Magnitude Of Shear Stress Research Articles

The use of Calibrated Liquid Crystals for Measuring Shear Stress at Mach 4

A mechanical calibration rig has been used to calibrate shear stress-sensitive liquid crystals and to use this calibration for the measurement of the shear stress around a protuberance on the floor of a Mach 4 wind tunnel. The protuberance is of an equilateral triangular planform with a side dimension of 5.5mm, and with the apex pointing upstream. Two heights of protuberances were investigated, one being 1.5mm in height, and the other 3.0mm in height. The resulting bow shock and the trailing wake have been identified and the result shows how the magnitude of the shear stress diminishes immediately behind the bow shock. Furthermore, it is also shown how the shear stress increases on either side of the shock structure, as well as the rapid changes in the shear stress magnitude within the wake.

Shear-Stress Initiates Signal Two of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in LPS-Primed Macrophages through Piezo1.

The innate immune system is tightly regulated by a complex network of chemical signals triggered by pathogens, cellular damage, and environmental stimuli. While it is well-established that changes in the extracellular environment can significantly influence the immune response to pathogens and damage-associated molecules, there remains a limited understanding of how changes in environmental stimuli specifically impact the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key component of innate immunity. Here, we demonstrated how shear stress can act as Signal 2 in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway by treating LPS-primed immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDMs) with several physiologically relevant magnitudes of shear stress to induce inflammasome activation. We demonstrated that magnitudes of shear stress within 1.0 to 50 dyn/cm2 were able to induce ASC speck formation, while 50 dyn/cm2 was sufficient to induce significant calcium signaling, gasdermin-D cleavage, caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β secretion, all hallmarks of inflammasome activation. Utilizing NLRP3 and caspase-1 knockout iBMDMs, we demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome was primarily activated as a result of shear stress exposure. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), ELISA, and a small molecule inhibitor study aided us in demonstrating that expression of Piezo1, NLRP3, gasdermin-D, IL-1β, and CCL2 secretion were all upregulated in iBMDMs treated with shear stress. This study provides a foundation for further understanding the interconnected pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and the ability of shear stress to play a role in their progression.

Modeling the Stress Field in MSLA-Fabricated Photosensitive Resin Components: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach

This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation into the stress field in cylinders manufactured from photosensitive resin using the Masked Stereolithography (MSLA) technique. For material characterization, tensile and bending test data from resin specimens were utilized. The stress field in resin disks was experimentally analyzed using photoelasticity and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) methods, subjected to compressive loads, according to the cylinder–plane contact model. Images were captured during the experiments using polarizing film and a low-cost CPL lens, coupled to a smartphone. The experimental results were compared with numerical and analytical simulations, where the formation of fringes and regions indicating the direction and magnitude of normal and shear stresses were observed, with variations ranging from 0.6% to 8.2%. The convergence of the results demonstrates the feasibility of using parts produced with commercially available photosensitive resin on non-professional printers for studying contact theory and stress fields. In the future, this methodology is intended to be applied to studies on stress in gears.

Single pile response to uplift load: Computational model and analysis

Uplift loading is imparted on piles when subjected to overturning moment on the supporting structures, seismic stresses or hydrostatic pressures. Although several experimental and theoretical studies are available on piles subjected to uplift load, a complete analysis on pile-soil interactive performance under such loading is limited. The authors have developed a numerical model based on boundary element technique considering hyperbolic stress-strain response of soil, elastic-perfectly plastic pile and interface slippage condition. The model is validated by comparison of numerical results with available laboratory and field test data wherein acceptable agreement is obtained. The model is utilized to carry out extensive parametric studies on uplift behavior of single piles in clay and sand including load-displacement responses, profiles for interface shear stress and uplift displacement, critical depths, etc. The load-displacement responses were found as initially linear, then hyperbolic. With depth, the magnitude of interface shear stress increased, while the pile displacements decreased. The L/D ratio influenced uplift pile capacity as well as limit-state displacement. Furthermore, a set of design curves are developed to ascertain the safety and serviceability criteria of uplift piles in clay and sand. From the entire work, a series of important conclusions are drawn.

