Shear Horizontal Polarization Research Articles

Исследование щелевой моды в структуре, включающей линию задержки и резонирующую пьезоэлектрическую пластину

The results of the experimental and theoretical study of a structure including a delay line based on a lithium niobate plate of Y-X cut with two interdigitated transducers for exciting and receiving an acoustic wave with the shear-horizontal polarization in the frequency range 1.5-2.2 MHz are presented. The plate thickness was 0.35 mm. A resonating lithium niobate plate was located above the delay line between the transducers with a certain gap. Resonating plates of Z-X, Y-X–140° and Y-X+155° crystallographic cuts were studied. When RF voltage was applied to the input transducer, pronounced resonant absorption peaks were observed on the frequency dependence of the insertion loss. It has been established that with increasing width of the gap between the plates, the depth of the resonance peaks monotonically decreases and the peaks smoothly disappears. Moreover, for most peaks, the quality factor decreases with increasing gap width. The theoretical analysis of such structures showed good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results. The developed structure shows promise for its use for multiparameter analysis of various liquids

Multi-Parameter Characterization of Liquid-to-Ice Phase Transition Using Bulk Acoustic Waves.

The detection of the liquid-to-ice transition is an important challenge for many applications. In this paper, a method for multi-parameter characterization of the liquid-to-ice phase transition is proposed and tested. The method is based on the fundamental properties of bulk acoustic waves (BAWs). BAWs with shear vertical (SV) or shear horizontal (SH) polarization cannot propagate in liquids, only in solids such as ice. BAWs with longitudinal (L) polarization, however, can propagate in both liquids and solids, but with different velocities and attenuations. Velocities and attenuations for L-BAWs and SV-BAWs are measured in ice using parameters such as time delay and wave amplitude at a frequency range of 1-37 MHz. Based on these measurements, relevant parameters for Rayleigh surface acoustic waves and Poisson's modulus for ice are determined. The homogeneity of the ice sample is also detected along its length. A dual sensor has been developed and tested to analyze two-phase transitions in two liquids simultaneously. Distilled water and a 0.9% solution of NaCl in water were used as examples.

Extreme seismic anisotropy indicates shallow accumulation of magmatic sills beneath Yellowstone caldera

Understanding the distribution and mobility of crystal mushes within modern magmatic systems is crucial to volcanic hazard assessments as distinct pockets of mobile magma may become interconnected and lead to melt accumulation on shorter time scales than magma that is broadly distributed in a homogeneous mush. Here, we reveal that Yellowstone's upper-crustal magma reservoir in the top 20 km is heterogeneous in both melt concentration and texture. We exploit ambient noise in an unprecedented dense temporary seismic network to jointly constrain vertically- and horizontally-polarized shear wave speeds to create enhanced 3D isotropic and anisotropic shear velocity models. Our models show an exceptionally low-velocity (>20% reduction) layer 4–7 km beneath the surface, situated near the top of the reservoir previously-imaged by earthquake P-wave tomography. The presence of strong radial anisotropy (20%) within this layer indicates the uppermost portion of the modern Yellowstone reservoir is organized as a sill complex, with up to 28% of melt fraction in horizontally-elongated volumes at depths where rhyolite was commonly stored before past eruptions. The findings demonstrate that high-resolution anisotropic imaging through a dense seismic network can constrain both magma distribution and reservoir texture, which are important to understand the evolution and hazard assessment of volcanic systems like Yellowstone.

Characteristic and processing method of SH-wave data generated by vibroseis source

Enhancing the energy of horizontally-polarized shear (SH) waves while suppressing compressional (P) waves is a crucial prerequisite for processing and interpreting SH-wave data obtained from urban engineering surveys. In the case of processing SH-wave data generated by a hammer-impact source, a widely used and effective technique is to calculate half the difference between the two datasets collected from opposite force directions at the same shot point. However, this method shows the opposite effect when processing SH-wave data generated by a shear wave vibroseis source. To address this issue, we begin with investigating the characteristic of related reflections in SH-wave data generated by the vibroseis source, and then propose an effective processing method that computes half the sum of the two vibroseis-generated datasets collected in the same manner. Synthetic test shows that the proposed method can effectively enhance the energy of SH-waves while suppressing that of P-waves. The field data application suggests that the proposed method can successfully and effectively detect the location of underground limestone caves compared to the traditional method. The proposed method provides a simple but effective alternative for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SH-wave data generated by vibroseis source.

