Sheet Structure Research Articles

Study of Non-uniform Seismic Response of Intercity Tunnels with Defective Shields

Based on the structural viscoelastic boundary theory, considering the geological changes of the soil layer and depth of tunnel crossing, the dynamic time course analysis is carried out for the defective lined tube sheet structure under non-uniform seismic excitation, to obtain the force and deformation law of the whole tunnel structure as well as the defective section. Analyze the dynamic response of shield tunnel structure under non-consistent seismic excitation under the influence of tube sheet misalignment factors, summarize the intrinsic mechanism of the dynamic response of defective tunnel tube lining structure, identify the phenomena affecting lining junction damage, and refine the seismic safety evaluation method of defective lining structure.

The interactive impact of green supporting factors on bank credit creation: An agent-based stock-flow consistent approach

Low carbon transition requires prudential regulations to incentivize bank’s green financing behaviors. This paper performs a simple and original analysis on the impact of the green differentiated banking requirements on bank’s credit creation. Through a simplified bank balance sheet, this paper incorporates green supporting factors into the framework of prudential regulations, namely the risk-based capital adequacy ratio and the net stable funding ratio respectively, and theoretically quantifies the constraining effect rendered by the green differentiated requirements. By constructing an agent-based stock-flow consistent model of commercial banks, and conducting numerical experiments, we find that the green supporting factors exert interactive impacts on credit creation, which depends on bank’s balance sheet structure characterized by equity to reserve ratios. So that it is necessary to implement different combinations of green supporting factors in order to achieve the target of green credit issuance, thus serving for green economic transition. The results obtained in this paper might facilitate the understandings what financial regulators can do to promote low-carbon transition via the banking system.

Importance of rheological properties in enrobing efficiency of dark chocolate: application in wafer products

SummaryIn this study, the rheological properties of dark chocolate used for enrobing in wafer production were modified with the use of lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), and its effects on the final product were investigated. Lecithin was added to the dark chocolate from 0.1 to 0.8 g per 100 g in increments of 0.1 g, then, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g per 100 g PGPR were combined separately with 0.40 g per 100 g lecithin containing sample. There were significant differences in the enrobing ratios, colour, texture, and sensory parameters of the wafer samples (P < 0.05) enrobed with dark chocolate, in which lecithin and PGPR were used together, due to the changes in the flow behaviour of the chocolate. The wafers enrobed with emulsifier‐free dark chocolate had the highest enrobing ratio (72.3%), while it was 45% in the sample enrobed with dark chocolate containing 0.40 g per 100 g lecithin + 0.20 g per 100 g PGPR. In parallel with the decrease in the enrobing ratio, changes occurred in the textural hardness and fracturability values of the samples. On the other hand, as the enrobing ratio decreased, the structure of the wafer sheets became more prominent during consumption, resulting in an increase in the sensory evaluation scores.

Role of intrinsic and extrinsic xylan in softwood kraft pulp fiber networks

Xylan is primarily found in the secondary cell wall of plants providing strength and integrity. To take advantage of the reinforcing effect of xylan in papermaking, it is crucial to understand its role in pulp fibers, as it undergoes substantial changes during pulping. However, the contributions of xylan that is added afterwards (extrinsic) and xylan present after pulping (intrinsic) remain largely unexplored. Here, we partially degraded xylan from refined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and adsorbed xylan onto BSKP. Enzymatic degradation of 1 % xylan resulted in an open hand sheet structure, while adsorption of 3 % xylan created a denser fiber network. The mechanical properties improved with adsorbed xylan, but decreased more significantly after enzymatic treatment. We propose that the enhancement in mechanical properties by adsorbed extrinsic xylan is due to increased fiber-fiber bonds and sheet density, while the deterioration in mechanical properties of the enzyme treated pulp is caused by the opposite effect. These findings suggest that xylan is decisive for fiber network strength. However, intrinsic xylan is more critical, and the same properties cannot be achieved by readsorbing xylan onto the fibers. Therefore, pulping parameters should be selected to preserve intrinsic xylan within the fibers to maintain paper strength.

