Sheep Heads Research Articles

Prevalence Rate and Molecular Characteristics of Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera, Oestridae) in Sheep and Goats from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Heads of sheep (n = 600) and goats (n = 800) slaughtered at Al-Aziziah Abattoir in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were inspected for the presence of O. ovis larvae (L). Heads were split along the longitudinal axes, and larvae (L1, L2, and L3) were gathered. The infestation rate was significantly higher in goats (44.5%; 356/800) than that in sheep (22.3%; 134/600). Out of the 151 collected larvae from sheep, 0% were L1, 1.3% were L2, and 98.7% were L3. Out of the total of 468 larvae from goats, 0% were L1, 1.2% were L2, and 98.8% were L3. The infestation rate was significantly higher in males than that in females. Myiasis-causing larvae collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were authenticated as O. ovis, according to morphological characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a partial fragment (600 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene further confirmed the species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial mtCOI gene sequence demonstrated that 23 unique sequences showed high similarity based on nucleotide pairs of O. ovis accessions retrieved from GenBank.

Effect of Suture Type and Suture Distance on Holding Strength in Nasal Septal Laceration Model.

Objective:Septal mucosal-perichondrial flaps can be lacerated during the elevation of the flaps. Appropriate repair of the lacerations is essential to prevent the development of septal perforation during the healing process. We aimed to determine the superior suture type and suture distance to use in repairing the lacerations of nasal septal mucosal-perichondrial flaps.Methods:The study used 128 nasal septal mucosal-perichondrial flaps prepared from sheep heads. Experimentally induced lacerations on the mucosal-perichondrial flaps were sutured with two interrupted sutures using one of four suture materials (4-0/5-0 Polyglactin 910, 4-0/5-0 Polydioxanone) and leaving either 5 mm or 10 mm distance between the sutures. Maximum tissue holding strength (HSmax) was measured for each suture material and suture distance used.Results:Mean HSmax values were higher for Polyglactin 910 sutures (p<0.001) and 10 mm suture distance (p=0.008) when the groups were compared in terms of suture material and suture distance, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean HSmax values of sutures with 4-0 and 5-0 diameters (p=0.057).Conclusion:Polyglactin 910 suture material with 10 mm space between two adjacent sutures may be more durable than the other suture materials when repairing nasal septal mucosal lacerations.

Helminth biodiversity and spread peculiarities of helminthiasis of domestic artiodactyls in the Caspian Depression ecosystems

The Caspian Depression is situated on the flat eastern territory of the North Caucasus. According to the soil and climatic conditions, different ecosystems are neighboring in the Caspian Depression: lowland moistened areas (up to 30% of the territories), plat steppes (more than 50%), salt marshes (up to 10%), and semi-deserts (up to 10%). The majority of the Caspian Depression territories are used for domestic animal grazing, where more than 3 million sheep, goats and up to 150 thousand heads of cattle are contained. 46 nosological units of helminthiasis agents are parasitized on domestic ruminants, including 37 species of sheep and 38 of cattle. The average temperature in winter is up to +12°С; in summer – up to +45°С (210-220 days a year). This region is characterized by year-round use of land and an increase in zootechnical standards for keeping animals per unit of pasture (up to 8 heads of sheep and 3 heads of cattle). Moreover, it has a rich variety of pathogens of helminthiasis, the similarity of most types of helminths for domestic ruminants, a high number of invasive stages in biotopes, and up to 95% of the prevalence of mixed invasions of dangerous parasitoses.

ВЛИЯНИЕ УРОВНЯ КОРМЛЕНИЯ СУЯГНЫХ МАТОК ТУШИНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ НА МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КОЖИ ПОТОМСТВА ПРИ РОЖДЕНИИ