Modeling shear‐induced flow dynamics in a thermal Riga channel containing radioactive rGO‐magnetite‐mercury in an intense electromagnetic rotational setting

AbstractThe main goal of our study is to examine the shear‐induced flow dynamics of a hybrid nanofluid (HNF) composed of rGO/magnetite‐mercury within a thermal vertical Riga channel in an intense electromagnetic rotational framework, invoking the existence of Hall and ion‐slip currents. The model configuration involves a static right wall and a left wall undergoing either impulsive motion (IM) or accelerated motion (AM), initiating fluid movement, which is mathematically represented by unsteady partial differential equations. The Laplace transform (LT) method is harnessed to get a closed‐form solution for the flow‐regulating equations. Through graphical representations, we detail the dominance of critical parameters on model functions and quantities for both IM and AM scenarios. Our key findings admit that an upswing in rotation and the modified Hartmann number significantly diminishes velocity components in both IM and AM cases. The primary velocity experiences a notable diminution with an amplification in the Hall and ion‐slip parameters, while the secondary velocity's magnitude strengthens. Primary and secondary velocities are consistently higher in IM compared to AM. A heightened modified Hartmann number reduces shear stresses at the moving wall due to primary flow in both IM and AM scenarios. Additionally, the magnitude of shear stresses at the moving wall is consistently more pronounced in IM than in AM, with shear stresses notably higher in IM. As the radiation parameter grows, the rate of heat transfer RHT at both channel walls diminishes. Moreover, rate of heat transfer for the HNF consistently exceeds that for the nanofluid (NF). The novelty of the study lies in its unique combination of a radioactive HNF, the thermal Riga channel, and electromagnetic rotational effects, providing new insights into the flow dynamics under extreme conditions, with potential applications in energy systems, nuclear reactor technology, spacecraft propulsion, satellite operations, space exploration, aerospace engineering, chemical mixing, and materials processing.

Machine learning-based prediction and optimisation framework for as-extruded cell viability in extrusion-based 3D bioprinting

ABSTRACT Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has revolutionised tissue engineering, enabling complex biostructure manufacturing. However, extrusion imposes substantial shear stress on cells, compromising cell viability. Predicting and optimising cell viability remains challenging due to rheological modelling complexity and cell-type dependency. To address these challenges, this study developed a quantitative framework integrating numerical simulation and machine learning. Support vector regression and simulation were utilised to evaluate alginate ink viscosity and shear stress profiles, while multi-layer perceptron regressors were trained on experimental datasets for diverse cell types to predict as-extruded cell viability based on wall shear stress magnitude and exposure time. Results showed vascular endothelial cells were most susceptible to shear stress, with viability dropping to 80% at 2.05 kPa for 400 ms, while mesenchymal stem, cervical cancer, and embryonic fibroblast cells showed such decrease at 2.65, 2.85, and 3.72 kPa, respectively. This versatile framework enables rapid bioink optimisation across various cell types.

Numerical study of Casson dusty hybrid nanofluid flow with volume fraction over a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium

AbstractThis study develops a mathematical model for dusty Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching sheet, considering the influence of volume fractions for the dust particles and nanoparticles, magnetic field and Darcy–Forchheimer penetrating medium. The nanoparticles used are TC4 (Ti‐6Al‐4V) and Nichrome (80% Ni and 20% Cr), suspended in unused engine oil (EO). The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary ones using suitable transforms. Solutions are obtained numerically via the Matlab built‐in program Bvp4c technique and represent graphically the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles for both the fluid and dust phases. Additionally, tabular forms present wall shear stress and heat transfer rate variations under different parameter values. It is found that the enhancing volume fraction parameter helps to boost the magnitude of shear stress, heat, and mass diffusivity.

Shear Stress Induces a Time-Dependent Inflammatory Response in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.

