Surface Shear Research Articles

Correlation between Surface Texture, Wettability and Mechanical Strength of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated by Fused Filament Fabrication

This research investigates the generation and evaluation of various geometric surface textures on PLA components produced via fused filament fabrication (FFF). Textures, including grooves, pyramids, and cylinders, were created at different depth levels on the PLA surfaces. The surface quality of these textures was assessed using a 3D optical system, focusing on area parameters such as Sa and Sz. The wettability of each texture was evaluated through contact angle and sliding angle tests, revealing the ability to modulate contact angles and achieve either hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces depending on the texture type. Subsequently, pairs of textured PLA pieces were bonded using a cyanoacrylate adhesive following standardised protocols, and shear tests were conducted to determine the maximum shear stress at bond (τmax) of each texture. Notably, textured surfaces generally exhibited hydrophobic properties that reduce the adhesion between the adhesive and the piece, leading to reduced maximum shear stress at bond values compared to non-textured surfaces. However, groove textures notably increased τmax values. The results were analysed to establish correlations between surface quality, wettability, and shear strength. This comprehensive evaluation aims to elucidate the influence of surface texture on the mechanical performance and adhesive properties of FFF-manufactured PLA components.

Wear characteristics evolution of helical gear with initial defects of bearing inner ring

This study investigated the wear characteristics and operational condition of gears with initial defects of the bearing inner ring. The working states of gears were evaluated through a combination of vibration signal analysis, wear debris concentration analysis, qualitative analysis of the wear debris, and tooth surface analysis. Based on the Hertz contact theory, a dynamic model for the gear drive system was constructed, enabling the simulation and comparison of vibration acceleration signals under normal and fault conditions. The research results revealed that bearing defects induced irregularities in vibration frequency and amplitude, adversely affecting the performance and stability of the gear system. Furthermore, these defects trigger the creation of substantial wear debris, which exacerbates gear wear and reduces the gear lifespan by about 15%. Additionally, bearing defects induced intermittent load spikes and uneven stress distribution across tooth contacts, resulting in localized high shear stresses, material flaking, and surface spalling. Consequently, initial defects of the bearing will accelerate gear wear progression and lead to abnormal wear patterns, potentially resulting in the premature failure of the gear train system. The study investigates the underlying mechanisms of gear wear evolution influenced by these defects and offers practical guidelines for the engineering, manufacturing, and maintenance of gear systems.

Bond strength and surface roughness assessment of novel antimicrobial polymeric coated dental cement

Resin cement integrated with zein-incorporated magnesium oxide nanoparticles has previously been found to inhibit oral microbes and decrease bacterial biofilm. However, the bond strength and surface features of this biomaterial have yet to be investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength, mode of fracture, and surface roughness of resin cement modified with zein-incorporated magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Characterization of the cement was performed by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 126 human teeth were divided into 3 groups and cemented to lithium disilicate ceramic using resin cement with zein-incorporated magnesium oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2% (n = 42). 21 samples of each group were subjected to the shear bond strength test, while the other 21 underwent thermocycling for 10,000 cycles before the test, after which all samples were evaluated for the mode of fracture. To assess surface roughness, resin cement disks were analyzed by a profilometer before and after undergoing thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. The shear bond strength of the cement with 1% and 2% nanoparticles was significantly higher than the control before thermocycling. The mode of fracture was found to be mainly adhesive with all groups, with the unmodified cement presenting the highest cohesive failure. There was no significant difference in surface roughness between the groups before or after thermocycling. The addition of zein-incorporated magnesium oxide nanoparticles to resin cement improved or maintained the shear bond strength and surface roughness of the resin cement.Graphical abstract

Can β-blockers prevent intracranial aneurysm rupture? - insights from Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis.

