Share Of Public Transport Research Articles

Potentials of Autonomous Vehicles in a Changing Private Transportation System – a Case Study in the Stuttgart Region

Abstract The extensive market introduction of autonomous vehicles will be revolutionary for traditional transportation systems. Especially today's clear boundaries between private and public transportation systems will blur. Due to the possibility of an autonomous relocation of cars, car-sharing will become more relevant and compete the protected taxicab market in Germany. Private car ownership might even become redundant. Having these possible future circumstances in mind, we use a microscopic travel demand model to simulate the mode choice behaviour in a case study for the Stuttgart region: we presume a world without private cars and the presence of a large autonomous mobility on demand (AMOD) service instead. Following, under the assumption that up to four persons share a ride, we calculated the number of cars needed to run the AMOD service smoothly. We show that not all trips, previously made by private car, are substituted by the AMOD service; the modal share of walking, public transportation and bicycling is increasing as well. Due to lower cost of the AMOD service compared with car trips, trip lengths increase as well. The results show that about 45% of all vehicle movements and 20% of all vehicle kilometres could be saved. Furthermore, the results show that about 85% of all vehicles in the Stuttgart region might be dispensable.

Potential for Enhancing Traffic Safety on Highways of Russia

Abstract The article investigates the correlation between the factors of enhancing traffic safety on highways and parameters of the economic growth in Russia and in countries with transition economy; such correlation does not always lead to traffic safety enhancement. As a rule, the population motorization (car density) level growth in such countries is not accompanied by efficient actions on accident rate decrease. Among the factors enhancing traffic safety on highways are the efficiency of traffic infrastructure planning (changing and removing traffic flows from cities’ centers, creation of a large amount of pedestrian and bicycle lanes separated from traffic flows) as well as harmonization of physical infrastructure and safety goals, ensuring conjugation of the developed transport infrastructure with the decrease of the share of private vehicle fleet and increase of the share of public transport.

Electric bus migration in Bengaluru with dynamic charging technologies

Rapid but unplanned urban development coupled with economic growth has resulted in congestion and pollution concerns in Indian cities. This forced India consider taking concrete steps towards design policies that would help stir the nation towards a more sustainable future. India, along with other bigger Asian economies like China, needs to address the growing global concerns over climate change and design their framework and policies to help cut down the greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation is a major source of pollution. A shift towards a pro-public transport policy would solve the traffic congestion problems and address the emission concerns. India has a significantly higher modal share of public transportation in its major cities. Public bus transport system acts as a lifeline to the India’s poor and middle class citizens. The following study focuses on the need for a replacement of conventional fossil fuel dependent buses with Electric buses in the existing public transport bus fleet in the city of Bengaluru. A design has been developed to utilize wireless charging technologies to realize electric bus migration in Bengaluru.

INCORPORATING WALKING IN TRAVEL TO WORK: THE MEANING OF COMMUTING FOR KUALA LUMPUR COMMUNITY

Progressive increase in the influx of privately owned vehicles and a decrease in the modal share of public transport over the years become a city-based phenomenon. Over-dependence on cars encouraged a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity epidemic, social exclusion and increased carbon footprint. Deficiencies in urban planning have created a spatial separation between employment centres and residential areas. The research focused on investigating how people construct the meaning attributed to commuting mode of travel to work. Using multiple embedded case study research approach, this research focuses on 19 semistructured interviews with employees from two neighbouring but contrasting case study areas of Kuala Lumpur. Synthesis of the employees’ experiences on their travel behaviour exposed replication logic on the way they perceived walking as part of the transportation mode of travelling to work. The implicit understanding of the walking to work includes; definition of walking to work by the communities, specific walking stages and its’ characteristic during am-pm rush hours, the travel pattern and modes of transportation from the origin point (home) to the office, and the understanding of walking benefits to their economy, environment, health and social. These results provide possibility of understanding the needs of people and to promote walking to work as part of transportation mode for commuting in order to overcome the current urban challenges.

