Shared Territory Research Articles

Architectural Criticism and Cultural Journalism in the 1970s and Early 1980s. Britain and United States: Shared Territories and Languages

Throughout the last century, no other period like the 1970s and the early 1980s seems to have marked a comparable contribution in raising the visibility of architecture as a matter of general concern: no longer confined to the realm of the profession, architecture began to be regularly featured in the general press. Not coincidentally, it was around those years that Modernism became the object of some of the most vigorous attacks launched by commentators situated well outside the professional circles. Tom Wolfe’s well-known pamphlet From Bauhaus to Our House or Prince Charles’ controversial architectural speeches, are telling episodes of a diffused perception of the distance separating the public of users and viewers of architecture from the oft-self-referential world of the profession. The aim of this essay is to examine some significant and select examples of architectural criticism published during the mid-1970s and early 1980s in Britain and the United States. Particular attention is devoted to the modes of interaction and contamination of this type of criticism with the genre of cultural journalism. The following issues are at stake: which rhetoric, patterns of interpretation, and schemes of narration does architectural criticism borrow from the realm of journalism? In which ways, and through which languages, are specific aspects of the buildings and/or the architectural profession addressed and criticized? What are the recurring targets of architectural criticism? What are its audiences?

Reproduction Within a Hierarchical Society from a Female's Perspective.

The reproductive biology of many female mammals is affected by their social environment and their interactions with conspecifics. In mammalian societies structured by linear dominance hierarchies, such as that of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), a female's social rank can have profound effects on both her reproductive success and her longevity. In this species, social rank determines priority of access to food, which is the resource limiting reproduction. Due largely to rank-related variation in access to food, reproduction from the perspective of a female spotted hyena can only be understood in the context of her position in the social hierarchy. In this review, we examine the effects of rank on the various phases of reproduction, from mating to weaning. Summed over many individual reproductive lifespans, the effect of rank at these different reproductive phases leads to dramatic rank-related variation in fitness among females and their lineages. Finally, we ask why females reproduce socially despite these apparent costs of group living to low-ranking females. Gregariousness enhances the fitness of females regardless of their positions in the social hierarchy, and females attempting to survive and reproduce without clanmates lose all their offspring. The positive effects of gregariousness appear to result from having female allies, both kin and non-kin, who cooperate to advertise and defend a shared territory, acquire, and defend food resources, maintain the status quo, and occasionally also to rise in social rank.

The Shared Territory of the ECHR and International Investment Law

The chapter compares international investment law (ILL) with the ECHR system of human rights protection. First, analysis identifies key differences in the systemic features of the two regimes. Although they overlap to some extent in the protection they offer to property, they differ significantly. The ECHR system is unitary; unlike IIL, it operates on the basis of one single set of instruments. Mutatis mutandis, unlike IIL arbitration, the ECtHR is a last resort court that cannot be reached unless domestic remedies have been exhausted. IIL is available to foreign investors only; in the ECHR system the applicant’s nationality is irrelevant. The ECHR system is designed to cover a wide range of human rights -not only property/investment rights. Finally, the two systems differ significantly in terms of enforcement. The second step in the analysis focuses on property protection. To draw a parallel between the ECHR and IIL, the chapter discusses first the general framework of property protection under the ECHR and gives examples from the ECtHR practice with respect to foreign direct investment (FDI). Analogies are then drawn between the ECHR and key IIL standards. The chapter identifies similarities and differences regarding expropriation (focusing on indirect expropriation, the sole effects and police powers doctrines, and the function of proportionality), FET (focusing on equity and legitimate expectations the way these are protected by both regimes) and full protection and security, which is associated with due diligence and human rights positive effect. The third step in the analysis concerns limitations to investment/property rights. Occasionally, remedying or preventing human rights violations and the protection of general interest might make it necessary that states interfere with investment rights. Proportionality is crucial in this context as a tool allowing to establish priorities and assess the lawfulness of limitations. In comparison to IIL, the ECHR regime appears to better accommodate the idea of a fair balance between individual rights and general interest. Because the ECHR covers FDI from the perspective of human rights, it does not merely treat it as rights that need to be safeguarded, but also as a goal that can be limited when activities related to its promotion lead to the breach or endangerment of other human rights. Ultimately, even when the two regimes converge or overlap, the “tone”, i.e. the way they safeguard and promote FDI differs. This is the natural consequence of their differing orientation and teleology.

