lightweight concrete, but less compressive strength and porous structure of concrete is still problematic for its utilization. Thus, this study is using untreated walnut shell powder (UWSP) and ultra-fine treated walnut shell ash (UFTWSA) as a substitute for cement. Different weight fractions of UWSP and UFTWSA (5, 10, 15 and 20%) were used to investigate the influence on fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar. Further, the durability of all mixes was evaluated by immersing them in different concentrations of MgSO4 (5, 10 and 20%). The experimental results revealed that the inclusion of UWSP and UFTWSA reduces the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar. Moreover, UWSP addition has more negative impact on fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar as compared to UFTWSA. The hardened properties of mortar specimens remarkably decreased by immersing in MgSO4 solution. However, all mixes contained UWSP and UFTWSA and not exposed to acid attack achieved more than 30 MPa and can be classified as good type mortar depending on obtained ultra-sonic plus velocity values (UPV).

Investigation of Microstructure and Several Quality Characteristics of AA7075/Al2O3/Coconut Shell Ash Hybrid Nano Composite Prepared through Ultrasonic Assisted Stir-Casting

Investigation of Microstructure and Several Quality Characteristics of AA7075/Al2O3/Coconut Shell Ash Hybrid Nano Composite Prepared through Ultrasonic Assisted Stir-Casting

Production of biodiesel from the novel non-edible seed of Chrysobalanus icaco using natural heterogeneous catalyst: Modeling and prediction using Artificial Neural Network

Biodiesel has been referred to as a perfect substitute for diesel fuel because of its numerous promising properties. They are renewable, clean, increase energy security, and improve the environment. The seed oil of Chrysobalanus icaco was characterised using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The heterogeneous solid catalyst of periwinkle shell ash was prepared in 3 forms: raw, calcined and acid-activated. They were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and FTIR. The results of the SEM analysis revealed the calcined samples to be a better choice because of their larger surface area. The result showed that the oil yield of the used crop was promising for commercial biodiesel production, with Chrysobalanus icaco having a yield of 51.90%.The reusability of the catalyst for continuous reaction runs showed that biofuel yield was still high after five cycles: 92.25–80.60% for calcined periwinkle shell ash (PSA) catalyst and 89.26–78.50% for acid-activated PSA catalyst. The result of the fuel properties of the biodiesel and their blend indicated their suitability for biodiesel production. Methyl ester blends of 20:80 had viscosity that placed them in 2D grade diesel (2.0–4.3 mm2/s), helpful in powering stationary equipment. Other fuel properties, including acid value, pour point, flash point and density, were within the ASTM D6751 limits for biodiesels. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to compare the experimental value to the simulated value using MATLAB 2020. The seed oil of Chrysobalanus icaco trans-esterified with methanol using Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA) catalyst was proven to be a good source of biodiesel.

A Conceptual Review of Automobile Disc Brake Friction Materials

Providing an alternative filler material for brake pads is crucial because the use of asbestos as filler material in brake pads has some health risks. It is known that asbestos can cause Asbestosis and Mesothelioma. This has, therefore, ignited widespread research into development and finding of eco-friendly brake friction organic materials. In this paper, some works done by various researchers in a bid to finding suitable environmentally friendly and best performed compositions for brake friction materials have been presented. The use of natural fibres such as maize husks, coconut shell, palm kernel shell, cocoa beans shell, bagasse, periwinkle shell, sawdust and banana peels as reinforcement to replace asbestos in the production of brake friction materials with high mechanical properties, stable friction, high wear resistance, lightweight, low environmental impact and low cost have been presented. This extensive survey, however, shows that there is no research on the suitability of other materials such as other types of periwinkle shells, coconut shell ash and kaolin to replace asbestos as major ingredients in a brake friction material. There is, therefore, the need to continue to research into and develop low-cost non asbestos organic brake pad materials for better brake performance.

Characterization of high-strength concrete by Preferential supplant of scrap tyre rubber powder-bambara nut shell ash constituent: utilization of novel waste materials in concrete

Characterization of high-strength concrete by Preferential supplant of scrap tyre rubber powder-bambara nut shell ash constituent: utilization of novel waste materials in concrete

Development of Asbestos-free Disc Brake Pad Using Periwinkle Shell Powder and Coconut Shell Ash as Base Materials

Brake pads are integral part of an automobile braking system that contribute to the full control of the vehicle. The composite materials for their production must therefore possess adequate chemical, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. The development of asbestos-free disc brake pad using Periwinkle Shell (PS) powder and Coconut Shell Ash (CSA) as reinforcement and frictional filler material respectively is presented. This was done with a view of establishing suitability of PS powder and CSA as replacements for asbestos which has been found to be carcinogenic and capable of causing Asbestosis and Mesothelioma [1]. Other ingredients used are graphite as lubricant, epoxy resin as binder, copper, zinc, and aluminum powders as abrasives and also to impact mechanical strength. The optimum percentage formulation of these materials for the pad was arrived at by using the ANOVA tool of the Box-Behnken technique of Design Expert Software, DX-13. The CSA and PS powders were sieved into grades of 106 µm, 150 µm, 212 µm and 300 µm and then combined with other constituents to produce the brake pad. The pads were characterized in terms of their physical, mechanical and tribological properties. It was observed that increase in particle size distributions leads to decrease in densification and carbon crosslinking of the produced composite brake pads. Therefore, the 106 µm particle size sample has better properties than others. Comparison analysis shows that the performance parameters of the 106 μm size brake pad compares well, and in some cases better, with typical after-market replacement pads, an asbestos-based brake pad and brake pads developed from past research works.

CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF Al/SiC/PKSA HYBRID COMPOSITES IN 1.0 M H2SO4 ENVIRONMENT USING POTENTIODYNAMIC POLARIZATION TECHNIQUE

The potentiodynamic polarization of aluminium 6063 alloy reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) particulates at various mixing ratios were investigated. Double stir casting method was adopted for the production of the hybrid reinforced composites. The existence of the reinforcements within the matrix alloy acted as active sites for corrosion initiation. Hence, pitting corrosion was observed. The range of values for Ecorr and Icorr obtained at 24 h in 1.0 M H2SO4 were between -627.74 and -644.46 mV, and between 423.81 and 860.23 µA/cm2, respectively. The Ecorr values ranged from -654 to -697.22 mV, and the Icorr ranged from 1075.65 to 3057.16 µA/cm2 at 72 h in 1.0 M H2SO4. The relative resistance to corrosion of the samples is dependent on the thin oxide film formed on the surface of the samples.