Share Of Innovative Products Research Articles

R&D Expenditures and Their Impact on Innovation in the Digital Era: A Kazakhstan Perspective

The article aims to assess the relationship between research and development costs and the level of innovation activity of enterprises in Kazakhstan. The research methodology involves correlation analysis, applying quantitative methods to analyze the collected data from official statistical yearbooks from 2007 to 2022. Correlation analysis with five variables on innovation activity and the impact of research and development costs on that, using Excel and Smart PLS 4 programs were used. According to the results of research, there was a positive impact of R&D expenditure on the level of innovation activity of enterprises mostly, secondly on the ratio of innovative product to gross domestic product, volume of innovative products (goods, services), and showing not so strong correlation on costs of product and process innovations. Digital hubs perform as an ecosystem with a network approach, including organizations in a region to undergo digital transformation in the era of the digital economy and digital technologies. The results of current research might be helpful to academicians and public administration. The originality of the study consists in assessing the impact of R&D expenditure on innovation management in a particular level of innovation activity, the share of innovative products about GDP, costs of product and process innovations, the volume of innovative products (goods, services) to a proper subsequent further contribution. As a result, it is recommended that policy measures focus on enhancing digital infrastructure and supporting R&D investments to ensure sustained innovation performance and economic development.

Relationship between banking infrastructure, innovation and economic growth in Kazakhstan

Today, the development of financial technologies and their application in the banking sector have changed the processes of economic growth in general and commercial banks in particular, giving them an innovative orientation. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the banking infrastructure, innovation, and economic growth in Kazakhstan based on panel data. The study relies on information extracted from annual publications issued by the National Bank of Kazakhstan, the World Bank Database, and the Bureau of the National Statistics of Kazakhstan from 2004 to 2022, and also uses a regression model. Within this framework, variables used in the study, the number of ATMs, the number of bank branches, and the share of innovative products, are explanatory variables, and the gross domestic product per capita is the dependent variable. The study showed that both business innovations and the prevalence of ATMs have a significant and noticeable impact on the economic landscape of Kazakhstan, as evidenced by the impressive value of the R-square of 0.890. Moreover, the regression model demonstrates reliable stability and reliability, which is confirmed by the p-value of 0.001. In light of these findings, it is important to contribute valuable insights and evidence-based recommendations to enhance Kazakhstan’s economic growth strategy by leveraging the synergistic potential of its banking infrastructure and innovation ecosystem. AcknowledgmentsThe study was funded by the Committee Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Investigating the impact of macroeconomic, political, and digital processes on financial sustainability of Kazakhstan” No. AP19674948.

ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ РЕГИОНОВ ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ: ОЦЕНКА КОНВЕРГЕНЦИИ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

When assessing regional industry in the transition to the post-industrial stage of develop-ment, it is necessary to take into account the productive, technological, and innovative potential of the in-dustries themselves, the regions in which they are located, and the ratio of different technological levels of industrial sectors (high-, medium-, or low-tech levels and HT, HMT, or LMT, or LT sectors). This article assesses the technological and innovative homogeneity of the industrial space of Russian regions specializ-ing in manufacturing. The study analyzes innovation parameters and the convergence of regions, taking into account the dominance of industries with different levels of technology. The study investigates HT, HMT, LMT and LT regions of the Russian manufacturing industry. Research methods include comparative, eco-nomic, and statistical analysis (σ- and β-convergence). The hypothesis is that there are uneven shifts in the innovation and technological development of regions, the presence of distinctive advantages, and resistance to external restrictions and violations of system technologies. The assessment of these features will increase the technological sovereignty and independence of innovation development of the regions and the country as a whole. The results revealed that LT and LMT regions have stable growth in the volume of shipped in-novative goods which ensures sustainable innovation efficiency. HT and HMT regions are characterized by the high costs of innovation and high innovation efficiency. In regions with different levels of technology, a reduction in disproportions based on σ-convergence was revealed; β-convergence was revealed in the group of HT, HMT, and LMT regions by the share of innovative products in the structure of shipped products and the share of medium- and high-tech industries in shipped products. The conclusions can be used in the de-velopment of regional industrial policy.

