Share Of Gross Value Research Articles

Моделі оптимізації структури промислового виробництва в Україні

A comparative analysis of the structural advantages of the industry in Ukraine and the EU member states has been carried out on the indicators of the share of gross value added (GVA) in the industrial output and the share of industry in total output. A similar analysis has been done in terms of industrial activities (mining and quarrying, processing industry, electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, water supply, sewage, and waste management). It is found that the key problem of Ukrainian industry is its low efficiency - the 28th place among the EU member states in terms of the GVA share in the output. The least effective are the processing industries, in which the share of GVA in the output is only 19.63%. The above shows the domination of the material and energy components, which confirms the raw material orientation of domestic industry, in particular, in processing industry. Based on the study of Poland's experience in restructuring the industry, the conditions and directions for optimization in the industrial sector (by types of industrial activities) are justified in order to move from the raw-type economy to innovation. With the help of developed economic and mathematical models, the author constructs optimized structures of output and GVA in the Ukrainian industry in accordance with the criteria of increasing the level of profitability and production technology. Proposed measures on structural adjustment of Ukraine's industrial sector: reducing the extraction of stone and brown coal with increased extraction of crude oil and natural gas; increasing the efficiency of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply by way of reducing the share of heat energy, with a simultaneous increase in the volumes and share of alternative, nuclear and hydro power; tariff liberalization and cost reduction and organizational reform of water supply, sewage, and waste management. It is determined that the key priority of the new industrial policy in Ukraine should be the development of manufacturing industries, for which a number of state policy measures are proposed. Among them are the increase in the share of state capital in high-tech and high-tech industries, the use of selective subsidy levers, and preferential taxation and government orders for non-tolling raw materials.

Ukraine and the European Union Industry: Comparative Statistical Analysis of Structural Advantages

The signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union (EU) raised the need to increase the competitiveness of domestic industry producers to the level of the EU member states. The choice of ways to improve the domestic industrial sector should be based on the results of relevant analytical assessments.
 The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative statistical analysis of key structural indicators of the industry in Ukraine and EU member states by type of industrial activity. In order to achieve this goal, a methodological approach has been developed that allows for system evaluation of industry pattern and its internal and external efficiency. Using these tools, a comparative analysis of structural advantages of the industry in Ukraine and the EU member states is conducted by share of industry in output, gross value added and exports, and by efficiency measured by share of gross value added in industry output. Similar calculations are made for all types of industrial activities.
 The results of the analysis show that Ukraine, in spite of heavy industrial potential and significant natural and human resources, in the period of analysis (2012-2015) had only 19th position among the EU member states by industrial output and the 20th position by value added in industry The pattern of the Ukrainian industry is typical for countries with economy based on primary commodities. The key problem faced by the Ukrainian industry is its low efficiency: the 28th position by share of value added in output. The above confirms that the cost structure of industrial products is dominated by material and energy components. This signals the need for further restructuring of the industrial sector in Ukraine. Optimization of the domestic industry structure has to cover all industrial sectors and subsectors. A key optimization criterion has to be the socioeconomic efficiency enhancement, which can be achieved through increasing and restructuring the gross value added, with particular emphasis on the share of gross operating profit, mixed income.

Wages, Productivity and Labour's Declining Income Share in Post‐Apartheid South Africa

AbstractThe Marikana incident in 2012, as well as the protracted strikes by platinum miners, metal and postal workers in 2014 suggest that not all is well in the South African labour market. Even though those in employment are better off than the unemployed poor, macroeconomic data indicate that labour's share in gross value added has declined significantly during the first two decades following the first democratic election in 1994. A falling share of labour in income also means, by definition, that average labour productivity growth outstrips real wages growth. Data for South Africa suggest that productivity has indeed increased faster than wages in South Africa. This article argues that financialisation and more aggressive returns‐oriented investment strategies applied by for instance large investment institutions translated into higher required rates of return on capital, which in turn caused an increased implementation of capital‐augmenting labour‐saving technology that reduces labour's share in income.

The Territorial Impact of the Knowledge Economy: Intangibles and Regional Inequality in Great Britain

Knowledge-based activities are an important source of national and regional competitiveness. In the UK and other European Union countries knowledge industries represent not only one of the fastest growing sources of new jobs, but also account for an increasing share of Gross Value Added (GVA) and exports. Nonetheless, there are also indications that the actual importance of the knowledge economy still remains understated. Within the conventional System of National Accounts, expenditure on intangible assets, such as research and development or human and organizational capital, is not considered either as part of GVA or as investment. In the UK, Marrano et al. (2009) report increased market sector GVA figures by as much as 13% in 2004 after treating intangibles as investment. Considering that expenditures on intangibles vary considerably across regions, it is likely that the territorial impact of this aspect of the knowledge economy has remained largely unreported so far. Spatial inequalities in the investment in intangibles should result in sharper inequalities in regional output. This paper aims to address this issue, first by adjusting the UK regional GVA series for investment in intangibles and second by exploring the trends in regional economic convergence during the period 1991–2004.

The Russian Tax System: A View from the Inside

The article considers the tax potential of the composition of GDP by type of primary incomes in 2000—2010 by main economic activities and branches of industry. The analysis has shown that the components of GDP, which decline (net income), comprise the basis of the tax system; meanwhile the proportion of the components, hardly covered by taxation (hidden salary), or those, which taxation is difficult to control (net mixed income), increases. The author comes to the conclusion that the proportion of the industry tax burden and the share of gross value added in GDP should be balanced. Otherwise, the tax system becomes ineffective. The analysis of the structure of industry tax revenues over time suggests a high differentiation of taxes on economic activities and industries.