Shape Characters Research Articles

The Chinese Pleasure Book by Michael Nylan

Reviewed by: The Chinese Pleasure Book by Michael Nylan Andrew Lambert (bio) The Chinese Pleasure Book. By Michael Nylan. New York: Zone Books, 2018. Pp. 472. Hardcover $32.95, ISBN 978-1-942130-13-0. In this vast and ambitious tome, Michael Nylan aims to "trace the evolution of pleasure theories in early China over the course of a millennium and a half" (p. 17), roughly from 400 BCE to 1100 CE. This involves dissecting the discourse surrounding a single graph, le 樂, which Nylan translates as pleasure, and actively distinguishes from other states such as happiness and joy. Nylan understands such pleasure as "deeper satisfactions" realized in long-term commitments and often relational in nature (p. 18). In texts, pleasure (樂) is often associated with "objects of consequence" such as intimate friends (you 友), Heaven (tian 天), graceful and charismatic acts (de 德) and family profession or heritage (ye 業) (p. 35). Nylan believes that the importance of pleasure in understanding Chinese thought has been neglected by modern sinologists. Furthermore, the Chinese term involves connotations and practical implications that do not neatly align with accounts of comparable inner states found in "classical Greece and Rome and in modern philosophy" (p. 18). In Chinese thought, for example, pleasure is contrasted not with pain--as is common in European thought, including classical utilitarianism--but with concern or anxiety (you 憂), danger (wei 危) or grief arising from loss (ai 哀) (p. 35). The distinctive profile of Chinese pleasure thus invites a detailed study. This book-length study consists of seven chapters. The first introduces notable features of Chinese pleasure discourse. These include: the sheer range of pleasure-related terms in the texts; the relation of pleasure with theories of resonance (ganying 感應); insistence that the pleasure promoted was not hedonistic; and that all thinkers, from the Warring States period to the eleventh century, addressed how to "convert the consuming pleasures--those that expand vast time, wealth and physical energy--into sustaining pleasures that could support…the polity, the family or the body" (p. 33). Such transformation could ensure "a life of maximal pleasure and minimal distress" (p. 54). This wide-ranging theory of pleasure is unpacked in subsequent chapters. The second chapter examines two closely linked themes that illustrate the relational and more rewarding pleasures: music and friendship. Subsequent chapters then focus on the treatment of pleasure by particular texts or thinkers. [End Page 1] Chapters 3-5 focus on the treatment of pleasure in pre-Qin Master's texts: the Mencius, the Xunzi and the Zhuangzi. Chapter 6 focuses on Yang Xiong's conviction that pleasure is found in immersion in great writers of antiquity. The final chapter is a comparative study of pleasure in the works of Tao Yuanming and Su Shi. The first four chapters in particular develop a multi-faceted theory of how pleasure functioned in Chinese thought and social life. This integrates accounts of human nature with broader social and political issues. The chapters on Mencius and Xunzi outline how the early Confucians understood pleasure and the desire for it as part of human nature. People were bundles of desires, and desires could not be eliminated. Accordingly, pleasure was not to be dismissed or actively restricted, but was to be accommodated where possible (asceticism finds few backers in the tradition). At the same time, the metaphors of organic growth in the Mencius and of social conditioning in the Xunzi indicate that desires were to be refined through the shaping of personal character. Mencius encourages rulers to "recognize the essential humanity underlying their desires" with "ordinary desires" transmuted into desires for "community and cooperation." (p. 137) through sympathetic extension of feeling. For Xunzi, "the Way of ritual and music…constitutes the only conceivable path by which to provide reliable satisfaction for the jumble of desires and longings" (p. 177); such cultivation enables people to become virtual works of art, charismatic and a pleasure to emulate. The possibility of transforming desires, and the need to do so, gave rise to a rich discourse about the management of desires. A central theme of the book, and a topic Nylan has explored in previous articles, is that such management--as both giving and taking pleasure--was central to social and...

Ženski likovi u odabranim komedijama Branislava Nušića i Stefana Kostova

The paper presents the results of research that included comparative study of the place and role of female characters in selected and representative comedies by Serbian comedigrapher Branislav Nušić (eng. MP, Suspicious person, Mrs Minister, Bereaved family, Dr, Deceased; srb. Narodni poslanik, Sumnjivo lice, Ožalošćena porodica, Dr, Pokojnik, Vlast) and Bulgarian comedigrapher Stefan Kostov (eng. Gold mine, Golemanov, Grasshoppers, Nameless comedy; blg. Zlamnama mina, Golemanov, Skakalci, Komediâ bez ime) in order to find similarities and differences in the process of comedigraphic shaping of female characters in the work of these two authors. The subject of the research was viewed primarily from a literary-theoretical point of view, and the dominant methods of study were comparative and analytical-synthetic. During the research, there was a differentiation of female characters in accordance with their motivational structures, psychological assemblies and the nature of the place and the role they play in the social environment in which they are located. Therefore, we can distinguish female characters who live in the province and who are fully representative of the small-town spirit, female characters who live in the capital and are a symbol of the modern age and female characters who dwell in the capital, but in fact, deeply down still carry a small-town view of the world. The structure of this paper is in line with this distinction. Conclusions made at the end of the study show that the representation of female characters in analyzed comedies of both comedigaphers is highly similar in its nature.