ВПЛИВ ПОСТІНДУСТРІАЛЬНОЇ СТАДІЇ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА РОЗВИТОК ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the processes of transformation of the economy of Ukraine in the direction of building a postindustrial society. The real situation in the scientific and innovative sphere was analyzed and the place of Ukraine in the global innovation space was determined. On the basis of the analysis of the innovativeness of the domestic economy, a range of problems was identified, namely: the presence of an ineffective and weak mechanism for the introduction of innovations in the sphere of economic activity and further commercialization, an insufficient level of financing, the outflow of qualified personnel, a high degree of riskiness, and others. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the share of innovative products in the volume of industrial products sold in Ukraine is less than 3% and is currently the smallest among European countries. The export of innovative products is about half of the realization of innovative products, which causes a decrease in the competitiveness of Ukraine on world markets, in particular high-tech ones, and leads to the consolidation of Ukraine’s status as a raw material and lowtech country. Extremely small amounts of funding for innovations and in fact the absence of budgetary funding for the scientific sphere indicate an unjustified slowdown in the process of post-industrialization of the Ukrainian economy. It has been proven that the creation of favorable conditions for the development and improvement of the efficiency of scientific and innovative activities is a priority task of the state innovation policy, because the influence of scientific, technical and innovative spheres on the development and growth of the economic system is of crucial importance in the process of building a post-industrial economy in Ukraine. The measures to overcome the main obstacles on the way to “post-industrialization” of the domestic economy are substantiated. The article notes the need to develop science-intensive, resource-saving and information technologies; strengthening the role and importance of the human factor along with increasing costs for training highly qualified workers; expanding the scale of use of information and communication technologies, forming new stereotypes of thinking and models of economic behavior of individuals and forming a unique information culture.

Impact of innovation on employment and wage in industry

The purpose of the study is to substantiate and characterize the relationships between innovation and employment, as well as between innovation and wages in industry. With the help of methods of correlation-regression analysis and statistical data of a long trend, the existence of a high, direct correlation between the share of innovative products in the turnover of industry and between the index of innovative products in the turnover of industry and the index of the average monthly salary of a full-time worker in the industry of Ukraine is substantiated. Using a regression model, the change in employment in Ukrainian industry is quantitatively expressed when the share of innovative products in the sales turnover of Ukrainian industry changes by 1 p.p. Using Almon's method, a distribution-lag model with a lag of three years was built, with the help of which it was calculated how many index points the index of the average monthly salary of a full-time employee of the Ukrainian industry would change when the index of the share of innovative products in the sales turnover of the industry of Ukraine changed by 1. i.p.

The influence of digital business on the economy and innovation development in Kazakhtan

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of digital transformation processes in business on economic performance and innovative development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, data covering 2013–2022 was used, and statistical analysis methods were applied. As part of the research methodology, an analysis of the level of digital activity of enterprises was carried out, as well as an assessment of indicators of innovation activity. Statistical models are used to study in detail the impact of digital transformation on the economy and innovation. The leading indicators that the analysis focused on were the level of use of information and communication technologies by businesses, access to Internet resources, and the participation of firms in ordering and receiving orders online. In addition, the share of innovative products in total GDP is considered. The results obtained indicate positive trends in the process of digitalization of enterprises in Kazakhstan. The impact of digital transformation on the economy, measured by GDP, was less pronounced compared to the impact on innovation. Key indicators, such as Internet access and ICT use, are identified that demonstrate the statistically significant impact of digitalization on business. The study recommends several measures, including stimulating innovation through digitalization, supporting the development of information and communication technologies, and monitoring and regulatory measures to support digital and innovative development in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Development of small and medium entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan in transition from resource-based to innovative economy