INCORPORATING WALKING IN TRAVEL TO WORK: THE MEANING OF COMMUTING FOR KUALA LUMPUR COMMUNITY

Progressive increase in the influx of privately owned vehicles and a decrease in the modal share of public transport over the years become a city-based phenomenon. Over-dependence on cars encouraged a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity epidemic, social exclusion and increased carbon footprint. Deficiencies in urban planning have created a spatial separation between employment centres and residential areas. The research focused on investigating how people construct the meaning attributed to commuting mode of travel to work. Using multiple embedded case study research approach, this research focuses on 19 semistructured interviews with employees from two neighbouring but contrasting case study areas of Kuala Lumpur. Synthesis of the employees’ experiences on their travel behaviour exposed replication logic on the way they perceived walking as part of the transportation mode of travelling to work. The implicit understanding of the walking to work includes; definition of walking to work by the communities, specific walking stages and its’ characteristic during am-pm rush hours, the travel pattern and modes of transportation from the origin point (home) to the office, and the understanding of walking benefits to their economy, environment, health and social. These results provide possibility of understanding the needs of people and to promote walking to work as part of transportation mode for commuting in order to overcome the current urban challenges.

Optimal pricing for travelcards under income and car ownership inequities

Travelcards are used in many parts of the developed world as a form of payment for public transport that is convenient for frequent users. In essence it involves a one-time payment T at the beginning of a period that covers all trips within that period. Carbajo (1988) applies the two-part tariff approach to find the optimal (welfare maximizing) value for T assuming a nil effect of T on the demand schedule of each and every individual (no income effect). Here we deal with an urban area where individual trips increase with income, but where car ownership – correlated with income – makes the public transport share diminish towards high income segments. A theoretical model is developed to find the optimal values (maximum social welfare with a budget constraint) for T and, simultaneously, for a single ticket P, considering the effect of T on available income as well as differences across individuals regarding car ownership. The model is applied using parameters associated with monthly travel in Santiago, Chile, where both income and car ownership are highly concentrated and correlated, and where travelcards do not exist. We obtain that the two richest segments choose to pay for the single ticket and the other eight choose to buy the travelcard, increasing equity. Sensitivity analysis regarding public transport quality, increased car ownership and poverty reduction show relatively marginal changes regarding optimal prices and preferred form of payment.

Designing the required changes in the bus network after performing limited traffic zone in Mashhad, Iran

After performing Limited Traffic Zone (LTZ), an approach to limit the number of vehicles entering a zone or street in Mashhad, Iran, a change in the share of public transportation happens. In some routes, the share of public transportation decreases during peak hour because some users shift the time of their trips to other hours. Alternatively, the use of private cars on most routes shifts toward public transportation and as a result, these routes experience more demand. Supposing that the current system is based on current demand, after performing an LTZ, transit systems need to be modified based on new demand. This modification can be done in regards to route configuration, frequency and timetables. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to modify the bus transit system to determine required changes in the system. This method is easy to implement in large cities, especially cities that have seasonal demand changes and need to adjust their system with minimum changes in route configuration. The objective function of this method is based on covering the increased demand in the system. The methodology includes a GIS-based heuristic approach and is performed in Mashhad, Iran.

La política europea de transportes y su importancia en el mercado interior de la UE: impacto en la política europea de transportes en Andalucía

El presente artículo se centrará en la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza y se expondrá, por un lado, el Plan de Infraestructuras para la Sostenibilidad del Transporte en Andalucía (PISTA), instrumento estratégico y de coordinación de las políticas sectoriales en materia de infraestructuras, con el fin de obtener una mejora sustancial en la eficacia y la sostenibilidad ambiental de los sistemas de transporte en Andalucía. Por otro lado, también se comentará el Anteproyecto de Ley Andaluza de Movilidad Sostenible que está actualmente en tramitación parlamentaria y que tiene como objetivos fundamentales incrementar la cuota del transporte público y de los medios no motorizados en el desplazamiento de personas, y del ferrocarril en el transporte de mercancías.