Enacting agency: exploring how older adults shape their neighbourhoods

AbstractWithin research on ageing in neighbourhoods, older adults are often positioned as impacted by neighbourhood features; their impact on neighbourhoods is less often considered. Drawing on a study exploring how person and place transact to shape older adults’ social connectedness, inclusion and engagement in neighbourhoods, this paper explores how older adults take action in efforts to create neighbourhoods that meet individual and collective needs and wants. We drew on ethnographic and community-based participatory approaches and employed qualitative and geospatial methods with 14 older adults in two neighbourhoods. Analysis identified three themes that described the ways that older adults enact agency at the neighbourhood level: being present and inviting casual social interaction, helping others and taking community action. The participants appeared to contribute to a collective sense of connectedness and creation of social spaces doing everyday neighbourhood activities and interacting with others. Shared territories in which others were present seemed to support such interactions. Participants also helped others in a variety of ways, often relating to gaps in services and support, becoming neighbourhood-based supports for other seniors. Finally, participants contributed to change at the community level, such as engaging politically, patronising local businesses and making improvements in public places. Study findings suggest the potential benefits of collaborating with older adults to create and maintain liveable neighbourhoods.

Tombs, Images and Identities in Ancient Anatolia

Self-definition of ancient Greeks was created under the influence of socio-historical events, reflecting both, the relationship between Hellenes themselves and attitudes towards others. Greek wonder as a selfgenerated process yielded to a growing awareness that the drive towards advancement, observed in certain regions of Greece, was probably not possible without the external impetus of an extensively integrated Mediterranean world (Rollinger 2006, 197-226). The influencing factors for self-definition of ancient Greeks were a shared myth of descent, a shared territory, and a shared sense of history. Many scholars assume, that a sense of Greekness among Dorians, Ionians, Aiolians and others was finally crystallized throughout the number of military conflicts in which they were involved during the Classical period. Its seems probable that Athens played a major role both in the invention of the barbarian concept and in the substitution of cultural for ethnic criteria in the self-definition of Greeks. In their self-definition, Greeks seem to be deliberately stylized as antinomy to what they considered to be typical for others. Similarly, as a response to the strong pressure from the Persians, the national awareness of the Anatolians was formed. Interestingly, in some cases local ethnic groups had chosen cultural elements that had been associated with Greeks or Persians for their self-definition.

The hidden layer of indigenous land tenure: informal forest ownership and its implications for forest use and conservation in Panama's largest collective territory

A growing body of evidence points to the effectiveness of indigenous territories in reducing tropical deforestation, and global development goals call for increased legal recognition of indigenous land tenure. Yet indigenous land tenure systems are typically complex and multi-layered, and as such remain poorly understood in terms of the pathways through which embedded layers, rules, and norms influence the use and maintenance of forests. This paper illustrates one example of this multi-layered tenure in the case of indigenous communities in the Comarca Ngabe-Bugle, a semi-autonomous, shared territory in western Panama. While the comarca holds one formal collective title, research across five communities reveals an informal system of forest ownership that influences how forest resources are managed, and that has implications for longer-term forest conservation efforts. The findings show that indigenous households use and manage a wide range of plant species, but that access to forest resources is uneven, and pressure on existing forests continues to increase, even from within the comarca through population growth. Mature forest surrounding the communities is held in de facto ownership by individuals and families who restrict access to resources, and this informal tenure system appears to be slowing deforestation, at least over the short-term. Many of these forest stewards wish to protect at least part of the forest over the long-term, while several forest parcels are being kept in reserve for the next generation of farmers. This hidden form of forest tenure, embedded within the communally-held lands of the comarca, highlights an important research need for those looking to improve the effectiveness of forest conservation programs in reducing deforestation and improving indigenous livelihoods.

Shared territory: crossroads of languages, space for reflection

Contemporary painters like Mark Tansey and Michael Borremans include photography and film in their artistic practices, reflecting, in shared territory and in a self-referential style, the undeniable technological mediation in which we see ourselves submerged. This article aims to analyze, inside this crossroads of languages, how a space for reflection is established.

Why Vascular Surgeons and Interventional Radiologists Collaborate or Compete: A Look at Endovascular Stent Placements.

To understand how cultural differences between vascular surgeons (VSs) and interventional radiologists (IRs) affect their clinical decision making and inter-specialty relationships. Twenty-four conversational interviews were conducted with IRs and VSs about their approaches to patient care, views of their specialty and others, and solutions to any expressed concerns. Interview transcripts were systematically analyzed to identify and compare key themes according to the constructivist grounded theory and content analysis using NVivo 10 software. These data were supplemented with a retrospective analysis of 3658 endovascular stent placements performed at a large medical academic center over 11years. Aggregate counts were divided by provider specialty, and trends were assessed via correlation coefficients. Endovascular stent placements were relatively equally divided between IR and VS over 11 years with some variability from placements by cardiology. IRs tend to lay claim to treatments as masters of procedures, whereas VSs base their claims on being masters of the treated diseases, leading to collaboration in some practices and bitter competition in others. The level of perceived competition was most associated with specialists' awareness of and appreciation for specialty-specific values rather than differences in practice structure/reimbursement. Understanding cultural differences between IRs and VSs is imperative for fostering better collaboration to grow shared territory rather than competing for the same slice of the pie.