Irreversible Structural Phase Transition in [(9‐triptycylammonium) ([18]crown‐6)][Ni(dmit)2]: Origin and Effects on Electrical and Magnetic Properties

AbstractMaterials exhibiting irreversible phase transitions, leading to changes in their properties, have a potential for novel application in electronic components such as a non‐rewritable high‐security memory. Here, we focused on the two salts, [(9‐triptycylammonium)([18]crown‐6)][Ni(dmit)2] (1) and [(9‐triptycylammonium)([15]crown‐5)][Ni(dmit)2] (2), which featured 2D sheet structures with alternately stacked cation and anion layers. Both salts exhibit similar cation arrangements, however, their anion arrangements differ significantly. The temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibilities of 1 and 2 were well reproduced by the alternating chain model (JAC1/kB=−306(8), JAC2/kB=−239(3) K) and the Curie‐Weiss model (θ=−3.9(1) K), respectively. 1 experience a reversible phase transition around 40–60 K, causing anomalies in magnetic behavior. Moreover, an irreversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal phase transition to 1′ undergo at ~381 K, inducing a rearrangement of [Ni(dmit)2]− anions and a resistivity decrease from 6.5×106 to 6.5×102 Ω cm. The susceptibility curve of 1′ was reproduced by a combination of the Curie‐Weiss and dimer models (Jdimer/kB=−407(5), θ=−26.7(5) K). The irreversible transition of 1 is the first example for such supramolecule and [Ni(dmit)2]− system to our knowledge, in opening potential new‐type materials.

Effect of BN addition on mechanical and electrical properties of oxidative sintered porous Si3N4-BN composites

In order to explore the effects of BN addition on the mechanical and electrical properties of oxidative sintered Si3N4-BN composites, Si3N4-BN composites with BN powder dosage of 0-40 wt% are prepared by molding technology, and the effects of different BN contents on the phase, morphology, bulk density, porosity, flexural strength at room temperature, dielectric constant and dielectr loss of the composite system are studied. With the increase of BN content, at different temperatures, the oxidation product B2O3 of BN and the oxidation product SiO2 of Si3N4 firstly react on the surface to form B2O3–SiO2 glass phase, which densify the surface and affects the oxidation degree of internal grains. At the same time, a small amount of B2O3 escaping from the surface, so that the open pores of the composites decrease firstly and then increase slightly, and the dielectric constant increases firstly and then decreases. The results show that when the amount of BN micronized powder is 10 wt%, the oxidation sintered Si3N4-BN composite material at 1500 °C have pores that retain the sheet structure of boron nitride, and the amorphous material flows to fill the pores, so it have high volume density (1.85 g/cm3), low porosity (apparent porosity 6.37%), and high mechanical properties (flexural strength 127.86Mpa), higher dielectric constant (3.94) and lower dielectr loss (4.0 × 10−4).

HCS background magnetic field study HYTARO+

Context. HYTARO+ is an analytical model developed to evaluate the influence of the solar magnetic dipole in the topology of the local structure of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). Aims. Statistical methods such as MVA, which are typically used in the study of the HCS come with two limitations. On one hand, they do not provide any information about the physical properties of the current sheet and, on the other, they do not offer the possibility of defining the local structure of the HCS from the physical conditions that prevail in the two sectors that separate the sheet. HYTARO model describes the interaction between the magnetic field that defines the structure of the current sheet and the plasma confined within it. HYTARO+ goes deeper into the study of the background magnetic field that is included in the HYTARO model with the aim of identifying its source. Methods. Multipole expansion is used to provide a general approach to any physical phenomenon of some system, thereby allowing for a potential function representation. In our case, we considered the dipolar and quadrupolar Sun magnetic field contribution in the HCS. Results. In the development of the HYTARO+ model, we estimated the components of the dipole and quadrupole magnetic fields at 1 AU. In the present study, we establish that the Z component of the dipole field and the X component of the quadrupole field are the more relevant terms of the background field present in the data that correspond to the discontinuities. A summary of the contribution of the multipolar components along the 23 solar cycle is incorporated.