Macrophages are innate immune cells that are known for their extreme plasticity, enabling diverse phenotypes that lie on a continuum. In a simplified model, they switch between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes depending on surrounding microenvironmental cues, which have been implicated in disease outcomes. Although considerable research has been focused on macrophage response to biochemical cues and mechanical signals, there is a scarcity of knowledge surrounding their behavior in response to shear stress. In this study, we applied varying magnitudes of shear stress on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) using a cone-and-plate viscometer and evaluated changes in morphology, gene expression, protein expression, and cytokine secretion over time. MDMs exposed to shear stress exhibited a rounder morphology compared to statically-cultured controls. RT-qPCR results showed significant upregulation of TNF-α, and analysis of cytokine release revealed increased secretion of IL-8, IL-18, fractalkine, and other chemokines. The upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors was evident with both increasing magnitudes of shear and time. Taken together, these results indicate that prolonged shear exposure induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype in human MDMs. These findings have implications for medical technology development, such as in situ vascular graft design wherein macrophages are exposed to shear and have been shown to affect graft resorption, and in delineating disease pathophysiology, for example to further illuminate the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis where shear is directly related to disease outcome.

Evaluating the efficacy of the punch-out technique in systemic-to-pulmonary shunts: A computational fluid dynamics approach.

Systemic-to-pulmonary shunt is a palliative procedure used to decrease pulmonary blood flow in congenital heart diseases. Shunt stenosis or occlusion has been reported to be associated with mortality; therefore, the management of thrombotic complications remains a challenge for most congenital cardiovascular surgeons. Despite its importance, the optimal method for shunt anastomosis remains unclear. The study investigates the clinical benefits of the punch-out technique over conventional methods in the anastomosis process of Systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, focusing on its potential to reduce shunt-related complications. Anastomotic models were created by two different surgeons employing both traditional slit and innovative punch-out techniques. Computational tomography was performed to construct three-dimensional models for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. We assessed the flow pattern, helicity, magnitude of wall shear stress, and its gradient. The anastomotic flow area was larger in the model using the punch-out technique than in the slit model. In CFD simulation, we found that using the punch-out technique decreases the likelihood of establishing a high wall shear stress distribution around the anastomosis line in the model. The punch-out technique emerges as a promising method in SPS anastomosis, offering a reproducible and less skill-dependent alternative that potentially diminishes the risk of shunt occlusion, thereby enhancing patient outcomes.

A diffusion‐driven model for deposit removal during water rinse

SummaryThe objective of this study is to develop a model that is based on water diffusion for predicting the cleaning procedure during water rinse of Clean‐in‐Place operation. The kinetics of dairy foulant generated by using dairy product was analysed. The foulants removal with three different moisture contents (6.7%, 13.4%, and 39.3%) and four different wall shear stresses (WSS, 0.013, 0.39, 0.84, and 2.42 Pa) were evaluated. It was found that the lag time decreased with increase of WSS. In addition, the maximal removal and cleaning rate was found to increase along with the elevation of the wall shear stress. Moisture contents of the deposit determines the minimum magnitude of the wall shear stress to initiate the removal process. By combining the water diffusion and removal kinetics obtained from the experiment, a model to describe the removal of the deposits has been developed. Diffusion assuming 1‐D infinite plate was used to simulate the change in moisture content. The model confirms that the foulants with a higher initial moisture content is more rapidly removed. Furthermore, the foulant removal is affected by the permeation of water into foulants as well as the wall shear stress.

Hygrothermal effect of bio-inspired helicoid laminate plate for strengthening damaged RC beam

This study investigates the influence of moisture and Thermo-hygroscopic influence on bio-inspired helicoidally laminated composite plates (BHLC) for strengthening damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Borrowing inspiration from nature’s design principles, BHLC plates represent a novel approach to rehabilitation. An analytical approach based on deformation compatibility is employed, assuming constant shear and normal stresses across the adhesive layer within the framework of linear elasticity. BHLC plates are implemented to restrict crack propagation within the RC beam. The analytical methodology considers equilibrium and deformation compatibility across all components: the concrete beam, BHLC plate, and adhesive layer. A parametric study explores the sensitivity of interfacial stresses to parameters such as laminate and adhesive stiffness, plate thickness, and helicoidal layup configuration. The results reveal a significant influence of these factors on the magnitude of maximum interfacial shear and normal stresses. This study establishes a foundation for future analyses of damaged RC beams strengthened with BHLC plates, potentially leading to advancements in rehabilitation methodologies and improved crack propagation modeling in RC beams.