The Global Status of Human Rights

lecture began at 4:30 p.m., Wednesday, March 23, and was given by Amartya Sen, Thomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University; the discussant was Kim Lane Scheppele, Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Public Affairs at Princeton University. ** THE GLOBAL STATUS OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Amartya Sen I feel very honored to have the opportunity to give the Grotius Lecture at this august forum. I cannot claim to be a legal scholar, with any expertise on international law, and I cannot hide my sense of inadequacy in giving this lecture in the name of one of the pioneering thinkers on law in general and international law in particular. But I take some encouragement from the fact that the great Hugo Grotius showed in his own trail-blazing work a deep interest in linking legal thinking to other disciplines of human thought. Grotius was particularly partial to poetry, as Jean-Jacques Rousseau had noted, in comparing Grotius's ideas with those of Thomas Hobbes. In his book Emile, Rousseau even went on to say: The truth is that their [Hobbes's and Grotius's] principles are exactly the same; they only differ in their expression. They also differ in their method. Hobbes relies on sophisms, and Grotius on the poets; all the rest is the same. (1) Whether or not we accept Rousseau's thesis (I shall come to that question later on in this lecture), it can certainly be argued that Grotius had a noticeable passion for linking up different disciplines of what can be called human reasoning. Many of his arguments make good use of what appears reasonable in common human thought. Indeed, the idea that the sea is a shared territory, which all are free to use--an idea that Grotius discussed in his book Free Sea (published in 1609) with powerful appeal to the common understanding of reasonableness--provides a general view of political normativity that is not parasitic on legislated law by one nation or another. I intend to take that as my point of departure, since the idea of human rights makes a similar appeal to the political normativity of rights that all human beings are supposed to have. That, to be sure, is not Grotius's claim, but there is clearly a strong analogy here. At least one of the concepts of human rights--and one which I would like to pursue in this lecture--shares with Grotius's ideas (including the argument for the shared freedom of the sea), the understanding that certain basic entitlements come not from specific national legislations, but from the recognition that these freedoms, to which people in general could be taken to be entitled, come from a general appreciation of ethical normativity, rather than any specific territorial legislation. global status of human rights can be seen in a similar normative perspective. There are still many issues to sort out in pursuing this line of thought, since it is a complicated claim, which can be resisted in many different ways. To defend that approach, we have to address several points of reasoned resistance to the idea of human rights that have been quite powerful in practice, and they demand reasoned examination and scrutiny, which we must not evade. To give the idea its due, we have to examine in particular what is entailed by the recognition that some particular claim should count as a human right. This raises some general questions. How should we think about the basis of human rights? What is the nature of the discipline of human rights, which can give plausibility to the claims of such rights? These are questions that I must address in this talk. (2) LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS How, then, does the idea of human rights relate to law? It is not surprising that there is a strong temptation to link human rights to law. While the idea of human rights is of comparatively recent origin, the concept of legal rights is old, well-established and widely used. …

Deciding to Move to a Care Home: The Shared Territory of Advocacy and Social Work Support

A scoping review maps the range of literature in a particular field and identifies where gaps in the evidence base may lie. The article reports a scoping review of literature in relation to advocacy and the decision to enter a care home in England, examining material published in English from 2000 to 2008 relating to the UK context and social work practice. Developments in decision-making related to mental capacity in England and Wales, with the introduction of advocacy on a statutory footing, may impact on the role of social workers. The implications of these developments are discussed in relation to making a decision to move to a care home in later life, to social work practice and in ascertaining the difference that advocates might make to this decision. The review concludes that there may be a need for greater attention to moves between homes and to people who positively want to move to a care home.