Ultrafast microwave synthesized Ni2Co-S 2D sheet architectures battery-type electrodes for structure-tunable superior hybrid supercapacitor

NiCo-S has been regarded as a promising battery-type electrode for efficient supercapacitors owing to its hybrid orbitals, abundant reserve and multiple valence states. The tailored morphology and crystalline structure of NiCo-S can be achieved by using microwave methods profiting from the uniform heat distribution. Herein, a facile, “atmosphere-free” and highly-efficient microwave-assisted method was used to fabricate Ni2Co-S 2D sheet materials with hierarchical porosity and excellent electrochemical behaviours as battery-type electrodes for hybrid supercapacitor. Considerable metal ratio regulation endowed Ni2Co-S specific structure of 2D sheets with metal-nanoparticles and abundant active sites with variable valence state. Based on the simulation results, the low OH bond energy for Ni2Co-S promoted the deprotonative reaction in the electrochemical charge/discharge process, and the synergistic interaction of Ni and Co at the surface contributed to more free electrons, more active sites for the redox reaction and superior OH− adsorption ability. Ni2Co-S exhibited excellent capacity of 1440 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and rate retention of 74.3 % 1 to 20 A g−1. In addition, the hybrid supercapacitor assembled by Ni2Co-S delivered a superior energy density of 65.2 Wh kg−1 at 400 W kg−1, along with a stable cycling lifespan with 82 % of capacity retention and 100 % of Coulombic efficiency after 30,000 cycles. The present strategy can modulate NiCo-S phase and structure via ultrafast microwave synthesis, which provides a novel insight for development of high-performance supercapacitors.

Crotonaldehyde induced structural alterations in Low-Density Lipoprotein: Immunogenicity of the modified protein in experimental animals and auto-antibodies generation in various cancers

Crotonaldehyde (CA), a prominent component of cigarette smoke (CS) is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is a highly toxic, unsaturated aldehyde. Exposure to CA-rich pollutants has been linked to the emergence of many malignancies in humans. To better understand the role of CA in biomolecule modification, this study investigated the detailed structural alterations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modified by CA, as well as the immunogenicity of the modified protein in experimental animals and the search for autoantibodies in various cancers patients.In vitro, results indicated alterations in secondary and tertiary structures; examined using UV–visible, fluorescence, far-UV circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Changes in the oxidation status of LDL were studied by carbonyl content assay and NBT assay. ThT binding assay, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were used to study aggregate formation. The findings revealed significant structural damage in LDL modified by CA. The modification resulted in the unmasking of hydrophobic clusters, the loss of the protein α-helix, and the formation of β-pleated sheet structure. The amyloid aggregate formation was confirmed through ThT microscopy and electron spectroscopy. Rabbits immunized with crotonaldehyde; lead to structural changes in the LDL; that acted as extra antigenic determinants, eliciting strong antibody response. Immunoglobulin response is highly specific for modified LDL as demonstrated by the ELISA. The presence of antibodies against CA-modified LDL was confirmed by the immunoglobulin content of blood sera from human subjects with lung cancer, and competitive ELISA demonstrated the specificity of these antibodies. This study offers insights into the CA-mediated LDL modification and immunogenicity in lung cancer that will have diagnostic importance.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties, failure modes and energy absorption characteristics of lattice skeleton and sheet structures fabricated by SLM

Triply periodical minimal surface (TPMS) structures have attracted much attention in the biomaterials, aerospace, and automotive industries because they are lightweight, have high strength, and can absorb energy and shocks. In this study, uniform skeletal (USK), uniform sheet (USH), grade skeletal (GSK), and grade sheet (GSH) diamond lattice structures with the same 20% volume fraction were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) using AlSi10Mg metal powder. Their mechanical properties, deformation behavior, and energy absorption performance were systematically investigated by compression tests and finite element analysis (FEA). The skeleton structures had a higher elastic modulus, yield strength, and more severe stress fluctuation than the sheet structures. In addition, comparing the 45° shear deformation for as-built uniform structures accompanied by a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture modes, both gradient structures fractured by a sub-layer pattern from the layer with a lower volume fraction. Furthermore, the numerical simulation results illustrated that the stress of the skeleton structures was mainly concentrated at the skeleton joint, while the sheet structures were distributed evenly on the thin wall, without being concentrated in the interconnection region. For skeleton structures, heat treatment controlled the failure degree by improving the microstructure of the material, while for GSH structures at 300 °C, the fracture mode changed from the previous layer-by-layer fracture to a 45° shear failure. The accumulated energy absorption of gradient structures was more than that of the uniform structure, especially the GSH structures and the energy absorption efficiency of the skeleton structures was higher.