Hypertension is a risk factor for intracranial aneurysm rupture. We analyzed whether the intake of drugs from specific classes of anti-hypertensive medications affects hemodynamic parameters of intracranial aneurysm dome. We recorded medical history including medications and the in-hospital blood pressure values. We then obtained 3D reconstruction of each patients' aneurysm dome and the feeding artery. Using OpenFOAM software we performed Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis of blood flow through the modeled structures. Blood was modeled as Newtonian fluid, using the incompressible transient solver. As the inlet boundary condition we used the patient-specific Internal Carotid Artery blood velocity waves obtained with Doppler ultrasound. We calculated haemodynamic parameters of the aneurysm dome. All presented analyses are cross-sectional.We included 72 patients with a total of 91 unruptured intracranial aneurysms. The history of β-blocker intake significantly influenced hemodynamic parameters of aneurysm dome. The patients on β-blockers had significantly smaller aneurysm domes (5.09 ± 2.11 mm vs. 7.41 ± 5.89 mm; p = 0.03) and did not have aneurysms larger than 10 mm (0% vs 17.0%; p = 0.01). In the Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, walls of aneurysms in patients who took β-blockers were characterized by lower Wall Shear Stress Gradient (1.67 ± 1.85 Pa vs. 4.3 ± 6.06 Pa; p = 0.03), Oscillatory Shear Index (0.03 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.10; p = 0.04) and Surface Vortex Fraction (16.2% ± 5.2% vs. 20.0% ± 6.8%; p<0.01). After controlling for covariates, we demonstrated difference of Surface Vortex Fraction (F[1, 48] = 4.36; p = 0.04) and Oscillatory Shear Index (F[1, 48] = 6.51; p = 0.01) between patients taking and not taking β-blockers, respectively. Intake of β-blockers might contribute to more favorable hemodynamics inside aneurysmal sac. Other antihypertensive medication classes were not associated with differences in intracranial aneurysm parameters.

Hemodynamic characteristics of blood flow in an inclined overlapped stenosed arterial section

This work presents a theoretical analysis of the non-linear behavior of blood flow along an angled arterial section with overlapping stenosis. An elastic cylindrical tube with a moving wall is used to represent the artery, and a Casson liquid is used to simulate blood flowing through it. The nonlinear equations that govern blood flow are taken into account. The influence of the pulsatile pressure gradient caused by the regular heartbeat on the flow process in the stenosed artery is demonstrated mathematically. The current analytical method can compute the wall shear stress, flow resistivity, and velocity profiles with mild stenosis assumption by applying the boundary conditions. Numerical calculations of the desired quantities are carried out systematically. They provide an overview of how the degree of stenosis and the malleability of the artery wall influence blood flow abnormalities. Concerning the height of stenosis, the surface shear stress and the resistivity to flow increase together with an increase in the proclivity angle.

Mechanical responses and fracturing behaviors of coal under complex normal and shear stresses, Part I: Experimental results

This work presents experimental tests based on coal collected from a coal mine based underground water reservoir (CMUWR). The mechanical responses of dry and water-soaked coal samples under the complex normal and shear stresses under multi-amplitude and variable frequency is investigated. The experimental results reveal the effects of stress path, water soaking and frequency on deformation, energy dissipation, secant modulus and shear failure surface roughness. The experimental results show that when normal and shear stresses are applied simultaneously, there is a significant competitive relationship between them. On the dominant side, the strain rate will be significantly increased. The sample under a loading frequency of 0.2 Hz exhibits a longer fatigue life. During the cyclic shear test, the shear strain of the water-soaked sample is higher than that of the dry samples. The average roughness coefficient of failure surface exhibits an increasing pattern with increase in shear strength, the elevated roughness of a shear surface is advantageous in constraining shear displacements of specimens, thereby lowering the energy dissipation. This study can provide theoretical and practical implications for a long-term safety evaluation of CMUWR.

Smart Cushions with Machine Learning-Enhanced Force Sensors for Pressure Injury Risk Assessment.

Prolonged sitting can easily result in pressure injury (PI) for certain people who have had strokes or spinal cord injuries. There are not many methods available for tracking contact surface pressure and shear force to evaluate the PI risk. Here, we propose a smart cushion that uses two-dimensional force sensors (2D-FSs) to measure the pressure and shear force in the buttocks. A machine learning algorithm is then used to compute the shear stresses in the gluteal muscles, which helps to determine the PI risk. The 2D-FS consists of a ferroelectret coaxial sensor (FCS) unit placed atop a ferroelectret film sensor (FFS) unit, allowing it to detect both vertical and horizontal forces simultaneously. To characterize and calibrate, two experimental approaches are applied: one involves simultaneously applying two perpendicular forces, and one involves applying a single force. To separate the two forces, the 2D-FS is decoupled using a deep neural network technique. Multiple FCSs are embedded to form a smart cushion, and a genetic algorithm-optimized backpropagation neural network is proposed and trained to predict the shear strain in the buttocks to prevent PI. By tracking the danger of PI, the smart cushion based on 2D-FSs may be further connected with home-based intelligent care platforms to increase patient equality for spinal cord injury patients and lower the expense of nursing or rehabilitation care.