Rethinking Sustainable Urban Regeneration: Ambiguity, Creativity, and the Shared Territory

Despite its broad definition, the concept of sustainability has become central to regeneration policy in the UK. A growing body of research, however, suggests that the policy goals of urban regeneration and sustainable development are not being integrated in practice. Ambiguity surrounding what ‘sustainability’ actually means is often cited as the reason why projects fail to achieve policy goals. We seek to make an innovative contribution to this debate, arguing that sustainability does make a positive difference in practice, and that it is necessary to develop approaches that capture these ‘actually existing sustainabilities’. Using a detailed case study of a multistakeholder regeneration project, we develop a more positive analysis of the role which ambiguity plays in the development process. We advance a dialogic conception of sustainability based upon Michel Bakhtin's sociolinguistic theory of the word as a ‘shared territory’. We suggest that the notion of sustainability acts as a shared territory for meaning around which diverse stakeholder groups coalesce, and show how the ambiguity inherent in this shared conception can generate more creative (and sustainable) outcomes to developmental challenges. Viewing sustainability as a shared territory makes ambiguity not only intelligible, but also desirable to the development process, and it is argued that there is a need to avoid the reduction of sustainability to the assessment of predetermined benchmarks or policy goals, both within the regeneration literature and across studies of planning policy and practice more generally.

Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Trap-Induced Stress in European Badgers

Reasons for mammal trapping include removal of individuals for population management purposes, scientific purposes, pest control, and obtaining fur, skin, or meat for economic purposes. The type of trap used highly affects the responses of captured animals (Kreeger et al. 1990a, White et al. 1991). Research on captured red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) has shown that foothold traps inflict greater trauma compared with box traps even when the traps had padded jaws (i.e., the animal does not experience any obvious physical damage, Kreeger et al. 1990a). Also procedures, such as chemical immobilization, have been shown to affect the life history of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus; Cote et al. 1998), moose (Alces alces; Ballard and Tobey 1981), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus; Ramsay and Stirling 1986). Thus, not only can entrapment cause physical trauma, such as limb, tissue, or tooth damage, but the overall response is likely to be affected by how the animal perceives the situation. White et al. (1991) demonstrated higher pathological responses in red foxes captured in box traps compared with untrapped individuals, which shows that even traps like box or cage traps that are likely to minimize physical injuries can have negative effects on animals. Stress-induced hyperthermia has been shown to be closely associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenalmedullary system, for example, in foxes (Moe 1996), thus, resulting in increased heart rate, body temperature, and cortisol levels. Cortisol levels have been used as indicators of stress during restraint of wildlife species (Morton et al. 1995), but although physiological responses often can be useful indicators of stress (Broom and Johnson 1993), it is not suitable to use them alone as stress indicators (Rushen 1991) because similar reactions can also be observed during nonstress situations (Kreeger et al. 1989, 1990b). It is well-known that psychological factors may cause or increase stress responses in animals. If an individual is in a threatening environment and is not able to cope with the situation it is likely to be stressed even without any physical injury (Jensen and Toates 1993, Toates 1995, Jensen 1996). An animal’s ability to predict or control its situation highly influences the response, with stress levels decreasing with increased ability to predict or control the situation (Weiss 1972, Jensen 1996). Therefore, besides potential physical trauma, a captured animal might also be exposed to psychological stress by experiencing lack of control because it is unable to escape from the trap. Furthermore, during long entrapment times there is also a risk of enhanced stress levels due to disruption of, or failure to perform, natural behaviors such as feeding. External factors, such as type of trap, entrapment duration, and time of day, most likely affect the stress response. Also species-specific factors, such as diurnal rhythms, general activity levels, and sociality, are likely to have an influence on how the animal responds to the situation. The European badger (Meles meles) is a nocturnal species that lives in social groups varying in size from 2–30 individuals (Rogers et al. 1997). A group uses a shared territory with one or several setts, but the individuals commonly feed independently from each other (Kruuk 1978a). Badgers are used in Sweden to train earth dogs (i.e., dogs that enter the sett when hunting [e.g., foxes and badgers]), and our study was a part of a project investigating stress coping in such badgers on commission of the Swedish Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Consumer Affairs. Our aim was to examine some behavioral and physiological (heart rate, body temperature, and fecal cortisol) responses of semitame European badgers to restraint in cage traps for short and long capture periods during day and night time. We also studied behavior during 3 consecutive nights postrestraint (i.e., after the treatment period) and compared behavior to undisturbed conditions. We predicted that longer entrapment would affect the badgers more than short entrapment periods in terms of higher heart rate, body temperature, and fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) levels and in terms of more long-term changes in behavior. We also predicted that entrapment during dark hours when badgers normally are active would be more stressful than during daylight.