Covalently Bonded Graphene Sheets on Carbon Nanotubes: Direct Growth and Outstanding Properties

AbstractIntegrating 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D graphene with covalent bonds can inherit the outstanding properties of both components and obtain additional advantages. Here, this work reports the preparation of covalently bonded graphene/CNT (G/CNT) structure by a normal chemical vapor deposition method. Specifically, the pre‐synthesized defects on the sidewall of CNTs act as nucleation sites for the growth of graphene sheets to form a branch‐leaf structure. Graphene leaves restrict the sliding and re‐stacking of CNTs, endowing G/CNT hybrid demonstrates excellent anti‐agglomeration properties that are not present in either graphene or CNTs. In addition, the covalently bonded structure and high graphitization degree of graphene sheets and CNTs significantly enhance the comprehensive properties of the G/CNT hybrid material, such as large specific surface area, excellent thermal stability, and high electrical conductivity. Consequently, the microwave absorption properties of G/CNT are significantly enhanced compared with CNTs. This work provides a feasible pathway to synthesize high‐performance covalently bonded G/CNT hybrids.

Preparation of graphene based nanofluids: Rheology determination and theoretical analysis of the molecular interactions of graphene nanoparticles

In this work, graphene-based ten nanofluids were synthesized, and their viscosities were determined. Also, a theoretical analysis of the molecular interactions of graphene nanoparticles is carried out in order to understand the mechanisms affecting the viscosity of nanofluids. Based on the results of experiments, an analytical function that describes the dependence of the relative viscosity on the concentration of graphene nanoparticles was obtained. It was established that the viscosity of the base fluid was affected by the graphene sheet structure. If the graphene sheet possessed an ideal surface, a decrease in the viscosity was observed, but if it contained defects, the viscosity of the nanofluid increased rapidly with increasing concentration. The reason for this behavior of graphene nanofluids was the self-assembly of graphene nanoparticles in the base fluid flow and the formation of ordered clusters from base fluid molecules. In this case, the self-assembly of the graphene nanoparticles was inextricably linked with the formation of the nanoclusters. The struggle between these two processes generated changes in the viscosity of the graphene nanofluids. In the function herein proposed, a new parameter, B/A, was introduced, which made it possible to evaluate the nature of the interactions between the graphene nanoparticles and the base fluid molecules. The reported work is highly useful to design more future graphene-based nanofluids; depending on the requirements.

Formation of germanene with free-standing lattice constant

Two-dimensional sheets of ultra-thin germanium with the lattice parameter of free-standing germanene, i.e., 0.41 nm, are formed by atomic segregation epitaxy on face-centered-cubic Ag0.9Al0.1(111) thin films grown on a Ge(111) template. Low-energy electron diffraction clearly shows a square-like (√13 × √13)R ± 46° superstructure, expressed as (4114) in Matrix form, whose 92° angle between the two vectors is clearly observed, as well as incommensurate (1.41 × 1.41)R ± 27° spots. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show the square-like superstructure and a defective honeycomb-like arrangement with this characteristic 0.41 nm lattice constant, corresponding to LEED patterns. Complimentary high-resolution synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal the electronic structure of the honeycomb-like germanene sheet and further demonstrate that it overlays the surface of the Ag0.9Al0.1(111) alloy.

Electron Regulation of Heterostructured Pt/Rh Metallene Boosts Ethylene Glycol Electrooxidation and Hydrogen Evolution.