In today's dynamically changing world, the small and medium-sized enterprise sector ensures the competitiveness of the state. Small business serves as a catalyst for innovation, a generator of creative solutions, and its presence creates a springboard for the country’s dynamic breakthrough. The small business sector is able to quickly respond to external turbulent changes and focus on producing in-demand goods and services for both domestic and foreign markets. Large-scale work is underway in Kazakhstan to support the SME sector. However, the share of innovative products in the GDP structure remains low. The transition from a resource-based to an innovative economy is possible with the activation of small and medium-sized businesses. The purpose of the article is to apply the concept of the quadruple helix to enhance the innovative activities of SMEs by intensifying partnership interaction. The research methodology is based on presenting the role of SMEs in the innovative development of the state. Based on the calculated correlation indicators of the effectiveness of investments in innovation in Kazakhstan, the authors made conclusions about the need for state support in segments that provide breakthrough innovations. The authors used general scientific, statistical, correlation, and retrospective methods of analysis. In the context of digitalization of economic sectors, a model of interaction between stakeholders of a regional digital technology platform has been proposed to enhance the innovative activities of SMEs. The results can be used by government agencies and representatives of higher education to ensure the transition from a resource-based to innovative economy.

Development of Mechanical Engineering in the Conditions of Globalization (Experience of EU Countries)

The study was carried out with the aim of evaluating and substantiating the key systemic problems of the functioning of the national engineering industry of various countries in the conditions of economic globalization. In order to achieve the goal, development trends and key relative indicators of Polish and German mechanical engineering were analyzed during and under the influence of increased economic globalization. It is analytically substantiated that during the period of economic globalization, absolute indicators increased, in particular the volume of production and the number of employees of the Polish mechanical engineering industry, but instead, its innovativeness and technology decreased significantly, and dependence on foreign enterprises increased. It was revealed that the German engineering industry, in particular the automobile industry, has undergone significant destructive changes under the influence of increased economic globalization. First of all, this is a tendency to decrease the number of cars, and a significant decrease in the share of innovative products in the volume of sold industrial products of the production of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers. It is concluded that the identified destructive changes are the result of an irrational, one-sided perception of economic globalization by the main business entities of these countries. In particular, this is the failure to take into account the systemic effects of foreign enterprises and TNCs, excessive export-orientation of products, offshoring, auto-sourcing on the activities of mechanical engineering and the socio-economic development of countries in general.
 The obtained results of the study became the basis for the formation and analytical and theoretical-philosophical substantiation of the hypothesis that compliance with a high level of provision of production processes by national, not controlled from the outside, products of intermediate consumption and an optimal level of export-orientation of machine-building industries, along with a decrease in the level of monopolization in high-tech segments of the global economy, in the long term, will contribute to the satisfaction of the interests of both national economies (in particular, entrepreneurship and the social sphere), and TNCs.

ТРАНСФЕР ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В УКРАЇНІ: СУЧАСНІ ВИКЛИКИ

The article is devoted to the study of the problematic issue of technology transfer in today's conditions. Legislators and by-laws regulating relations in the field of technology transfer are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the importance of scientific technologies and their implementation in the activities of industrial enterprises, which is an indispensable development of the economic growth of many leading economically developed countries, as well as a determining factor in the progress of society and the improvement of the welfare of citizens. Informational, analytical and statistical data on the impact of technology transfer on the financial condition of enterprises, institutions and organizations in relation to budget funds are presented. Among the positive financial indicators, based on the analysis of statistical data and scientific literature, attention is drawn and problems hindering the integration of the technology transfer process in domestic industrial enterprises are identified. In particular, these are: migration of scientists; insufficient amounts of funding for innovative activities; low innovative activity of active enterprises, which leads to a reduction in the share of innovative products both in the structure of production and in exports; low level of state support for innovation and demand for high-tech products; lack of stimulating technology transfer mechanisms. Using the example of the report of the State Enterprise «Ukrainian Institute of Intellectual Property» for 2021, attention is drawn to the decline in innovative activity of domestic enterprises. It is emphasized that in the conditions of a full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine, state support for innovations, inventors, and other authors of intellectual property rights is a guarantee of increasing the economic potential and military-industrial complex of the state. Addresses existing problematic issues of state security regarding the transfer of technology, protection of secret inventions, commercial secrets, other objects of intellectual property law, and suggests ways of solving problematic issues in the field of technology transfer in Ukraine.