Processing Optimization for Halbach Array Magnetic Field-Assisted Magnetic Abrasive Particles Polishing of Titanium Alloy.

To extend the working life of products made of titanium alloy, it is necessary to improve the polishing method to diminish the remaining defects on the workpiece surface. The Halbach array-assisted magnetic abrasive particle polishing method for titanium alloy was employed in this work. The distribution of magnetic field strength was simulated and verified at first to learn the characteristics of the Halbach array used in this work. Then, the polishing performance of the polishing tool was studied by conducting the polishing test, which aimed to display the relationship between shear force and surface roughness with polishing time, and the surface morphology during polishing was also analyzed. Following the establishment of the response surface model, a study on the optimal polishing parameters was conducted to obtain the suitable parameters for maximum shear force and minimum surface roughness. The results show that the maximum shear force 6.11 N and minimum surface roughness Sa 88 nm can be attained, respectively, under the conditions of (1) polishing tool speed of 724.254 r·min-1, working gap of 0.5 mm, and abrasive particle size of 200 μm; and (2) polishing tool speed of 897.87 r·min-1, working gap of 0.52 mm, and abrasive particle size of 160 μm.

Determining the parameters for the overlying stratum caving zones during re-peated mining of pillars

Purpose. The research aims to determine the parameters for the overlying stratum caving zones above the mined-out space during repeated mining of pillars at the Zhomart Mine of the Zhaman-Aybat field for the purpose of predicting hazardous zones of influence of mining operations. Methods. Research includes an analysis of the results of previous in-situ studies conducted using seismic surveys, as well as modeling with the Examine2D software to determine the stress-strain state of the overlying stratum mass. The elastic and strength characteristics of an anisotropic mass are used for modeling, taking into account the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion with the Geological Strength Index (GSI) based on a geomechanical description of the mass quality. Comparative analysis of modeling results with seismic survey results is conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the developed methodology. Findings. The research provides an opportunity to determine the overlying stratum caving parameters, such as the caving arch height and the condition for complete undermining of the overlying stratum at the Zhaman-Aybat field at different spans of the mined-out space (from 50 to 350 with a step of 50 m, reaching the maximum span of 370 m). Originality. . It has been determined that the caving arch height depends on the outcrop span and increases exponentially (hcav = 16.473 e0.008Le). In addition, the condition of the earth’s surface complete undermining has been identified depending on the depth of the site to be gotten. Practical implications.The research results can be used to develop a normative document for calculating the earth’s surface shear during the repeated mining of pillars at the Zhomart Mine of the Zhaman-Aybat field. The data obtained will also be useful in planning repeated mining and predicting the earth’s surface shear to avoid negative impacts of mining operations on surface structures.

Effect of Different Conditioning Methods on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Ceramic Brackets Bonded to Porcelain Ceramic Surface

The study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded to porcelain ceramic surfaces that had undergone various conditioning methods. Materials and Methods: Forty ceramic discs were fabricated (vita vmk master®, zahnfabric, Germany) with a diameter of (4*10mm). Ceramic discs were divided into four groups (n = 10) according to ceramic surface conditioning methods, 37% phosphoric acid (PH), 9%hydrofluoric acid (HF), and surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur. Transbond XT light-cure composite was used to bond ceramic brackets. Before bonding, extra samples from each group were chosen to be examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the topography of the ceramic surface. The Shear Bond Strength data were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests. Under an optical stereomicroscope, debond surfaces were examined. Results: Surface conditioning with a fine diamond bur + HF acid etching group produced the highest SBS (30.64 ± 7.28 MPa), and the lowest SBS was investigated in the PH acid etching group (14.75 ±3.32 MPa). Conclusions: Different conditioning methods affected the porcelain ceramic surface's shear bond strength (P &lt; 0.05). The highest SBS was found in the fine diamond bur_+ HF acid etching group; however, this had a deleterious effect on the ceramic surface after debonding.