Patient-specific arterial wall generation for intracranial aneurysms with a variable and a near realistic vessel wall thickness for FSI studies

Background and ObjectiveImaging methodologies such as, computed tomography (CT) aid in three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of patient-specific aneurysms. The radiological data is useful in understanding their location, shape, size, and disease progression. However, there are serious impediments in discerning the blood vessel wall thickness due to limitations in the current imaging modalities. This further restricts the ability to perform high-fidelity fluid structure interaction (FSI) studies for an accurate assessment of rupture risk. FSI studies would require the arterial wall mesh to be generated to determine realistic maximum allowable wall stresses by performing coupled calculations for the hemodynamic forces with the arterial walls. MethodsIn the present study, a novel methodology is developed to geometrically model variable vessel wall thickness for the lumen isosurface extracted from CT scan slices of patient-specific aneurysms based on clinical and histopathological inputs. FSI simulations are carried out with the reconstructed models to assess the importance of near realistic wall thickness model on rupture risk predictions. ResultsDuring surgery, clinicians often observe translucent vessel walls, indicating the presence of thin regions. The need to generate variable vessel wall thickness model, that embodies the wall thickness gradation, is closer to such clinical observations. Hence, corresponding FSI simulations performed can improve clinical outcomes. Considerable differences in the magnitude of instantaneous wall shear stresses and von Mises stresses in the walls of the aneurysm was observed between a uniform wall thickness and a variable wall thickness model. ConclusionIn the present study, a variable vessel wall thickness generation algorithm is implemented. It was shown that, a realistic wall thickness modeling is necessary for an accurate prediction of the shear stresses on the wall as well as von Mises stresses in the wall. FSI simulations are performed to demonstrate the utility of variable wall thickness modeling.

Shear‐driven flow of an ionic fluid in a narrow vertical channel under a Hall electric field

AbstractThis paper focuses on demonstrating the shear‐driven convective flow of an ionic optically thin fluid in a narrow channel formed by two vertical parallel plates subject to a Hall electric field. The Hall electric field induces Hall currents, amending the flow dynamics of the ionic fluid. The setup involves a stationary left wall and a right wall that either undergoes impulsive motion (IM) or accelerated motion (AM), which initiates the fluid flow. A unified closed‐form solution for flow‐regulating equations is derived by harnessing the Laplace transform (LT) approach. The upshots of cardinal parameters on the velocity components and temperature distributions, shear stresses, and rate of heat transfer (RHT) are elucidated via graphics for both IM and AM scenarios. The graphs reveal that an intensification in the Hall parameter notably boosts the velocity components in both IM and AM cases. The primary and secondary velocities are consistently higher for IM than AM. The magnitude of shear stresses at the moving wall is always greater for IM than AM. Additionally, the shear stresses at the moving wall are notably greater for IM than AM, and the RHT at the moving wall reduces as the radiation parameter amplifies. The significant findings of this research have potential applications in electromagnetic propulsion systems, like plasma or ion thrusters, commonly employed in propelling spacecraft.

Numerical investigation on flow-induced wall shear stress variation of metastatic cancer cells in lymphatics with elastic valves

Hematogenous metastasis occurs when cancer cells detach from the extracellular matrix in the primary tumor into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Elucidating the response of metastatic tumor cells in suspension to the flow conditions in lymphatics with valves from a mechanical/fluidic perspective is necessary. A physiologically relevant computational model of a lymphatic vessel with valves was constructed using fully coupled fluid–cell–vessel interactions to investigate the effects of lymphatic vessel contractility, valve properties, and cell size and stiffness on the variations in magnitude and gradient of the flow-induced wall shear stress (WSS) experienced by suspended tumor cells. Results indicated that the maximum WSSmax increased with the increments in cell diameter, vessel contraction amplitude, and valve stiffness. The decrease in vessel contraction period and valve aspect ratio also increased the maximum WSSmax. The influence of the properties of the valve on the WSS was more significant among the factors mentioned above. The maximum WSSmax acting on the cancer cell when the cell reversed the direction of its motion in the valve region increased by 0.5–1.4 times that before the cell entered the valve region. The maximum change in WSS was in the range of 0.004–0.028 Pa/µm depending on the factors studied. They slightly exceeded the values associated with breast cancer cell apoptosis. The results of this study provide biofluid mechanics-based support for mechanobiological research on the metastasis of metastatic cancer cells in suspension within the lymphatics.