АНАЛИЗ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО РАЗВИ-ТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ОБОСНОВАНИЕ УСЛОВИЙ ЕГО КАЧЕСТВЕННОГО УЛУЧШЕНИЯ

The article summarizes the results of studies emphasizing the importance of industrial development based on the development of innovations. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that in the context of neo-industrialization, the growth in the contribu-tion of industry to GDP should be accompa-nied by an increase in the share of innova-tive products in industrial output. The paper analyzes the innovative performance of the industrial development of the Russian Fed-eration based on a comparison of the share of industry in GDP and the share of innova-tive products in the output of goods. Correla-tion and regression analysis showed the presence of a strong negative linear rela-tionship between the contribution of industry to GDP and the share of innovative products in the output of goods, which indicates the need to modernize industrial development. The article summarizes the conditions for a qualitative improvement in the functioning of industry.

Comparative Statistical Assessment of Innovation Activity of the Industrial Sector of the Economy of Ukraine (Regional Context)

Innovation largely determines the dynamics of gross value added, profit, productivity, and hence the level of wages. Accordingly, intensive innovation of industrial enterprises is one of the most important prerequisites for effective socio-economic development of the country. The aim of the article is to determine the trends of innovation activity of the industrial sector of the economy of the regions of Ukraine on the basis of comparative statistical evaluation. According to the results of the analysis, the share of innovative products in the volume of sold industrial products in Ukraine is the lowest among European countries, in particular in 2020 it was 1.9% (compared to 3.3% in 2013), while in Poland the value this figure was over 9%, and in Germany – 18%. The low level of innovation in industrial products in Ukraine is a direct consequence of the relatively low cost of innovation (0.47 billion euros in 2020 against 4.58 billion euros in Poland and 133.2 billion euros in Germany), the volume of which during 2012–2020 decreased by more than 70%. It is analytically proved that the innovation activity of the industrial sector of Ukraine's economy in the regional context is extremely uneven. In particular, the undisputed leader (with a significant gap from other regions) in terms of sales of innovative products in the domestic and foreign markets, as well as in terms of spending on innovation was Donetsk region, while the largest number of innovative enterprises was Kharkiv region. It is revealed that in general the high export orientation of innovative products of domestic industry is provided by medium-low-tech industries (metallurgy; production of rubber and plastic products; repair and installation of machinery and equipment). In contrast, Ukraine has a high import dependence in the segments of intermediate and final consumption of high- and medium-high-tech products, including machine-building, textile, chemical and pharmaceutical. This indicates the existence of systemic problems related to the influence of a number of macroeconomic factors (especially the situation in certain markets) and a weak system of government incentives and regulation of innovation and protection of national economic interests.

Analysis of risk factors hindering the introduction of advanced production technologies

In this paper, the authors consider the factors influencing the introduction of advanced production technologies in the federal districts of the Russian Federation. A statistical analysis was carried out on the topic under study, as a result of which the indicators of the level of innovative activity of organizations and the share of innovative products in the total mass of goods were studied. It is revealed that the Volga Federal District is the leader, the North Caucasus, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts are among the laggards. The probability of the influence of individual risk factors that have a negative impact on the introduction of production technologies at enterprises is calculated. It is revealed that the main risk factors are difficulties in hiring qualified personnel, low return on investment or a long payback period and the complexity of integrating technologies into the organization's processes.