Consistent Boundary Condition for Horizontally-Polarized Shear (SH) Waves Propagated in Layered Waveguides

무한 매질에서의 파전파 현상은 공학과 자연과학의 여러 분야에서 다양한 물리적 현상을 서술하는데 활용되고 있고, 이 문제에 대한 해를 얻기 위하여 해석적 방법 또는 수치적 방법이 개발되어 사용되고 있다. 이 문제에 대한 정확한 해를 얻기 위해서는 무한 영역으로의 에너지 방사를 정확히 고려해야 하고, 이를 위해 다양한 수치적 또는 역학적 모형 또는 경계조건이 개발되었다. 이 연구에서는 층상 waveguide에서의 scalar wave 또는 SH파 전파 문제에 적용할 수 있는 새로운 경계조건을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 위해 waveguide의 수직방향으로 유한요소 이산화를 적용하여 얻은 SH파의 지배방정식을 변형하여 waveguide의 무한 영역의 영향을 나타내는 경계조건을 유도한다. 층상 waveguide에서의 SH파에 대한 고유모드의 직교성을 이용하여, 새로운 경계조건은 기존의 root-finding absorbing boundary condition와 동등함을 보이고, 이로부터 새로운 경계조건의 차수가 증가할수록 정확성이 증가하고, 또한 이산화된 수준에서도 안정함을 유도할 수 있다. 제안된 경계조건을 층상 waveguide에서의 파전파 문제에 적용하여 그 정확성과 안정성을 검증한다.

Characterizing horizontally-polarized shear and infragravity vibrational modes in the Arctic sea ice cover using correlation methods.

The deployment of three drifting seismic stations on the Arctic sea ice during the winter of 2014-2015 with station inter-spacing between 30 and 80 km enables the characterization of the coherent seismic wavefield at these scales through the use of array methods. Two distinct vibrational modes are observed, corresponding to the fast and non-dispersive horizontally-polarized shear (SH) mode and the slow and dispersive flexural, infragravity mode (ice swell). The excitation of these two modes is not synchronous. The activation of the infragravity mode is linked to the arrival of energetic, dispersive wavetrains that can be readily seen on individual spectrograms, and that, as previous studies have shown, are likely to have their origins in distant storms. In contrast, the SH mode is excited at other time intervals and cannot be isolated on the recording of single stations due to the broadband and emergent nature of these wavetrains; given the horizontal polarization of these waves, the authors hypothesize that SH waves are caused by episodes of rapid SH deformation along major leads located outside the station network. The existence of horizontally-polarized waves propagating over long distances opens the possibility of monitoring ice deformation at the scale of the Arctic basin with unprecedented time resolution.

Effect of undulation on SH-wave propagation in corrugated magneto-elastic transversely isotropic layer

ABSTRACTThis article delves to study the effect of corrugated boundary surfaces on the propagation of horizontally-polarized shear waves (SH-waves) in a magnetoelastic transversely isotropic layer under a hydrostatic state of stress lying over an elastic half-space under gravity. A dispersion equation has been derived in closed-form and is found to be in good agreement to the classical Love-wave equation. The effect of magnetoelasticity, hydrostatic state of stress, gravity, corrugation, position parameter, and undulation on the phase velocity of the SH-wave has been identified. Numerical computation along with graphical demonstration has been carried out for cadmium, magnesium, and zinc materials of hexagonal symmetry to highlight some significant facts.

Rayleigh and Wood anomalies in the diffraction of acoustic waves from the periodically corrugated surface of an elastic medium

By the use of the Rayleigh method we have calculated the angular dependence of the reflectivity and the efficiencies of several other diffracted orders when the periodically corrugated surface of an isotropic elastic medium is illuminated by a volume acoustic wave of shear horizontal polarization. These dependencies display the signatures of Rayleigh and Wood anomalies, usually associated with the diffraction of light from a metallic grating. The Rayleigh anomalies occur at angles of incidence at which a diffracted order appears or disappears; the Wood anomalies here are caused by the excitation of the shear horizontal surface acoustic waves supported by the periodically corrugated surface of an isotropic elastic medium. The dispersion curves of these waves in both the nonradiative and radiative regions of the frequency-wavenumber plane are calculated, and used in predicting the angles of incidence at which the Wood anomalies are expected to occur.