Feeding during the suyagny period is crucial in obtaining strong and healthy offspring. In 2018-2020, in the peasant farm "Dzhigkaev Valery Sergeevich" of the Ardon district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the influence of the feeding level of suyag queens on the morphological indicators of offspring was studied. For the experiment, after the end of the breeding company, 120 queens of the Tushinsky breed were selected, going to the third lambing, which were divided into 4 groups of 30 heads each. The sheep of the control group received a household ration compiled in accordance with the norms of the VIZ. The diet of sheep of the second, third and fourth groups was increased in total nutrition by 10, 15 and 20%, respectively, compared with the diet of the control group. During lambing, five heads of sheep and young sheep were selected, in which morphological parameters of the skin were studied, according to preparations made from lambs ' skin samples taken from 5 heads from each group. It was found that as a result of the increased level of feeding of queens during the dry period, there was an increase in the thickness of the skin and its layers, the depth of the hair follicles, the diameter of the bundles of collagen fibers. The different level of feeding of the queens during the suyag period did not affect the number of hair follicles laid in the skin of newborn lambs. At the same time, the number of formed wool fibers of newborn lambs depends on the level of feeding of their mothers during the fruiting period. The greatest number of rudimentary follicles in the hair or on the unit area of skin (43,1 – 44,2%) had lambs received from Queens, who was in the business environment of feeding level, the lowest – in lambs whose mothers received by 15 and 20% more nutrients in the diet that is high feeding level (28,9 – 34,2%).

ВЛИЯНИЕ УРОВНЯ КОРМЛЕНИЯ СУЯГНЫХ МАТОК ТУШИНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ НА МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КОЖИ ПОТОМСТВА ПРИ РОЖДЕНИИ

Feeding during the suyagny period is crucial in obtaining strong and healthy offspring. In 2018-2020, in the peasant farm "Dzhigkaev Valery Sergeevich" of the Ardon district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the influence of the feeding level of suyag queens on the morphological indicators of offspring was studied. For the experiment, after the end of the breeding company, 120 queens of the Tushinsky breed were selected, going to the third lambing, which were divided into 4 groups of 30 heads each. The sheep of the control group received a household ration compiled in accordance with the norms of the VIZ. The diet of sheep of the second, third and fourth groups was increased in total nutrition by 10, 15 and 20%, respectively, compared with the diet of the control group. During lambing, five heads of sheep and young sheep were selected, in which morphological parameters of the skin were studied, according to preparations made from lambs ' skin samples taken from 5 heads from each group. It was found that as a result of the increased level of feeding of queens during the dry period, there was an increase in the thickness of the skin and its layers, the depth of the hair follicles, the diameter of the bundles of collagen fibers. The different level of feeding of the queens during the suyag period did not affect the number of hair follicles laid in the skin of newborn lambs. At the same time, the number of formed wool fibers of newborn lambs depends on the level of feeding of their mothers during the fruiting period. The greatest number of rudimentary follicles in the hair or on the unit area of skin (43,1 – 44,2%) had lambs received from Queens, who was in the business environment of feeding level, the lowest – in lambs whose mothers received by 15 and 20% more nutrients in the diet that is high feeding level (28,9 – 34,2%).

«ԱԳՐՈՀՈԼԴԻՆԳ» ՈՉԽԱՐԱԲՈՒԾԱԿԱՆ ՖԵՐՄԱՅՈՒՄ ԲՈՒԾՎՈՂ ՈՉԽԱՐՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՄԱԼԻՐ ԳՆԱՀԱՏՈՒՄԸ

The research has been conducted on “Agroholding” sheep farm, where 860 heads of sheep are bred, 66 % of which are Armenian semi-coarse-wool breed and 34 % are other breeds. Sheep bonitation has been conducted according to their breed, age and productivity characteristics. To improve the qualitative composition of the animal stock, breeding and selection works should be continuously implemented on the mentioned farm. It is recommended to apply such breeding technology which would enable to improve not only the breed’s qualitative composition but also to increase both milk and meat productivity.

Quality of hair-coat covering and skin of Karakul lambs bred in Kalmykia

Karakul breed of sheep is one of the oldest breeds. For the development of semi-desert pastures more than 176 thousand heads of Karakul sheep of gray and black colors were brought to the Republic of Kalmykia from the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Scientists of the Kalmyk Scientifi c and Research Institute of Agriculture and practical breeders were tasked with creating specialized herds of Karakul sheep of diff erent colors and krimmer lamb types that produce high-grade krimmer lambs. The purpose of the research was to study the quality of hair-coat covering and skin of Karakul lambs bred in Kalmykia. Some qualities of the hair-coat covering and skin of gray and black Karakul lambs in the APC “Polynny” and “Erdnievsky” have been analyzed in the article. The physical and mechanical parameters of the hair-coat covering and skin of Karakul lambs have been studied: the length of the hair in the curl, the hair tone, the degree of silkiness and shine, and the total thickness of the skin. Karakul lambs of black and gray color have diff erent properties of hair-coat covering; lambs of gray color have longer and thinner hair, relatively less shiny, dense hair-coat covering. The average length of white hairs in the rump area of the gray karakul was by 2,4±0,2 mm or 22 %, black hairs by 0,3±0,2 mm or 2,7 %, in the withers by 2,0±0,3 mm and 0,2±0,3 mm longer, respectively, than in similar areas of the black karakul skins. In the lambs of gray color more thick and rather loose skin than in lambs black color. Thus, the skin thickness of gray lambs was by 176 microns or 6,7 % more than black lambs. The primary follicles of white hairs are by 559 microns deeper, and the secondary follicles are 200 microns deeper than the hair follicles of black lambs. Features of the hair cover of lambs of diff erent colors are shown in absolutely identical conditions of feeding and housing, these diff erences should be taken into account when improving of Karakul sheep.