Shared Territories: An Element of Culturally Sensitive Practice

Culturally sensitive practice is expected of all professionals whether working domestically or internationally. This essay explores concepts relative to such practice, specifically discussing ‘shared territories’, multidimensionality, partnership, and ethnocentrism, and arguing for a view that places all of humanity in the diversity mix. The author writes out of her role as an academician with responsibilities for preparing students for future practice.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Disability is Not Measles. New Research Paradigms in Disability: Marcia H. Rioux and Michael Bach (eds).Enabling and Empowering Families: Principles and Guidelines for Practice: Carl Dunst, Carol Trivette and Angela Deal.Supporting and Strengthening Families. Volume 1: Methods, Strategies and Practices: Carl J. Dunst, Carol M. Trivette and Angela G. Deal (eds).Making Difficulties: Research and the Construction of SEN: Peter Clough and Len Barton (eds).Older Adults with Developmental Disabilities: Optimizing Choice and Change: Evelyn Sutton, Alan R. Factor, Barbara A. Hawkins, Tamar Heller and Gary B. Seltzer (eds).I've Seen It All: Lives of Older Persons with Mental Retardation in the Community: Robert B. Edgerton and Marcia A. Gaston (eds).Multicultural Issues in the Education of Students with Behavioral Disorders: Reece L. Peterson and Sharon Ishii‐Jordan (eds).Shared Territory: Assessing the Social Support Needs of Visually Impaired People: Robin Lovelock, Jackie Powell and Sarah Craggs.Power and Partnership in Education: Derrick Armstrong.

Formalising partnerships: the changing role of voluntary organisations

The involvement of voluntary organisations in the provision of services for visually impaired people is of long standing. It was explicitly acknowledged in many of the Community Care Plans examined in phase 1 of a wider study (Lovelock, R. and Powell, J. with Craggs, S. Shared Territory: Assessing the Social Support Needs of Visually Impaired People. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1995) of how the social support needs of visually impaired people are being assessed in the context of the National Health Service (NHS) and Community Care Act 1990. This Paper discusses the current evolution of formalised partnerships between local authorities and voluntary agencies to provide help to visually impaired people, as these were being developed in the two local authority areas which were the subject of case studies in phase 2 of the research. The findings from these two case studies together identify issues which are relevant not only to the development of better services for visually impaired people but in the wider context of community care policy and practice. They indicate a need for some flexibility in contractual arrangements between purchasers and providers to ensure that the more 'simple' but nonetheless vital needs of visually impaired people are not 'prioritised out'. This requires a contract culture and actual contracts which are collaborative and obligational rather than competitive and adversarial.

Another look at Shared Territory

Another look at Shared Territory

The Catalan immersion program: The joint creation of shared indexical territory

This paper begins with a brief overview of the sociolinguistic situation in which the Catalan immersion program is being implemented. It then goes on to focus on certain issues related to the main feature that distinguishes this program from others—the low socioeconomic background of the children—and reflects on current theories about discontinuity between the communicative context‐bound language used in the home and the decontextualised, formal language of school. The remainder of the text is devoted to an attempt to analyse the first uses of the new language (Ln) as what will be termed a ‘shared indexical territory’, and to hypothesise that this analytical option enables us to postulate the existence of a semiotic continuity between these first uses of the Ln and subsequent, linguistically more highly developed texts in the same language. Finally it is argued that this continuity operates as a recognition mechanism within the process of acquisition of the new, decontextualised school language.

Shared territory: Audience, indirection and meaning

Shared territory: Audience, indirection and meaning

Spatial Behavior of University Undergraduates in Double‐Occupany Residence Rooms: An Inventory of Effects

The spatial behavior of 116 male and 190 female pairs of university under‐graduates was examined in the context of their self‐reported own and shared territories within double‐occupany residence rooms. The variables were divided into a number of conceptual categories, R‐squared calculated for the contribution of each category to own and shared territory estimates, and finally regressions for the entire set of variables were calculated for each gender on these estimates. The conceptual categories used were: personality; subjects' physical characteristics; distal or past environments; behavior in the room; sports, social, outdoor, and aesthetic behaviors; attitudes toward room and roommate; and physical characteristics of the room. The entire set of variables accounted for 53% of the variance in the own territory and 42% of the variance in public territory for the males, while the figures for the females were 46% and 39% respectively. Generally, the males' reported spatial behaviors were more influenced by “internal” variables, such as personality and attitudes, than were the females' spatial behaviors, which were more influenced by “external” variables, such as the physical characteristics of the room and the social situation.

"The Processes Wherein Cultures Collide, Even within the Shared Territory of the Text."

“The processes wherein cultures collide, even within the shared territory of the text.” Get access Wayne C. Miller Wayne C. Miller University of Cinncinati Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MELUS, Volume 5, Issue 2, June 1978, Pages 7–14, https://doi.org/10.2307/467455 Published: 01 June 1978