An Investigation Into Qualitative Differences Between Bus Users and Operators for Intercity Travel in Malaysia

Public transport usage in Malaysia is showing a downward trend. Despite major improvements implemented as well as intended for public transport, the bus user satisfaction is constantly on a decline. This study investigated qualitative differences between bus users and operators based on 11 pre-selected quality attributes for an intercity travel in Malaysia with a predominant public transport mode– the Bus. The perceptions were measured via responses on a likert scale to establish differences. Perceptual, socio-economic and trip data were collected using questionnaire from bus users and operators on a pre-selected route-Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur (JB-KL). Analyses used statistical tools particularly correlation analyses, step-wise multiple regression analyses, Mann Whitney test methods and Wilcoxon test. Quadrant analyses established relationship between relative importance and satisfaction from quality attributes. Results indicate significant correlation differences in both groups on attributes viz. ‘bus fares’ ‘travel comfort’, ‘travel convenience’, ‘ticket availability’ and the ‘facilities at the bus terminal’. Study revealed significant gaps in the understanding about the composition of bus service-quality by operators. Alternate hypothesis were rejected as bus users and operators reveal significant perception differences on quality attributes–‘bus fares’, ‘travel comfort’ and ‘bus staff behaviour’. The satisfaction levels of four extremely important quality attributes viz. ‘bus fares’, ‘travel comfort’, ‘bus staff behaviour’ and ‘bus user security’ were found low to average. Similarly major deterrents of the bus patronage were appraised. In this endeavour, the research exploited knowledge of perceptions to suggest quality attributes that are necessary to improve public transport ridership and consequently the modal share of public transport in Malaysia.

EIA BASED COMPARATIVE URBAN TRAFFIC NOISE ANALYSIS BETWEEN OPERATIONAL AND UNDER CONSTRUCTION PHASE PUBLIC TRANSPORT CORRIDOR

Delhi has a population of 16.75 million and is increasing at a rapid rate. This increase in population has enhanced the need for public transport. In Delhi, this need for public transport is served mainly by buses, auto rickshaws, a rapid transit system, taxis and suburban railways. Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India. Buses are the most popular means of transport catering to about 60% of the total demand. In order to meet the transport demand in Delhi, the State and the Union government started the construction of a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro. By the application of various data and public response, the paper accentuates the qualitative discussion on impacts of mass rapid transit system (MRTS) corridor on land use and social aspects of lives of residents and road users. It also proposes certain mitigating measures for that meticulous condition. The analysis and survey outcome explain about the exceeded level of noise level as compared to CPCB standards. The share of public transport in total noise pollution is smaller than private but still exceeds the standards. Such problem demands the design of noise barrier along the corridor to curb the noise pollution.

Measuring Public Transport Satisfaction from User Surveys

Customer satisfaction has been considered one of the most important factors in any industry or service due to itsdirect relation to customer retention. Recent estimates indicate that the mode share of public transport in Ammanis only 17%; of these users 65% do not own a car, hence they are considered captive riders. This paper focuseson the user satisfaction with the public transportation system in the city. A user survey was developed to explorethe satisfaction of bus users, minibus users and jitney users. Bus users were found to be the most satisfied.However, the overall average of satisfaction reflects that generally all users are not sufficiently satisfied with thetransit system. Transport planners and decision makers could utilize the results and findings of this study, tofocus on the attributes that are important for public transport users. The outcomes also direct the attention oftransit authorities and operators towards the attributes that scored low in satisfaction, consequently requiringimprovement. It is necessary to increase user satisfaction through improving the public transport system inAmman, in order to maintain existing users and attract new passengers. These improvements will make the citymore sustainable and reduce the use of private cars in the future. Future research could replicate the adoptedmethodology with public transport users in similar countries for comparison purposes.