Histomorphological investigations on the lips of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries): A scanning electron and light microscopic study.

This study was conducted to provide comprehensive information on the anatomical and histological features of the upper (UL) and lower (LL) lips of Rahmani sheep by gross examination, morphometric analysis in addition to Light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Samples from normal healthy adult male sheep heads were collected directly after slaughtering. UL and LL were dissected, and specimens were collected for both light and SEM. The UL was longer approximately by one-fold and thicker by one-fold at the median and the oral angle areas, and by one- and half-folds at the paramedian area than the LL. The free border of both lips was characterized rostrally by the presence of labial projections. By SEM the edges of the inner aspect of the lips and of the philtrum were distinguished by labial projections. These projections which surrounding the philtrum subdivided into polygonal areas with numerous keratinized scales especially at the apical parts which increased dorsally toward the nostril. Most of the openings of the upper labial salivary glands were volcanic crater-shaped while that of the lower labial salivary glands were various shapes; round folded margin, rosette and whirlpool shaped. Histologically, the shape of the projection or papillae differs at the median and paramedian areas of the UL than the LL. However, there was no differences near the oral angle area. In conclusion, the shape, size and amount of keratinization of the papillae may offer efficiency to the lips during feeding process.

Deep brain stimulation electrodes may rotate after implantation\u2014an animal study

Directional deep brain stimulation (dDBS) electrodes allow to steer the electrical field in a specific direction. When implanted with torque, they may rotate for a certain time after implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and to which degree leads rotate in the first 24 h after implantation using a sheep brain model. dDBS electrodes were implanted in 14 sheep heads and 3D rotational fluoroscopy (3D-RF) scans were acquired to visualize the orientation of the electrode leads. Electrode leads were clockwise rotated just above the burr holes (180° n = 6, 360° n = 6, 2 controls) and 3D-RF scans were again acquired after 3, 6, 13, 17, and 24 h, respectively. One hundred eighty degree rotated electrodes showed an initial rotation of 83.5° (range: 35.4°–128.3°) and a rotation of 114.0° (range: 57°–162°) after 24 h. With 360° torsion, mean initial rotation was 201° (range: 3.3°–321.4°) and mean rotation after 24 h 215.7° (range 31.9°–334.7°), respectively. Direct postoperative imaging may not be accurate for determining the rotation of dDBS electrodes if torque is present.

Comparison of the different voxel sizes in the estimation of peri-implant fenestration defects using cone beam computed tomography: an ex vivo study

BackgroundTo examine the influence of voxel sizes to detect of peri-implant fenestration defects on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.Materials and methodsThis study performed with three sheep heads both maxilla and mandible and two types of dental implant type 1 zirconium implant (Zr40) (n = 6) and type 2 titanium implant (Ti22) (n = 10). A total of 14 peri-implant fenestrations (8 buccal surfaces, 6 palatal/lingual surface) were created while 18 surfaces (8 buccal, 10 palatal/lingual) were free of fenestrations. Three observers have evaluated the images of fenestration at each site. Images obtained with 0.75 mm3, 0.100 mm3, 0.150 mm3, 0.200 mm3, and 0.400 mm3 voxel sizes. For intra- and inter-observer agreements for each voxel size, Kappa coefficients were calculated.ResultsIntra- and inter-observer kappa values were the highest for 0.150 mm3, and the lowest in 0.75 mm3 and 0.400 mm3 voxel sizes for all types of implants. The highest area under the curve (AUC) values were found higher for the scan mode of 0.150 mm3, whereas lower AUC values were found for the voxel size for 0.400 mm3. Titanium implants had higher AUC values than zirconium with the statistical significance for all voxel sizes (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionA voxel size of 0.150 mm3 can be used to detect peri-implant fenestration bone defects. CBCT is the most reliable diagnostic tool for peri-implant fenestration bone defects.