Numerical modeling on wave–current flows and bed shear stresses over an algal reef

Currents in coastal zones under multiple mechanisms in terms of tides, waves, wind, and high roughness are difficult to model; bed shear stresses under wave–current flows are particularly challenging yet not being well studied. Few studies reported the modeling and validation of the bed shear stress in reef environments. In this paper, we present the first direct assessment of numerical modeling on depth-averaged currents and bed shear stresses over an algal reef using a coupled wave–current model (Delft-3D). The modeled results were validated and compared to the field observed data. The model considers hydrodynamic forcing in terms of tides, waves, wind stresses, and bed friction. Results show that the model generally reproduces the depth-averaged currents and bed shear stresses when considering all the mechanisms. Two numerical cases with and without wind forcing were tested to examine the effects of the winds. We found that the tide is mostly the primary factor driving the current, even in shallow waters within a depth of 3 m; however, the currents are also significantly affected by wind speeds and wind directions during high-wind events. When the wind direction is in the same direction as the tidal current, the current speed increases, suggesting the importance of the wind stress on the coastal currents. In addition, two models were chosen to study the nonlinear enhancement of bed shear stress by waves. We found a significant difference between the two models in predicting the bed shear stresses compared to the observed data. Nonlinear contribution from wave enhances the magnitude of bed shear stresses, which reduces the model error. The results highlight the nonlinear interaction between waves and currents is meaningful in predicting the bed shear stresses during high-wave-orbital motions; improvement of the present wave-current nonlinear interaction model for predicting the bed shear stresses may be needed.

Loss of Hormone Receptor Expression after Exposure to Fluid Shear Stress in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

Following metastatic spread, many hormone receptor positive (HR+) patients develop a more aggressive phenotype with an observed loss of the HRs estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). During metastasis, breast cancer cells are exposed to high magnitudes of fluid shear stress (FSS). Unfortunately, the role for FSS on the regulation of HR expression and function during metastasis is not fully understood. This study was designed to elucidate the impact of FSS on HR+ breast cancer. Utilizing a microfluidic platform capable of exposing breast cancer cells to FSS that mimics in situ conditions, we demonstrate the impact of FSS exposure on representative HR+ breast cancer cell lines through protein and gene expression analysis. Proteomics results demonstrated that 540 total proteins and 1473 phospho-proteins significantly changed due to FSS exposure and pathways of interest included early and late estrogen response. The impact of FSS on response to 17β-estradiol (E2) was next evaluated and gene expression analysis revealed repression of ER and E2-mediated genes (PR and SDF1) following exposure to FSS. Western blot demonstrated enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR following exposure to FSS. Taken together, these studies provide initial insight into the effects of FSS on HR signaling in metastatic breast cancer.

Stress Distribution along the Structural Sealant Joint Length of a Cylindrically Curved Glazing Panel

It has been identified that current standardised method for structural sealant joint dimensioning is applicable to flat rectangular panels only and no provisions are made for panels with curved surfaces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stress distribution along the sealant joint of a cylindrically curved glass panel subjected to wind pressure and to establish if the panel curvature influences the stress distribution along the joint length. Using numerical method, several curved units were analysed and the results have shown that the out of plane wind action generate compression and shear forces within the joint, both occurring at the same time. This means that in the case of a structurally bonded curved panel, additionally to the shear caused by differential thermal expansion of elements or glass self-wight which is covered by ETAG 002 and EN 13022 the designer must also consider the shear stress induced due to the panel curvature. The magnitude and location of this additional shear stress and also of the tension/compression stress can be identified using Finite Element Analysis.