A borehole seismic source and its application to measure in-situ seismic wave velocities of geo-materials

A borehole seismic source was developed to measure horizontally-polarized shear (SH-) waves in the near surface and to improve drawbacks of conventional seismic sources. An electro-mechanical-type source, called “TahcBalm”, has exceptional repeatability in generating signature SH-waves, while being sufficiently small and light to be fitted in 76mm diameter cased or uncased boreholes. The source has been extensively used for borehole seismic testing at various locations with diverse soil and rock conditions. The cross-hole and in-hole testing signals are strong enough and allow the clear identification of the first arrival of SH-waves in all tested geologic environments. TahcBalm generates SH-waves with proper wavelength of about 1m and 0.5m for cross-hole and in-hole testing configurations respectively, at soil and rock sites. The source performs well in terms of data quality and ease of use.

Three-dimensional localization of transient acoustic sources using an ice-mounted geophone

This paper presents an approach to three-dimensional (3D) localization of ocean acoustic sources using a single three-component geophone on Arctic sea ice. Source bearing is estimated by maximizing the radial signal power as a function of horizontal look angle, applying seismic polarization filters to suppress shear waves with transverse particle motion. The inherent 180° ambiguity is resolved by requiring outgoing (prograde) particle motion in the radial-vertical plane. Source range and depth estimates and uncertainties are computed by Bayesian inversion of arrival-time differences of the water-borne acoustic wave and ice seismic waves, including the horizontally-polarized shear wave and longitudinal plate wave. The 3D localization is applied to geophone recordings of impulsive sources deployed in the water column at a series of ranges (200 to 1000 m) and bearings (0° to 90°) for three sites in the Lincoln Sea characterized by smooth annual ice, rough/ridged annual ice, and thick multi-year ice. Good bearing estimates are obtained in all cases. Range-depth localization is successful for ranges over which ice seismic arrivals could be reliably detected, approximately 200 m on rough ice, 500 m on smooth ice, and 800 m on multi-year ice. Effects of environmental uncertainty on localization are quantified by marginalizing over unknown environmental parameters.

Correspondence - Acoustic waves in a structure containing two piezoelectric plates separated by an air (vacuum) gap

This paper presents experimental results for the characteristics of acoustic waves propagating in a structure containing two parallel piezoelectric plates (I and II) separated by an air gap. Plate I, made of Y-X lithium niobate, contained two interdigital transducers that excited and received an acoustic wave with shear-horizontal polarization. Piezoelectric plate II, made of lithium niobate, was placed above and between the transducers, separated by a fixed gap. For its certain orientation, the amplitude-frequency characteristic showed sharply defined resonant attenuation peaks, which were situated at an equidistant separation from each other. The depth of the peaks was observed to decrease with a wider gap between the plates. It has been stated that these peaks are associated with the resonant reflections of a slot acoustic wave across the width of plate II. Experimentally determined phase velocities and electromechanical coupling coefficient for the slot wave in the structure under study are in a good agreement with theoretical values for various crystallographic orientations of plate II. A comparison between the experimental and theoretical results has allowed us to state two conditions for the slot wave to exist. The structures described may be employed for noncontact excitation of acoustic waves in the plates and for the development of various liquid, gas, and temperature sensors.

Applicability of acoustic plate modes with quasi-longitudinal polarization to liquid parameterization

A class of acoustic waves suitable for liquid parameterization is demonstrated not to be restricted to acoustic modes with shear-horizontal polarization. Its substantial extension can be achieved by adding widespread plate modes with quasi-longitudinal (QL) polarization. Their investigation is performed by an example of 128°-rotated Y-cut LiNbO3 plates. The sensitivity of plate modes to the conductivity of liquid adjacent to one of the plate surfaces has been found to depend on a mode number, a plate thickness, and electric conditions on the opposite surface. It is demonstrated that their sensitivity to temperature is affected by the liquid viscosity. One of the QL modes existing in the 128°Y, X + 90° -LiNbO3 plate has been determined numerically. Its applicability for monitoring the electric characteristics of low-viscous liquid media has been examined experimentally.