Experimental study on direct shear properties and shear surface morphologies of hydrate-bearing sediments

The safe production of methane gas requires a comprehensive understanding of the geomechanical behavior for hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS). Currently, there is a lack of detailed exploration of the shear surface failure characteristics of specimens. To address this, direct shear tests were performed to observe shear surfaces at the microscopic level. This study mainly focuses on the mechanical parameters of HBS and the morphological characteristics of shear surfaces, aiming to elucidate the deformation modes and failure mechanisms. Results reveal that shear load-displacement curves illustrate three stages: elastic deformation, strain softening, and stability stage. The shear strength increases from 12.65 KPa to 153.86 KPa with hydrate saturation rising from 12% to 72%, while decreases versus shear rate. Shear surfaces exhibit concave, convex, and S-shape patterns with remarkable differences in crack number and orientation. The shear load-displacement curves and shear surface morphology are closely correlated with shear rates, especially shear strength and shear surface roughness. Furthermore, the shear surface roughness varies between 2.02 mm and 3.61 mm with hydrate saturation increasing from 12% to 72%, which are also influenced by the shear rate. Empirical formulas were established based on test data to predict the shear strength and surface roughness. The failure mechanism of the specimens mainly depended on the movement modes of the sediment particles, hydrate strength, and hydrate-sediment cementation strength. Findings of this study provide a theoretical reference for evaluating geo-mechanical stability and predicting the destabilization of natural gas hydrate reservoirs.

Crystal plasticity finite element study on the microstructure and orientations evolution of {100} columnar grains in electrical steels

Most of the electrical steel slabs are composed of {100} columnar grains. After hot rolling, there is a texture gradient across the thickness. The surface shear textures (Goss texture{110}<100>, Brass texture{110}<112>, Copper texture{112}<111>) and certain <001>//ND fiber textures after hot rolling can be inherited into the finished sheet. The volume fraction and distribution of these textures after cold rolling significantly influence the magnetic properties. Therefore, a full-field crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) was employed to simulate the evolution of microstructure and orientations of {100} columnar grains under plane strain compression and an additional displacement gradient component L13. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the simulated microstructure, it was found that under plane strain compression, {100}<110> grains were the most stable, followed by {100}<001> grains. Nearly {100}<021> orientation rotated towards {114}<481> orientation at the extremities of the simulation block. The additional displacement gradient component L13 enhanced the rotational effect. At the 45° shear direction and ends of the simulation block, the {110}<110> orientation originated from {100}<001> grains, the nearly {110}<112> orientation formed from {100}<021> grains, and the {112}<111> Copper orientation derived from {100}<110> grains. However, the simulation did not demonstrate the development of Goss shear orientation.

Geofyzikální průzkum a datování sesuvu v údolí Javorné (Zlatohorská vrchovina)

The newly identified Javorná landslide (GPS 50.2506 N, 17.3099 E) is located above the Javorná settlement (Jeseník District, the Olomouc Region, Czechia) about 0.5 km southeast of Bílý kámen Mt. (612 m a. s. l.) within the Zlaté Hory Upland. The landslide was geomorphologically mapped, dated using the radiocarbon method, and geophysical measurements using electrical resistivity tomography were carried out to interpret surface and subsurface structure of the landslide. It is a rotational rockslide developed in deluvium formed by rocks of the envelope of the Desná Unit (orthoquartzites &gt; amphibolites, gneisses), covering an area of approximately 0.11 km2 (~ 400 × 300 m). Up to three headscarps were identified, including the uppermost amphitheatre-like, which is discontinuous and not very prominent. The most significant scarp borders the landslide on the north-east all the way to its toe. Central part of the landslide is undulated, with several zones of local shallow depressions. The largest temporary water area (sap pond) documented in spring 2023 in the southern part of the landslide is ca. 10 × 5 m large. The toe of the landslide reaches in places the Javorná Stream, and it is possibly partially eroded. Frequent springs were noticed in front of the headscarp of the landslide. The resistivity profile through the landslide shows the maximal thickness of the landslide body to be 16 m in the lower part of the slope. The body of the landslide is characterized by the zone of higher resistivity values with sharp shear surface which is clearly visible from the resistivity data. Radiocarbon dating of the sedimentary fill of the intracolluvial depression determined the minimum age of the landslide to be 2760 to 3290 ± 30 years BP.