Assessment of the stress-strain state of slopes in landslide-prone areas where critical infrastructure facilities are located

Purpose. Ensure the integrity of landslide-prone areas through a developed method for assessing the stress-strain state of slopes based on seismic wave registration. The methods. To solve these tasks, the following steps were conducted: calculation of shear stresses and relative deformations of the landslide-prone soil area; registration of seismic vibrations using a MiniMateplus seismograph, determining the amplitudes of mass vibration velocities and frequency characteristics by components (tangential, vertical, radial), and identification of critical points based on shear stress magnitudes and relative deformations that are close to or exceed critical values. Findings. Through the registration of frequency characteristics at specified distances along the entire profile, it is possible not only to assess the hazard level of soil slopes at each point but also to create conditions ensuring necessary stability against additional special loads. The originality. The study introduces a method for monitoring landslide-prone areas based on seismic data analysis. For the first time, the dependency of stress-strain states of slopes in landslide-prone areas on the impact of amplitude frequencies of multiple stepwise free-fall drops of a load (artificial shock) is established through the registration of artificially induced seismic waves. The method considers only those shear stresses and relative deformations whose magnitudes are close to or exceed critical values within the same frequency range. It has been determined that resonance phenomena occur at specific frequencies, which can initiate landslide processes. The slope stability assessment method has further evolved to account not only for the current state of soil slope hazards but also to ensure stability against additional dynamic loads. Practical implementation. Experimental studies have established that to ensure the seismic resistance of critical infrastructure objects, it is necessary to consider not only the mass vibration velocity of soil particles but also the frequency characteristics of the object itself.

Lysyl Oxidase Production by Murine C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Increased by TGFβs and Differentially Modulated by Mechanical Stimuli.

Tendons are frequently injured and have limited regenerative capacity. This motivates tissue engineering efforts aimed at restoring tendon function through strategies to direct functional tendon formation. Generation of a crosslinked collagen matrix is paramount to forming mechanically functional tendon. However, it is unknown how lysyl oxidase (LOX), the primary mediator of enzymatic collagen crosslinking, is regulated by stem cells. This study investigates how multiple factors previously identified to promote tendon formation and healing (transforming growth factor [TGF]β1 and TGFβ2, mechanical stimuli, and hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]-1α) regulate LOX production in the murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line. We hypothesized that TGFβ signaling promotes LOX activity in C3H10T1/2 MSCs, which is regulated by both mechanical stimuli and HIF-1α activation. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 increased LOX levels as a function of concentration and time. Inhibiting the TGFβ type I receptor (TGFβRI) decreased TGFβ2-induced LOX production by C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Low (5 mPa) and high (150 mPa) magnitudes of fluid shear stress were applied to test impacts of mechanical stimuli, but without TGFβ2, loading alone did not alter LOX levels. Low loading (5 mPa) with TGFβ2 increased LOX at 7 days greater than TGFβ2 treatment alone. Neither HIF-1α knockdown (siRNA) nor activation (CoCl2) affected LOX levels. Ultimately, results suggest that TGFβ2 and appropriate loading magnitudes contribute to LOX production by C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Potential application of these findings includes treatment with TGFβ2 and appropriate mechanical stimuli to modulate LOX production by stem cells to ultimately control collagen matrix stiffening and support functional tendon formation.

A fluid–structure interaction study to analyze the severity of carotid artery stenosis at different locations and its effect on various hemodynamic biomarkers

The study on arterial stenosis has gained rapid interest among researchers in the last decade because of its chronic consequences. Several researchers have tried to investigate stenosis and plaque progression in the carotid artery with different simulation models. In this study, a realistic 3-D geometry of the carotid artery has been used to analyze the effect of varying degrees of stenosis present at different locations of the carotid artery on various hemodynamic parameters. An extensive range of stenosis degrees, starting from a healthy artery(0 %stenosis) to 10%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 90% stenosis, have been studied. These degrees of stenosis were planted at different locations of the artery grown simultaneously. The whole study was done under the realm of Fluid–Structure Interaction multiphysics. The change in velocity profiles at the areas of stenosis has been found along with the wall shear stress and arterial displacement. The magnitude of velocity and wall shear stress in the case of multiple stenosis locations has been found to be dependent on each other. The presence or absence of one stenosis affects the other, and given the regular and irregular patterns of the velocity profile, wall shear stress, and displacement, their inclusion in blood flow simulation studies having multiple stenoses should be considered.