Dispersion and attenuation of surface acoustic waves of shear horizontal polarization on a free surface of a hexagonal crystal with a structurally damaged isotropic surface layer

The phase velocity dispersion and the inverse attenuation length of surface acoustic waves of shear horizontal polarization propagating along a free flat (smooth) surface of a hexagonal crystal (Z cut) in the presence of a thin (compared to the wavelength) structurally damaged surface layer are found in the analytical form. It is shown that, in the long-wavelength limit (the wavelength is large compared to the characteristic size of layer inhomogeneities), which is of the greatest interest to experimenters, the change in the phase velocity dispersion and the change in the inverse attenuation length are proportional to the third and sixth powers of the wave frequency, respectively. The inverse attenuation length is numerically calculated.

New Love wave liquid sensor operating at 2 GHz using an integrated micro-flow channel

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based on waveguide modes with shear-horizontal polarization (Love modes) are very promising for sensor applications, especially in liquid media. We present here the realization of a 2 GHz operating frequency sensor based on the SiO2/36YX LiTaO3 structure with an integrated PDMS micro-flow channel and using electron beam lithography to realize the submicronic interdigital transducers. Using our developed sensor operating at 2 GHz, we carried out alternate cycles of nitrogen and water circulating in the PDMS micro-flow channel. We measured an absolute sensitivity of −19 001 Hz mm2 ng−1 due to the interaction of the sensor with water. This sensitivity is higher than that of other devices operating at lower frequencies. The detection mechanism, including gravimetric and permittivity effects at high frequency, will be discussed.

Effect ofc(2×2)-CO overlayer on the phonons of Cu(001): A first-principles study

We have examined the effect of a $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$-CO overlayer on the surface phonons of the Cu(001) substrate by applying density-functional perturbation theory with both the local density approximation and generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) embodied in the Hedin-Lundqvist and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functionals, respectively. Our GGA results trace the Rayleigh wave softening detected by helium atom scattering (HAS) experiments to changes in the force constants between Cu surface atoms brought about by CO chemisorption and not merely to the effect of CO mass load on half of the surface atoms. The calculated surface phonon-dispersion curves reveal changes in the polarization of some modes, the most consequential of which is for those originally along the $\overline{Y}$ direction of the clean surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) that are backfolded along the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ direction of the chemisorbed SBZ. The ${S}_{1}$ mode along the $\overline{Y}$ direction of the $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ SBZ---where it has mixed vertical and shear-horizontal polarization---, for example, is backfolded as a longitudinal-vertical mode, thereby indicating that ${S}_{1}$---predicted a long time back along $\overline{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ for the clean surface---may be indirectly assessed in the vicinity of $\overline{X}$ upon CO adsorption by standard planar scattering techniques. These findings further suggest that some of the energy losses detected by HAS along $\overline{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$---originally interpreted as multiphonon excitations of the adlayer frustrated translation mode---may actually correspond to backfolded substrate surface modes.

Acoustic Effects on Cyclic-Tension Fatigue of Al-4Cu-1Mg Alloy by Ultrasonic Shear Wave Methods

Cyclic-tension fatigue of aluminum alloy Al-4Cu-1Mg has been determined by usage of vertically-polarized shear wave (SV) reflection and horizontally-polarized shear wave (SH) transmission methods. Internal friction measured by SV method begins to increase rapidly from normalized fatigue ratio of about 0.5, showing dominating interaction of movable dislocations with the waves, as viscoelastic effect. Propagation time and logarithmic damping ratio in the SH method decrease with an increase of the fatigue degree, due to a shift of residual stress as the acoustoelastic effect. The logarithmic damping ratio shows better correlation with the residual-stress shift than the propagation time because acoustic velocity is considered to be significantly affected by pile-up dislocation.