Study on shear surface morphology and failure mechanism of soil-rock mixture under wet-dry cycle action

The present study investigates the failure modes and formation mechanisms of shear surfaces in soil-rock mixtures from various perspectives. Firstly, through in-situ direct shear tests, two main shear failure modes, namely planar and non-planar, are identified. Subsequently, using PFC 2D numerical simulation, an in-depth exploration of the characteristics and causes of these two typical failure modes is conducted. The findings reveal that in the natural state, the material is relatively dry, and the matrix suction within the soil-rock mixture is significant. During shearing, the inter-particle force chains are prone to rupture, exhibiting characteristics akin to brittle failure. This leads to nearly planar shear surfaces, with force chain ruptures primarily localized near the planar regions adjacent to the shear surface. However, after multiple dry-wet cycles, the plastic enhancement of the soil-rock mixture reduces the matrix suction to almost zero. The continuous rupture and reorganization of force chains deepen the shear band under their influence, resulting in non-planar shear surfaces. It is noteworthy that the characteristic point fitting curve of non-planar shear surfaces exhibits a nonlinear trend. In summary, our study elucidates the evolution process and causes of shear surface morphology in soil-rock mixtures, which holds significant implications for understanding their mechanical properties and engineering behavior.

Atomistic insights into friction and wear characteristics of M50 bearing steel: a molecular dynamics simulation study

ABSTRACT M50 bearing steel is a typical alloy material widely used in aeroengines due to its high hardness and fatigue life at high temperatures. To reveal the frictional mechanisms and wear behaviours of contact and sliding, a molecular dynamics simulation model consisting of an indenter and substrate is constructed. The results indicate that, during the indentation process, the normal load exhibits a linear relationship with the indentation depth at shallow depths. With further penetration, the substrate generates severe deformations and subsurface damages. Throughout the scratching process, the average friction force exhibits a linear increase with the growing scratching depth, while the coefficient of friction decreases. Surface morphologies and shear strain distributions are analyzed to elucidate plastic deformation and atomic displacement. Moreover, the wear atom shows a linear proportionality to both scratching distance and depth. These findings enhance understanding of frictional properties and atomic wear behaviour of M50 bearing steel during contact and sliding, potentially informing bearing failure prediction and material optimization.

Slide Stacking: A new mechanism to repeat stratigraphic sequences during gravity-driven extension

Gravity-driven sliding of sediments down subaqueous slopes results in mass transport deposits (MTDs) recognised both in outcrop studies and from offshore margins where they may extend for 100's km. While seismic sections may reveal the large-scale geometry of such features, they fail to capture some of the structural and stratigraphic detail necessary for a fuller understanding of the processes involved. Using the late Pleistocene Lisan Formation sediments exposed around the Dead Sea Basin as our case study, we show that interplay between bed-parallel translational slides and associated normal faults may result in stratigraphic repetition through a process we term ‘slide stacking’. This mechanism, where retrogressive slope failure results in slides cutting across earlier normal faults, produces repeated sequences with older over younger stratigraphic relationships more usually attributed to compressional (thrust) deformation. Slide stacking results in a ∼25% attenuation of the upper sequence above the basal shear surface (BSS), which is itself associated with liquefaction and fluidised sediment. The displaced stratigraphy above the BSS is also marked by sedimentary rafts that are broken into blocks by normal faults and become increasingly separated from one another during downslope translation. The hangingwalls of synthetic listric faults form roll-overs that are progressively tightened towards the underlying BSS to create overturned anticlines that apparently verge upslope. The paradoxical situation therefore arises of contractional geometries, such as older over younger stratigraphic repetition across slides, and upslope-verging recumbent anticlines with locally overturned limbs being created during downslope-directed gravity-driven extension. The downslope margin of the slide stack displays earlier normal faults that created scarps where much of the sedimentary buttress, that would otherwise support the toe of the slide, was removed. Consequently, this leads to predominantly superficial and unrestrained downslope slipping, resulting in very localised contractional geometries that do not balance the overall extension, as in classical gravity-failure models. Localised deformation of the sedimentary sequence that unconformably overlies the slide stack indicates that downslope translation continued after the initial rapid slope failure, suggesting that the entire MTD remained inherently unstable. Slide stacking operates at km scales with stratigraphic repetition governed by the throw of earlier normal faults and the amount of downslope translation.