Public Transport Pricing Policy

Cities worldwide are looking for new policies to attract travelers to shift from cars to public transport. Policies focused on reducing public transport fares are aimed at improving social inclusion and leading to a modal shift. The City of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, has recently introduced a fare-free public transport (FFPT) service in an effort to improve accessibility and mobility for its residents. The case of Tallinn is a full-scale, real-world experiment that provides a unique opportunity for investigating the impacts of FFPT policy. A macrolevel empirical evaluation of FFPT impacts on service performance, passenger demand, and accessibility for various groups of travelers is presented. In contrast to previous studies, the influence of FFPT on passenger demand was estimated while changes in supply were controlled. The results indicate that the FFPT measure accounts for an increase of 1.2% in passenger demand, with the remaining increase attributed to an extended network of public transport priority lanes and increased service frequency. The relatively small effect could be attributed to the previous price level and public transport share as well as analysis of the short-term impact. The evidence-based policy evaluation in this paper is instrumental in supporting policy making and facilitating the design of public transport pricing strategies.

Mode Choice between Private and Public Transport in Klang Valley, Malaysia

In 2010, Klang Valley has only 17% trips each day were completed using public transport, with the rest of the 83% trips were made through private transport. The inclination towards private car usage will only get worse if the transport policy continues to be inefficient and ineffective. Under the National Key Economic Area, the priority aimed to stimulate the increase of modal share of public transport in the Klang Valley to 50% by 2020. In the 10th Malaysia Plan, the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit was proposed, equipped with 141 km of MRT system, and will integrate with the existing rail networks. Nevertheless, adding kilometers into the rail system will not help, if people do not make the shift from private into public transport. This research would like to assess the possible mode shift of travellers in the Klang Valley towards using public transport, based on the utility function of available transport modes. It intends to identify the criteria that will trigger their willingness to make changes in favour of public transport as targeted by the NKEA.

Transportation Demand Management in a Deprived Territory: A Case Study in the North of France

In this paper, we study the modal choice in an ex-mining area in the North of France. It is a deprived area under many regeneration strategies focusing on urban projects, such as a new public transportation infrastructure. Urban public transport accounts for 3% against the national French average of 10%. Surprisingly, this share does not proportionally change according to urban or rural context. This territory also presents particular socio-economic and land-use characteristics. In this particular territory, is there a potential for guiding transport demand management towards lower carbon mobility? If so, which strategy to implement? We estimate a mode choice model with a nested logit specification for four modes: car driver, car passenger, public transport and walking. Then, we compute demand elasticies to price and time to analyse mobility solutions. We simulate the impact of different transport policies to shift mobility behaviors towards more sustainable ones. The results show a strong inertia in the demand for car use. Only extreme mobility policies lead to a significant increase of the share of public transport. Conventional economic variables are not sufficient to increase the demand for public transport. Other tools need to be implemented. Social tariffs seem to be a relevant solution.

The Role of Transit Oriented Development in Constructing Urban Environment Sustainability, the Case of Jabodetabek, Indonesia

Rapid urbanization and growing economic prosperity has brought about a higher rate of motorization in Jabodetabek, the largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. Jabodetabek is a strategic metropolitan area, consists of DKI Jakarta and the neighboring Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (abbreviated as Bodetabek) cities, with more than 27 million population and Gross Regional Product in 2010 is around 22% of National Gross Product. Approximately 1,105,000 people are entering Jakarta every workday from the neighboring Bodetabek region. Degrading condition of urban mobility in Jabodetabek metropolitan area is an important policy issue. This paper discusses the potential of applicability of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Jabodetabek. TOD is a concept of managing urban growth in transit corridor which has characteristics of mixed land use, compact, walking-distance, and development focused around public transit area. This paper proposed ecological footprint, carbon emission, and green open space carrying capacity as sustainable urban development indicators. The simulation result reveals that the introduction of transit oriented development concept is of importance not only for restructuring urban land use growth effectively or regaining the modal share of public transport, but also improving the urban environment quality.