An animal model of early-stage femoral head osteonecrosis induced by cryo-insult in small tailed Han sheep.

SummaryPurposeThis study investigated the ability of liquid nitrogen cryo-insults to induce early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in small tail Han sheep.Methods16 animals were subjected to unilateral cryo-insult using cryogen equipment with a cryo-insult probe, followed 1, 3, and 6 months later by X-ray, CT scanning, micro-CT scanning, and histological evaluation.ResultsX-ray evaluation of operative femoral heads (Op-FHs) at each time point showed low density areas under the cartilage surface that paralleled sclerosis belts, and CT scans showed sclerosis and cyst areas in Op-FHs. Micro-CT analysis showed that the ratio of bone to total volume and mean trabecular thickness of regions of interest (ROIs) were lower in Op-FHs than in normal femoral heads (No-FHs) at each time point (n = 4, p < 0.05). Histological evaluation at 1 month showed that necrotic changes were dominant as evidenced by moderate empty lacunae, decreases in the number of hematopoietic cells, and moderate increases in the number of fibroblasts. At 3 and 6 months, fractured trabeculae, fibroblasts, and new blood capillaries were increased, indicating an absorption and repair process. Bone volume fraction of ROIs of Op-FHs was lower than in No-FHs at each time point (n = 4, p < 0.05) in histological evaluation. At 6 months, the maximum load of No-FHs was higher than Op-FHs (n = 4, p < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings indicate that early-stage ONFH can be induced in small tail Han sheep using cryogenic equipment.The translational potential of this articleThis animal model may be helpful in developing new treatment modalities for human ONFH.

Enhancing Distraction Osteogenesis With Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyether Ether Ketone Bone Pins and a Three-Dimensional Printed Transfer Device to Permit Artifact-Free Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

To: (1) design an artifact-free 3D-printed MR-safe temporary transfer device, (2) engineer bone-pins from carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (CFR-PEEK), (3) evaluate the imaging artifacts of CFR-PEEK, and (4) confirm the osteointegration potential of CFR-PEEK, thus enhancing 3D-planning of bony advancements in hemifacial microsomia using sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Engineered CRF-PEEK bone pins and a 3D printed ex-fix device were implanted into a sheep head and imaged with MRI and computed tomography . The osseointegration and bony compatibility potential of CFR-PEEK was assessed with scanning electron microscopy images of MC3T3 preosteoblast cells on the surface of the material. The CFR-PEEK pins resulted in a signal void equivalent to the dimension of the pin, with no adjacent areas of MR-signal loss or computed tomography artifact. MCT3 cells adhered and proliferated on the surface of the discs by forming a monolayer of cells, confirming compatibility and osseointegration potential. A 3D printed transfer device could be utilized temporarily during MRI to permit artifact-free 3D planning. CFR-PEEK pins eliminate imaging artifact permitting sequential MRI examination. In combination, this has the potential to enhance distraction osteogenesis, by permitting accurate three-dimensional planning without ionizing radiation.

Anatomical description of the head in Ossimi Sheep: Sectional anatomy and Computed Tomographic approach

The objective of present investigation was to explore the morphology of the head in Ossimi sheep. Here, the nasal, paranasal sinuses, oral, orbital, cranial, auricular and pharyngeal cavities were examined by the computed tomography images interpreted by the anatomical sections. Also, three-dimensional CT of the head was reconstructed. The Ossimi sheep was shown to possess long, double scroll dorsal and ventral nasal conchae that occupy the nasal cavity rostrally, while its caudal part possessed five small ethmoidal triangular nasal projections, the largest one was the middle nasal concha and the others contained the ethmoidal sinus. The dorsal and middle nasal meatuses were narrow and the ventral meatus was wide and lead directly to the choanae. The nasal septum failed to reach the floor at the caudal part of the nasal cavity thus forming a single channel that continued to the nasopharynx. The vomeronasal organ extended throughout the length of the nasal cavity from the incisive duct caudal to the dental pad to the level of the 3rd upper cheek tooth. The paranasal sinuses identified were the frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine and ethmoidal sinuses. The study recorded the absence of the sphenoid sinus and small palatine sinus in sheep different from that in other ruminants. The obtained results may be useful as a basic anatomical reference for the surgeons and pathologists.