Experimental investigation on fractal mechanism and shear failure characteristics of cement mortar at different curing ages

In this paper, the NMR and direct shear tests were conducted successively on cement mortar specimens with different curing ages (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). The porosity, shear strength, shear stiffness and shear energy of cement mortar are measured and analyzed through interpreting the pore distribution patterns and their corresponding fractal dimensions. The cross-sections of shear surface were characterized into point cloud data via 3D laser scanning and quantified by three dimensionless parameters (the root mean square value of the first derivative, root mean square value and joint roughness coefficient). The grey relation analysis (GRA) method and principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to analyze the relationship between the pore structures (i.e., gel pores, transition pores, capillary pores and pores or cracks) and distribution and the fractal dimensions. The results indicate that the shear peak strength is linearly correlated with the joint roughness coefficient. Compared to the fractal characteristics of pore size (T2 spectra) and pore distribution (MRI), we demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between the peak shear strength and the fractal dimension of shear fracture surface, which suggests that the quantitative characterization of internal pores and shear strength variations in cement mortar specimens can be achieved through the numerical values of fractal dimensions.

Ice Thickness Measurement and Volume Modeling of Muztagh Ata Glacier No.16, Eastern Pamir

As a heavily glaciated region, the Eastern Pamir plays a crucial role in regional water supply. However, considerable ambiguity surrounds the distribution of glacier ice thickness and the details of ice volume. Accurate data at the local scale are largely insufficient. In this study, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was applied to assess the ice thickness at Muztagh Glacier No.16 (MG16) in Muztagh Ata, Eastern Pamir, for the first time, detailing findings from four distinct profiles, bridging the gap in regional measurements. We utilized a total of five different methods based on basic shear stress, surface velocity, and mass conservation, aimed at accurately delineating the ice volume and distribution for MG16. Verification was conducted using measured data, and an aggregated model outcome provided a unified view of ice distribution. The different models showed good agreement with the measurements, but there were differences in the unmeasured areas. The composite findings indicated the maximum ice thickness of MG16 stands at 115.87 ± 4.55 m, with an ice volume calculated at 0.27 ± 0.04 km3. This result is relatively low compared to the findings of other studies, which lies in the fact that the GPR measurements somewhat constrain the model. However, the model parameters remain the primary source of uncertainty. The results from this study can be used to enhance water resource assessments for future glacier change models.

Activation energy, Rotational and Hall current Effects of Magnetohydrodynamic 3D flow of Non-Newtonian Hybrid Nanofluid over a Stretched Plate

Nanofluids are of great importance to researchers as they have significant uses industrially due to their high heat transfer rates. Recently, a new class of nanofluid, ‘‘hybrid nanofluid” is being used to further enhance the heat transfer rate. This new model in 3D is employed to examine the impact of activation energy, Rotational and hall current on a Non-newtonian hybrid Fe3O4/Al2O3 nanofluid flow over-stretched plate. Using similarity transformations, the controlling partial differential equations are turned into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. For that system of equations, the shooting method is used to generate numerical solutions. The impact of various entry parameters on transversal and longitudinal velocities, temperature, heat flow and surface shear stress are studied numerically and graphically. A good correlation between the earlier studies is obtained in specific cases showing the convergence criteria of the present procedure. Further, the physical significance of the contributive parameters is presented through graphs and tables. The observation shows that the particle concentration for the hybrid nanofluid augments the fluid velocity. Moreover, the inclusion of dissipative heat favors enhancing the fluid temperature for the involvement of the particle concentration.

Effect of surface treatment and shear flow on biofilm formation over materials employed in space water storage and distribution systems

Effect of surface treatment and shear flow on biofilm formation over materials employed in space water storage and distribution systems