The research on high-efficiency two-dimensional (2D) catalytic materials for the small-molecule oxidation-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is prospective for efficient hydrogen production. Herein, we report heterostructured Pt/Rh metallene with Pt nanoparticles (NPs) uniformly anchored on Rh metallene for the HER and ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR). The ultrathin sheet structure of the Pt/Rh metallene offers high surface areas and sufficient active sites. More importantly, the Pt/Rh heterostructure can optimize catalytic active centers and adjust electronic structure. Thus, Pt/Rh metallene exhibits superior electrocatalytic HER activity with a low overpotential of 28 mV in 1 M KOH at 10 mA cm-2 and EGOR activity with a specific activity of 8.39 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH with 3 M EG, along with outstanding CO tolerance. In a two-electrode system, Pt/Rh metallene requires a low potential of 0.51 V for stable and efficient hydrogen production at 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH + 3 M EG, with the simultaneous production of high-value-added products. The job proposes an attractive strategy for the synthesis of 0D/2D metallene toward simultaneous energy-saving hydrogen production and chemical update.

One-step synthesis of lychnophora residue-derived porous carbon sheets for highly efficient removal of copper(Ⅱ)

In this study, the lychnophora residue-derived porous carbon sheets (LRPCSs) were synthesized using a facile one-step pyrolysis method, and the physicochemical properties of LRPCSs were analyzed via various characterization apparatus, its adsorption behaviors and mechanism for copper(Ⅱ) (Cu(II)) were also investigated. The LRPCSs possessed three-dimensional honeycomb sheet structure, a specific surface area of 14.6 m2·g−1, abundant mineral elements (K, Ca, and Mg), and the oxygen- and sulfur-containing functional groups, which would offer more active sites for the fast adsorption of Cu(II). Batch experiments demonstrated that the adsorption properties of Cu(II) by LRPCSs raised with the raising of biochar dose, pH value (2−6), Cu(II) concentration, and temperature. The isotherms and kinetics studies showed that the adsorption data conformed very well to Langmuir isotherm (R2 ≥0.9975) and pseudo-second-order kinetic models (R2 ≥0.9941). The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of LRPCSs were respectively 103.09, 120.48, and 153.85 mg·g−1 at 298, 308, and 318 K, which were superior to previously reported biochar adsorbents. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the Cu(II) adsorption with LRPCSs was an automatic, endothermal, and entropy-raising process (ΔG° = −6.82∼−8.47 kJ·mol−1, ΔH° = 17.89 kJ·mol−1, ΔS° = 83.07 J·(mol·K)−1). The adsorption capacity of Cu(II) with LRPCSs still remained 85% after four adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, the ion exchange and surface complexation were the predominant mechanism for the Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption by LRPCSs, with cation-π interaction and pore capture playing a secondary role. This study showed that LRPCSs could be an effective, low-cost, and reusable adsorbent with great potential for application in remediating the Cu(II)-containing wastewater pollution.

Studi Literatur: Pengaruh Asset And Liabilities Management Terhadap Perbankan

This study describes Asset Liability Management of the Company through surveyed journals in Indonesia from 2017 to 2022. The purpose of this study is to add and develop research or articles on Asset and Liability Management (ALMA) published in Indonesian journals. The samples obtained were 25 articles. This research uses a systematic literature study method, with a PoP (Publish or Perish) application. From this literature study, we conclude that the operation of the Asset and Liability Management (ALMA) function can optimize the structure of a bank's balance sheet in a competitive financial market environment through bank liquidity management policies while maintaining quota and liquidity status. These include primary and secondary reserves, gap management by managing and controlling the gap between assets and liabilities to maximize net profit margin (NIM), exchange rate management by maximizing exchange rate differential returns, investment management and returns through investment decisions in a bank's fortopolio.

A metal-free catalyst based on g-C3N4 functionalized with cyamelurate-like groups: Catalytic properties and mechanism of a new heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst

We prepared fragments of polymeric g-C3N4 sheets functionalized with cyamelurate-like functional groups, evaluated their Fenton-like catalytic properties and proposed a reaction mechanism for the formation of hydroxyl radicals on the surface of the materials in presence of H2O2. The controlled fragmentation/functionalization of g-C3N4 was characterized by a variety of techniques including SEM, TEM, FTIR and potentiometric titration. The performance of the catalysts proved to be dependent on both the cyamelurate-like functional groups and the conjugated structure of the polymeric g-C3N4 sheets, with the kinetics of the catalyzed reaction being faster at higher pH. In addition, in the absence of the contaminant, no significant consumption of hydrogen peroxide was observed. The reaction mechanism of oxidizing radicals formation was elucidated using cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy in parallel with theoretical calculations based on the estimate of the reaction Gibbs free energy of HO• and HOO• radicals formation, generated through the reaction of surface functional groups and hydrogen peroxide. In a broader context, the results showed may contribute to the development of strategies for studying and elucidating the reaction mechanisms involving metal-free catalysts, one of the main challenges in the area and, enabling the surface designing of metal-free catalysts for different oxidation reactions.