Prevalence of dental and mandibular disorders in culled sheep in Spain.

At the slaughterhouse, 1465 culled sheep heads were studied in order to identify disorders of the mandibular cheek teeth. Of these, 227 (15.5%) had evidence of osteomyelitis. The lesional profile showed that the mandible was affected in a similar proportion on both sides (46.7% on the right side vs 50.7% on the left side), mainly in the middle region (55.3%) and with most of the lesions closed without fistulisation (89.4%). In addition, swelling was palpable, with an increase in thickness in the area of the affected body (2.65 ± 0.065 cm vs 1.74 ± 0.030 cm). In 78.6% of the animals, the regional lymph nodes were enlarged. Concerning the mandibular cheek teeth, more than half of the animals lacked at least one tooth (57.0%), with the first premolar being the most frequently missing tooth (34.8%) and the third molar the least (8.2%). The impaction of food around the teeth was very common with the posterior molars being more frequently affected. In the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study that analyses the prevalence of mandibular molar and premolar disorders in sheep, and these are revealed as an important condition affecting culled sheep.

The Infestation Study of Oestrus ovis L. 1761 in Sheep of Al-Amara Region, Maysan Province, South of Iraq

362 heads of sheep obtained (in multiple visits) from the central slaughterhouse and the sheep abattoir at Al-Amara region (Maysan, South of Iraq) between November 2016 and March 2017 were examined for the detection of Oestrus ovis larvae for the first time in this region. Sheep heads were examined by dissecting them longitudinally, the sheep were of local breed. Of the 362 heads, 296 (81.8%) were infested with O. ovis larvae. O. ovis larvae were observed recorded in both sexes and all age groups in different temperature ranges (low, medium and high) during the research period. A total of 985 larvae were collected. The overall infestation intensity (IN) was 5.443% L/H with a range of 2-8 larvae per infested head of sheep (L/Hs). The infestation of larval in the infested sheep was 54.14% in low- temperature weather, while 100% in relatively high- temperature weather. March showed the highest infection intensity, while January showed the lowest infection intensity. The novelty of the current study is to conduct the research in an area that totally different from what has been studied before in Iraq in regards to the geographical location and the climate conditions.

Is Ultrasonography Efficient for the Detection of the Zygomatic Arch, Nasal Bone and Cartilage Fractures?

Background: The high incidence of nasal and zygomatic arch fractures highlights the need for an accurate imaging modality for their detection. The superimposition of structures is a major problem in conventional radiography. Ultrasonography is a low-cost imaging modality with a wide range of applications, that does not employ ionizing radiation. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasonography for the detection of the zygomatic arch and nasal bone fractures. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 16 sheep heads. Artificial fractures were created in some parts of the zygomatic arch, dorsum and lateral wall of the nose, and nasal cartilage. All sheep heads underwent Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to ensure the presence of a fracture. Next, the lateral nasal and submentovertex radiographs were obtained, and ultrasonography was performed with a 12-15 MHz linear probe. Ultrasonography and radiography were repeated after 1 week to assess their reproducibility by calculating the kappa coefficient. Data were analyzed using Stata 11 software and Chi-square test. Results: The specificity and sensitivity of ultrasonography ranged from 87% to 100%, and 50% to 75%, respectively. The specificity and sensitivity of radiography ranged from 87% to 100%, and 62% to 87%, respectively. The differences between the two imaging modalities were not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). The kappa coefficient ranged from 46% to 100% for ultrasonography and 44% to 87% for radiography. Conclusion: Ultrasonography seemed useful for the detection of displaced bone and cartilage fractures. For non-displaced fractures, US is not recommended.

Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); gamma interferon (IFN-γ) genes and oxidative stress in sheep: immunological responses induced by Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) infestation

This study aimed to evaluate the cell mediated immune responses against Oestrus ovis (O. ovis) in sheep through measurement of the changes in mRNA expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) cytokines using quantitative Real time-PCR (qRt-PCR). Also; to detect the role of Oestrus ovis infestation in the oxidative stress markers in sheep. Fifty sheep head were examined in Cairo abattoir from the period of May to August 2019. Sera were separated and collected for measurement of nitric oxide, zinc and malondialdehyde (MDA). While TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA were extracted from nasal mucosa. Levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in infested sheep than that in non-infested one. Also, oxidative stresses were indicated by high level of nitric oxide as one of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serum MDA as oxidative stress marker and low antioxidant capacity (zinc concentration in serum) in infested sheep. The obtained results indicated that measurements of TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines using qRT-PCR could be used as an association and reproducible quantitative method for the diagnosis of O. ovis infestation in sheep.