Excitation of the shear horizontal mode in a monolayer by inelastic helium atom scattering

Inelastic scattering of a low-energy atomic helium beam (HAS) by a physisorbed monolayer is treated in the one-phonon approximation using a time-dependent wave packet formulation. The calculations show that modes with shear horizontal polarization can be excited near high symmetry azimuths of the monolayer, in agreement with recent experiments. The parameters of the calculations are chosen to match the conditions of HAS experiments for triangular incommensurate monolayer solids of xenon, krypton, and argon adsorbed on the (111) face of platinum, and the results show many of the systematic experimental trends for relative excitation probability of the shear horizontal and longitudinal acoustic phonon branches. The inelastic scattering at beam energies near 8 meV is exceedingly sensitive to small misalignment between the scattering plane and the high symmetry directions of the monolayer solid. The diffraction and inelastic processes arise from a strong coupling of the incident atom to the target and the calculated results show large departures from expectations based on analogies to inelastic thermal neutron scattering.

Dispersion and attenuation of surface shear acoustic waves with horizontal polarization on the free statistically rough surface of the hexagonal crystal

Expressions for dispersion of the phase velocity and inverse damping depth of surface acoustic waves with shear horizontal polarization are derived in an analytical form within perturbation theory using the modified mean-field method for the Z-cut hexagonal crystal with a free statically rough surface. Both two-and one-dimensionally rough surfaces are considered. The one-dimensionally rough surface is considered as a special case of the two-dimensionally rough surface. It is shown that shear surface waves with horizontal polarization cannot exist on the flat surface of the Z-cut hexagonal crystal. The derived expressions are studied analytically and numerically in the entire frequency range accessible in perturbation theory. The long-wavelength limit (most interesting from the experimental point of view) is considered, where the wavelength is much longer than the roughness correlation radius. The conditions for the existence of SH-polarized waves are determined for both roughness types. It is shown that dispersion and attenuation of SH polarized waves are qualitatively similar in character to those we considered previously for an isotropic medium.

The Horizontally Polarized Shear Waves in Multilayered Piezo-Composites with 2-2 Connectivity

Following the advances in structural applications, composite structures are being used commonly in transducer applications to improve acoustic, mechanical and electrical performance of piezoelectric devices. Functional composite transducers for sensors and actuators generally consist of ceramics and polymers, the disadvantage of the brittleness nature of the piezoelectric ceramics can be overcome and the structures especially good for sensing can be allowed for building up. Propagation behavior of horizontally polarized shear waves (SH-waves) in piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites with 2-2 connectivity is taken into account. The multilayer structures are consisted of piezoelectric thin films bonded perfectly with polymeric thin films alternately. The phase velocity equations of SH-waves propagation in the piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites with 2-2 connectivity are obtained for the cases of wave propagation in the direction perpendicular to the layering and along the layering, respectively. Filter effect of this kind of structure and the effect of volume fraction and shear modulus ratio of piezoelectric layer to polymer layer on the phase velocity are discussed in detail, respectively. One practical combination of piezoelectric thin film-polymer thin film multilayer system is chosen to carry out the numerical simulation, some basic properties of SH-waves propagation in above multilayered structures are revealed.

Real time device for biosensing: design of a bacteriophage model using love acoustic waves

Love wave sensors (ST-cut quartz substrate with interdigital transducers, SiO 2 guiding layer and sensitive coating) have been receiving a great deal of attention for a few years. Indeed, the wave coupled in a guiding layer confers a high gravimetric sensitivity and the shear horizontal (SH) polarization allows to work in liquid media. In this paper, an analytical method is proposed to calculate the Love wave phase velocity and the gravimetric sensitivity for a complete multilayer structure. This allows us to optimize the Love wave devices design in order to improve their gravimetric sensitivity in liquid media. As a model for virus or bacteria detection in liquids (drinking or bathing water, food…) we design a model using M13 bacteriophage. The first step is the anti-M13 (AM13) monoclonal antibody grafting, on the device surface (SiO 2). The second step is an immunoreaction in between the M13 bacteriophage and the AM13 antibody. The Love wave device allows to detect in real time the graft of the AM13 sensitive coating, as well as the immobilization of the M13 bacteriophages. With a pH change, the M13 bacteriophages can be removed from the sensor surface, in order to be numerated as plaque forming unit (pfu). Results on the sensitivity of Love waves are compared with similar immunological works with bulk acoustic wave devices, and demonstrate the high potentialities of Love waves sensors.