Strengthening relations between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union at the stage of transformation of the geo-economic system

In the context of modern conditions of foreign economic relations between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Community, they are being transformed under the influence of external challenges and threats. The pandemic temporarily paralyzed intercountry relations in the integration group. Despite this, the official institutions of the EAEU are developing new programs and strategic directions for the further development of this association. The purpose of the study is to assess the economic positions of the EAEU countries in international markets and to study individual strategic directions for the development of Eurasian integration until 2025. As a theoretical and methodological basis, the article uses the statistical, historical and logical method, dialectical principles and contradictions, the method of scientific abstraction. On this basis, the current state of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is analyzed, the indicators of international trade for 2017-2020 are assessed, the export and import range, proportion of imports covered by exports and etc. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of industrial producer price indices for 2016-2020 and on this basis, a forecast for this indicator is given. It is noted that the share of innovative products of Russia in the total volume of shipped products of its own production is decreasing every year, which significantly affects the country’s position in international markets. It was noted that in order to strengthen the relationship of the EAEU countries at the stage of transformation of the geo-economic system, it is necessary to comprehensively and stage-by-stage implement the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration.

АНАЛІЗ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ: РЕГІОНАЛЬНИЙ РОЗРІЗ

Recovery of the economic system of Ukraine on the basics of innovation - the main strategic tasks of today. The strategy of innovative development of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 will be implemented through low entry. The results of the implementation of the strategy will be an increase in the share of innovative products in the GDP of the country. Activation of the processes of innovation development within the framework of the national innovation system will help reach the goal. The basis of innovative transformations is the development of an innovative ecosystem on the national and regional level. Analysis and development of recommendations for optimizing the functioning of regional innovation ecosystems are important tasks for today. This article is dedicated to the analysis of the development of the innovative ecosystem of Ukraine on the regional level. The article analyzes the understanding of the innovation ecosystem. The innovation ecosystem is a combination of the state, business and research environment, organizational, regulatory, educational, methodological and financial resources and the introduction of a knowledge transfer mechanism for transformation into innovative products. The methodological basis for the selection of clusters according to the level of development of regional innovative ecosystems is substantiated in the article. The procedure of cluster analysis of the regions of Ukraine was carried out. The analysis procedure includes the observation of 9 analytical blocks, like warehouse regional innovative ecosystems. As a result of the development of the author's methodology, 6 clusters of regional innovation ecosystems have been established from the standpoint to the level of innovation activity. Leader regions and regions with a low level of innovation ecosystem development are identified. The city of Kiev has become a leader in the development of an innovative ecosystem of the region. A region with a low level of development of a regional innovative ecosystem is Volyn.

National innovation systems and technology transfer of SCO countries

The article considers the forms and conditions of interaction between the participants in the innovation process, the specialties of creating and developing the organizational system of technology transfer in the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Based on the analysis of transfer systems operating in various countries (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), the authors highlight key and most promising areas for the development of integration of the scientific, educational, industrial spheres and the state in order to form special mechanisms for organizing innovative processes that ensure effective interaction between all its participants. The purpose of the article is to analyze the national innovation systems of SCO member countries, since each of these countries has gone its own way of innovative development, justified by regional characteristics (climatic, cultural, socio-economic, etc.). As basic research methods we used system approach, comparative and statistical analysis of indicative values of innovation and technological development of the SCO member countries.The authors conclude that it is necessary to create an organizational system based on the integration of state institutions, science, business and education in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member countries in order to form competitive high-tech products, improve the export structure by increasing the share of innovative products in it and reducing the raw materials orientation, and increase the status of countries in the world technology market.