Carcass and Non-Carcass Production of Local Sheep with Age Variations and Slaughter Weight in Yogyakarta City

The study was aimed to determine the influence of age and slaughter weight on carcass and non-carcass (head, skin, and digestive tract) of local sheep. Sixty local sheeps consisted of thirty local female sheep with slaughter weight 15-19,99 kg and thirty local sheeps with slaughter weight 20-25 kg, consisted of age less than one year, 1-1,5 years, and 2- 3 years. Data collected included age, slaughter weight, carcass weight, non-carcass ( weight of head, skin, and digestive tract), carcass percentage, and non-carcass percentage. Data were analyzed in a 2 x 3 factorial design. The first factor was slaughte r weight and the second factor was the age of local sheep. The difference between means was analyzed using Duncan ’ s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result s showed that slaughter weight significantly(P&lt;0.05) influenced carcass and non-carcass per c entage. Age of local sheep significantly (P&lt;0,05) influenced carcass percentage, skin percentage, and digestive trac t percentage. Therefore it could be concluded that the slaughter weight significantly influenced carcass and non-carcass and age significantly influenced carcass and non-carcass percentage, except legs per c entage. In conclusion, age dan body weight gave to increase the per c entage of carcass dan non-carcass. There was no interaction between the age of local sheep and slaugh t er weight on the carcass and non-carcass per c entage. Keywords: Local sheep, slaughter weight, age, carcass, non-carcass

Evaluation of a metal artifact reduction algorithm and an optimization filter in the estimation of peri-implant dehiscence defects by using cone beam computed tomography: an in-vitro study.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm and the adaptive image noise optimizer (AINO) optimization filter in the detection of peri-implant dehiscences with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Nine implants (3 zirconium, 3 titanium, and 3 zirconium-titanium) were placed in 3 sheep heads. Dehiscences were created on the buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces. A total of 9 defects and 9 controls with no defects were evaluated by 3 observers. Each sheep head was scanned 5 times with 4 scan modes; (1) without MAR/without AINO; (2) with MAR/without AINO; (3) without MAR/with AINO; and (4) with MAR/with AINO. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and weighted kappa coefficients were used to calculate diagnostic efficacy and intra- and interobserver agreements for each implant type and scan mode. For all implant types, dehiscences were most accurately detected when both MAR and AINO were applied (P ≤ .045). Detection of dehiscences was more accurate with titanium implants (P ≤ .040). There were no significant differences in agreement among and between the observers. The use of both MAR and AINO enhanced the detection accuracy of artificially created dehiscences in proximity to implants. Their combined use is recommended for detecting peri-implant dehiscences.

The Influence of Mechanochemical Technology on Anthelmintic Efficacy of Supramolecular Complexes of Fenbendazole with Licorice Extract

The purpose of the research is studying the effect of mechanochemical technology on anthelmintic efficacy of supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole with licorice extract. Materials and methods. Tests of the supramolecular complexes of fenbendazole (SMCF) with licorice extract (LE) were carried out on 127 heads of young sheep spontaneously infected by Nematodirus sp. and other types of gastrointestinal strongylates. For each helminthosis, animals of different groups of 8–11 animals each were given single oral administration of SMCF with LE in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg in AD in the form of 10 and 17 % powders and 2.4 and 4.5% suspensions in comparison with the basic drug – fenbendazole (FBZ) in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. SMCF with LE was developed according to mechanochemical technology for 2 hours. The baseline was a group of sheep that did not receive the drug. The anthelmintic efficacy of the preparations was taken into account according to the results of coproovoscopic studies of sheep by flotation before and 16 days after the preparations were used. Accounting for the effectiveness of drugs was carried out according to the "control test" type. Results and discussion. SMСF with LE in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg by AD in the form of 10 and 17% powders and 2.4 and 4.5% suspensions showed respectively 89.2; 83.12; 82.09 and 83.59% effectiveness against Nematodirus spp. and 88.73; 67.3; 83.87 and 86.38% activity against other types of Strongylata when receiving 22.7 and 21.9% effect of the base drug – FBZ.