Newly formed phenolics selectively bound to the graded polysaccharides of lychee pulp during heat pump drying using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS

Our study investigated heat pump drying (HPD) effects on phenolic-polysaccharide adducts of three lychee pulp grades, their composition and bound phenolic contents. During HPD, the hexose content in water soluble polysaccharide (WSP) increased continuously, and the pentose and glucuronic acid contents in WSP and dilute alkali soluble pectin (ASP) together with the hexose content in ASP increased initially and then decreased due to polysaccharide hydrolases pectinase, polygalacturonase and cellulase. After HPD, the bound phenolic content in WSP, ASP and water unextractable polysaccharide (WUP) significantly increased. Protocatechualdehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid were newly generated phenolics and the former combined with all the three polysaccharide grades, while the latter selectively combined with only WSP. During HPD, WSP and ASP surface structures were gradually broken and became loose, but WUP surface structure was a complete and rough sheet structure. Alkaline hydrolysis caused sparser, more porous surfaces of the three polysaccharide grades. The polyphenol selectivity could be related to substrate selectivity of endogenous oxidases and the type of phenolic compounds.

Identification of elastic and plastic properties of aluminum-polymer laminated pouch film for lithium-ion batteries: A hybrid experimental-numerical scheme

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial components for electric vehicles (EVs), and their mechanical and structural stabilities are of paramount importance. In this study, the mechanical properties of an aluminum-laminated pouch sheet, as a key component of pouch-type LIBs, are examined. Aluminum-laminated pouch sheets have rarely been systematically investigated in the past. Owing to the complex composite structure of pouch sheets having metallic and polymeric materials, fully understanding and describing their mechanical responses is scientifically challenging without data or knowledge of the individual materials. Therefore, the prime novelty of the present study is to identify the elastic and plastic properties of the individual material components of a pouch sheet. In particular, we propose an efficient and user-friendly methods that physically separate all material layers by applying a novel hybrid experimental-numerical method based on the full-field strain measurement and finite element simulation. The identified mechanical properties and their constitutive models are validated using a tensile test and the square cup formability test of the pouch sheet. The determined data from the proposed methods can provide valuable insights into the mechanical behavior of LIBs, which can assist the new design of pouch sheets used for more mechanically stable Li-ion batteries with enhanced energy storage performance.

The effects of sheet and network solid structures of similar TPMS scaffold architectures on permeability, wall shear stress, and velocity: A CFD analysis.

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is known mathematically as a surface with mean curvature of zero and replicated in three directions infinitely. Providing the pore combination in porous structures with surface connections, they provide large surface areas. This study aims to determine the effects of the network solid and sheet solid structures in the three different TPMS architectures on bone regeneration. Evaluation is made for Diamond, Gyroid, and I-WP structures, which are widely preferred architectures in terms of mechanical strength. Scaffolds are modeled as both network solid and sheet solid unit cells with similar porosities (60%, 70%, and 80%). Flow analyses are performed with the Computational Fluid Dynamics method to determine of potential for bone cell development of scaffolds. The permeability, wall shear stress on the surfaces, and the flow velocity distribution of the scaffolds are obtained with these analyses. The permeability value of 18 scaffolds is between the permeability values determined for trabecular bone. The permeability of network solid TPMS scaffolds for the same architectures is higher than sheet solid TPMS scaffolds due to the low pressures generated. The maximum wall shear stress in scaffolds decreases as porosity increases. Since the maximum wall shear stresses occur in less than 0.1% area on the scaffold surfaces, it is more appropriate to examine distribution of these stresses on the scaffold surfaces. Sheet solid structures within TPMS are more advantageous for biomechanical environments due to their greater surface area at similar porosities, wall shear stress, and permeability values.