ESTIMATION OF THE SHARE OF INNOVATIVE GOODS, WORKS AND SERVICES BY RUSSIAN REGIONS AND TYPES OF ACTIVITY

Innovative activity of companies provides one of the most important directions of development of modern national economies. The purpose of our research is to assess the specific weights of the production volumes of goods, works, and services classified as innovative in the total production volumes of all organizations located in each of the regions of Russia, as well as those specializing in various types of economic activities. The study was based on official statistical information for all 82 regions of Russia and 45 types of economic activity. Economic and mathematical models describing the share of innovative goods, works, and services in total production volumes by region and industry have been developed. It is proved that the average share of innovative products for the period under review was about 5% of all manufactured products. It is shown that the values of the indicators were significantly differentiated by region and industry. The regions and types of economic activity with the maximum and minimum values of the share of innovative products are identified.

ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ЛІСОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ РЕСПУБЛІКИ КОМИ: СТАН І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

Global manufacturers of timber products and specialized research institutes are actively developing innovative materials and improving production processes. The fastest growing groups include innovative packaging materials, innovative building materials, biodegradable polymers and biofuels. The aim of the article is to form a theoretical and methodological basis for the innovative development of the forestry complex of the Komi Republic. The subject of the research is theoretical and methodological aspects of innovative development of the forestry complex. Methods used in the study: historical method, methods of verification of theoretical positions (morphological analysis of the content and relationship of categories, principles and laws, assessment of the correspondence of historical facts to theoretical hypotheses), methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, logical method (hypothetical and axiomatic approaches), comparison method. Research hypothesis. The innovative development of the forestry complex in Russia is associated with forest chemistry. In particular, tall oil rosin and tall oil fatty acids in the markets of Russia and Asia are considered the most priority segments for Russian manufacturers. Presentation of the main material. Analysis of the current state of the forestry complex of the Komi Republic revealed an extremely low level of innovation activity. Over the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, development proceeded along the extensive path of increasing the production and export of forest products of primary and secondary levels of redistribution, and the share of innovative products in the commodity and industry structure was measured at the level of statistical error. Originality and practical value of the research. The production of innovative products of the second generation is a promising direction for the development of the timber processing industry in the Komi Republic. The main ones are: bioconversion of cellulose-containing raw materials; biomass torrefaction technology based on plant waste; production of sulphate turpentine; highly active preparations for agriculture from pine needles. Conclusions of the study. It is planned to implement these directions by increasing the output of products with high added value, organizing new production of innovative products, commissioning medium and small innovative enterprises for the production of wood flour, biosorbents and other products, and developing regional wooden housing construction.

ПОТЕНЦИАЛ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОЙ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЛЕСНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОМИ

The purpose of the work is to analyze the potential of a strategic alternative for development of the forestry sector of the Komi Republic. The main tasks are identifying barriers and directions for development of the regional forestry industry. The study shows that in the forestry sector of the Komi Republic, projects are being implemented that are included in the federal list of priority investment projects in the field of forestry development in Russia. But despite the modernization of existing enterprises and creation of new ones, the commodity structure of the sector remains conservative with a predominance of wood and paper products of low and medium processing levels. The technological level of production development remains insufficient, the share of innovative products with high value added is significantly inferior to countries with developed forest industries. At the same time, alternatives to development prospects of production are poorly studied issues of the forestry sector of the Komi Republic. This provision required a study of global trends in the development of the forest industry and determination of barriers preventing functioning of the forestry sector of the Komi Republic. As a result, the following is identified: technological backwardness of production; depletion of commercial timber stocks; poor development of the forest infrastructure; insufficient overall efficiency of the region's forestry sector. The main directions of overcoming the existing barriers include: increasing production volume of innovative products of the first generation at operating enterprises; organization of new productions of innovative forest products of the first and second generation in forest-supplied regions of the Komi Republic; development of a woodworking territorial cluster of small and medium-sized enterprises; introduction of innovative approaches to transporting timber from remote forest areas with poor transport accessibility and reforestation. Thus, the obtained data are of great practical importance for managing the development of the regional forestry sector.