Factors influencing modal split of commuting journeys in medium-size European cities

This paper attempts to identify factors that influence modal split for journeys to work in 112 medium-size cities in Europe. Using a discrete choice modelling approach we find that: (a) car share increases with car ownership and GDP per capita; (b) motorcycle share decreases with petrol price and increases with motorcycle ownership; (c) bicycle share increases with the length of the bicycle network in the city; (d) public transport share increases with resident population, GDP per capita and the number of buses (or bus equivalents) operating per 1000 population, and decreases with public transport fares, number of days of rain per year, proportion of people aged 65 and over living in the city and the proportion of households with children; (e) the number of students in universities and further education establishments per 1000 resident population is positively associated with the shares of public transport, motorcycle, bicycle and walking. Policies aimed at increasing the bicycle network are likely to increase cycling share. Policies aimed at increasing the number of buses (or bus equivalents) and reducing public transport fares are likely to increase public transport share. Policies aimed at discouraging car ownership are likely to reduce car share.

Demand for Improved Public Transport Services in the UAE: A Contingent Valuation Study in Dubai

Service quality, being an integral part of urban growth, has been a subject of interest to city transport planners.The provision of better quality public transport service is a challenge in the United Arab Emirates, as this countrystrives to meet the transport requirements fundamental to sustain the investment and economic as well as urbanpopulation growth exhibited over the last few years. United Arab Emirates government intervention strategiesinclude increasing share of public transportation and decreasing transport by private vehicles through betteringbus service delivery. Such shift of demand for public service requires not only understanding of people'swillingness to use and pay for improved public transport services but also market incentives to pull-downpersonal vehicle ownership demand into public transport services. This study examines the willingness of UnitedArab Emirates residents to use and pay for improved public transport services. A contingent valuation survey isconducted on 852 representative sample of cross section of United Arab Emirates residents. Probit and Orderedlogit models are used to analyze the survey data. The study has generated results with significant ramificationsfor policy. It suggests that there is the knowledge that residents, in general, are willing to use and pay higher feesfor using public bus provided its service quality is improved. This has to provide reassurance to the Roads andTransport Authority who may be interested about the potential demand for improved public bus service. In orderfor the United Arab Emirates Government to increase the share of public transportation and decrease transport byprivate vehicles, effort will have to continue to improve the public bus service quality. In particular, marketing ofsuch improved service will have to consider the residents' socioeconomic and demographic as well as sometravel attributes.

Kesan Masa Perjalanan Bas dan Bayaran Tempat Letak Kereta Terhadap Penggunaan Pengangkutan Awam di Putrajaya

Putrajaya is a unique Malaysian city from a transport policy perspective because of its explicit goal to achieve a 70% share of public transport to its core areas. However, the current modal split between public transport and private transport is 15:85. One possible way to reduce the use of cars is to promote people to use public transport as a primary mode of transport. In order to evaluate the effects of this measure, data were collected from the workers who travel by car to work place in Putrajaya. A total of 290 respondents completed a questionnaire with a response rate of 58% (out of 500 distributed questionnaires). Logistic regression method has been used to analyze the factors that influence users to switch their trips mode to shift to public transport. It is concluded that with reducing the bus travel time and implementing parking fee will directly affect the use of the public transport facility.

Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities in Spain

The need to decarbonize urban mobility is one of the main motivations for all countries to achieve reduction targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In general, the transport modes that have experienced the most growth in recent years tend to be the most polluting. Most efforts have focused on improvements in vehicle efficiency and on the renewal of vehicle fleets; more emphasis should be placed on strategies related to the management of urban mobility and modal share. Research of individual travel that analyzes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and car and public transport share in daily mobility will enable better assessments of the potential of urban mobility measures introduced to limit GHG emissions produced by transport in cities. The climate change impacts of daily mobility in Spain are explored with data from two national travel surveys in 2000 and 2006, and a method for estimating the CO2 emissions associated with each journey and each surveyed individual is provided. The results demonstrate that from 2000 to 2006, daily mobility has increased and has led to a 17% increase in CO2 emissions. When these results are separated by transport mode, cars prove to be the main contributor to that increase, followed by public transport. More focus should be directed toward modal shift strategies, which take into account not only the number of journeys but also the distance traveled. These contributions have potential applications in the assessment of current and future urban transport policies related to low-carbon urban transportation.

Influencing travel demand in Putrajaya

BackgroundPutrajaya is the federal government administrative centre of Malaysia with a land area of 49 km2. Due to its unique role as an administrative centre, residential area, commercial district, education...