On the Activity of Major Cluster Groups in Russia as a Key Tool for Implementing Import Substitution and Innovation Policies

The presented study summarizes the results of the implementation of import substitution and innovation policies in Russia. It is established that cluster structures created and supported by the state are primarily meant to solve the problems of import substitution and innovative economy formation in the country. Aim. The study aims to assess the prospects for the development of cluster initiatives as a key tool for implementing import substitution and innovation policies in the country. Tasks. The authors examine the role and importance of clusters in the development of regions and countries; summarize theoretical models of cluster structures; determine stages in the development of cluster initiatives in modern Russia; analyze the results of the formation of industrial and innovative clusters; formulate conclusions regarding the problems of innovation policy implementation; provide recommendations to facilitate the development of cluster initiatives and innovative economy in Russia. Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to analyze the results of the formation of cluster structures meant to facilitate the implementation of innovation and import substitution policies in Russia and proposes possible directions and tools for the formation of Industry 4.0 in the country. Results. The study shows that the current solution to the problem of import substitution based on industrial clusters is unsatisfactory. Effective support for the activity of innovation clusters also does little to increase the share of innovative products created in Russia. At the same time, it will obviously take at least 10-15 years to see the effects of the implementation of innovation and import substitution policies, which makes it impossible to draw a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of the examined policies or to assess the overall activity of cluster structures in the country. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that instead of extractive development institutions that hinder the country’s development, civil and entrepreneurial initiatives, Russia needs inclusive development institutions that are now practically absent but would allow citizens, organizations, and companies to influence economic and political processes. Furthermore, special government support is required for the rapidly growing medium-sized tech companies, which can become a source of economic growth for the country and a factor of global competitiveness in the world market in the next 10-15 years. Without their active development, building Industry 4.0 is impossible.

СТАН І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ЛІСОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ РЕСПУБЛІКИ КОМИ

The forestry complex is economically significant for the development of the Komi Republic. It is noticeably inferior to the fuel and energy complex, but it plays an important social role in the forest regions of the republic, where it not only creates employment for the population, but also contributes to the development of municipalities through the creation of a tax base for local budgets. This provision updates the assessment of the current situation and possible development prospects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state and development prospects of the forestry complex of the Komi Republic. The object of the research is the forest complex of the Komi Republic, which plays an important social role in the forest regions of the republic, where it not only creates employment for the population, but also contributes to the development of municipalities through the creation of a tax base for local budgets. Research hypothesis - an increase in the output of timber products is ensured by the implementation of priority investment projects in the field of forest development in the Komi Republic and the modernization of existing enterprises. Methods used in the study. The study of the state of the forest complex in the region was carried out on the basis of a retrospective analysis of data and expert assessments. Its methodological features are: structuring the efficiency of the forestry complex into production, socio-economic, and financial; using a set of indicators characterizing the specified aspects of efficiency. As a result, on a structured set of indicators, a characteristic of the forest complex of the Komi Republic was obtained, the effectiveness of activities and promising directions of development were determined. Presentation of the main material. It is shown that in the forest complex of the Komi Republic, projects are being implemented that are included in the federal list of priority investment projects in the field of forest development in Russia. Originality and practical significance of the research. The disappearance of small forest enterprises, first of all, negatively affects the social and economic situation of rural settlements of the republic, in which they are sometimes the only objects that provide an economic basis. But despite the modernization of existing enterprises and the creation of new ones, the commodity and industry structure of the complex continues to remain conservative with a predominance of timber and paper products of low and medium levels of redistribution. Conclusions. The technological level of production development remains insufficient, the share of innovative products with high added value is significantly inferior to countries with a developed forest industry. The prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Komi Republic are determined by domestic and international factors of growth in the consumption of traditional products (lumber, plywood, paper) and new niches (wrapping paper, tall oil, turpentine, bioethanol, composite materials).