Analysis of sensory characteristic rice of Padi Gogo (dry land paddy) at Aceh Province

Agricultural vision Indonesia on 2045 is to become world food producers. In status, there has been reduction of paddy field at Aceh province caused by land use changes, furthermore, the reliable solution is optimizing a dry land use, locally estimated reach up to 200.000 ha. Several institutions have been developing dry land of paddy varieties (padi gogo), which suitable planted in dry land and rainfed area. The objectives of this research were to obtain rice character and rice grains shape which suites on Acehnese preference. Location of rice planting was at Tangse sub district, Pidie district, Aceh province, the varieties including Inpago 8, 9, 11, Unsoed, Limboto and Tuwoti. To find out the sensory characteristic of the rice, hedonic test was performed with the number of panelist were 31 (half-classified). In this research, we observed parameters were taste, aroma, color, and texture as well as rice grains shape. The analyzing of the data used kruskal-wallis test. Result of the study shows that the main parameters was significant different (asymp sig.000), on dry land paddy (padi gogo). Overall, the panelist more tends likes the Limboto variety.

Exploring Deep Learning Approaches to Recognize Handwritten Arabic Texts

Recognition of cursive handwritten Arabic text is a difficult problem because of context-sensitive character shapes, the non-uniform spacing between words and within a word, diverse placements of dots, and diacritics, and very low inter-class variation among individual classes. In this paper, we review and investigate different deep learning architectures and modeling choices for Arabic handwriting recognition. Further, we address the problem that imbalanced data sets present to deep learning systems. In order to address this issue, we are presenting a novel adaptive data-augmentation algorithm to promote class diversity. This algorithm assigns a weight to each word in the database lexicon. This weight is calculated based on the average probability of each class in a word. Experimental results on the IFN/ENIT and AHDB databases have shown that our presented approach yields state-of-the-art results.

Russian entrepreneurs historical mindset in examplification of future economists moral character shaping

The paper focuses on the moral portrait of modern Russian entrepreneurs which is currently subject to a drastic change. A historical overview of Russian entrepreneurial traditions is provided. Entrepreneur moral has always played a vital role in economy development and will always play. Moreover, business people values affect the institutional interaction at micro-, mezo- and macro-levels. To highlight the entrepreneurial culture principles of Russian entrepreneurs from historical point of view, and show illiteracy of modern students in economics in the issues of Russian entrepreneurship history. Methods and methodological units of research are content analysis, culture genesis, empirical study. The poll of the first and second-year students of two leading universities was conducted, and its results revealed ignorance of to-be economists on the issues of Russian entrepreneurship history. Hence, our students would not be able to follow the traditions of Russian entrepreneurship. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the theoretical and methodological justification of moral qualities of Russian entrepreneurs of the 19th-20thcenturies and their applicability/impossibility of use by modern entrepreneurs in conditions of informatization and digitalization. Research results can be used by Universities for tailoring their educational programmes for to-be economists and entrepreneurs.

Handwritten Arabic Characters Recognition using a Hybrid Two-Stage Classifier

Handwritten Arabic character recognition presents a big challenge to researchers in the field of pattern recognition. Arabic characters are characterized by their highly-cursive nature and many of them have a similar appearance. For example, the only difference between some of the alphabet characters is the existence of a number dots above or below the main character shape. This paper proposes a system for isolated off-line handwritten Arabic character recognition using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) as the feature extraction method and a two-stage hybrid classifier. The two stages are a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a neural network (NN). The first stage is a two-class SVM classifier which classifies a character either a character with dot(s) or without dot(s). The output of this stage is used to extend the feature vector of the character by the class value to give it an extra unique feature. The extend feature vector is fed to a multi-class neural network model to classify the character. The proposed approach is tested on a database of Arabic handwritten characters called AlexU Isolated Alphabet (AIA9K) containing 8,737 character images. The experimental results of the first stage classifier showed a high recognition accuracy rate of 99.14%. The proposed two-stage hybrid classifier obtained an average recognition accuracy rate of 91.84% over all Arabic Alphabet characters.

Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization

Ecomorphological studies evaluating the impact of environmental and biological factors on the brain have so far focused on morphology or size measurements, and the ecological relevance of potential multi-level variations in brain architecture remains unclear in vertebrates. Here, we exploit the extraordinary ecomorphological diversity of squamates to assess brain phenotypic diversification with respect to locomotor specialization, by integrating single-cell distribution and transcriptomic data along with geometric morphometric, phylogenetic, and volumetric analysis of high-definition 3D models. We reveal significant changes in cerebellar shape and size as well as alternative spatial layouts of cortical neurons and dynamic gene expression that all correlate with locomotor behaviours. These findings show that locomotor mode is a strong predictor of cerebellar structure and pattern, suggesting that major behavioural transitions in squamates are evolutionarily correlated with mosaic brain changes. Furthermore, our study amplifies the concept of ‘cerebrotype’, initially proposed for vertebrate brain proportions, towards additional shape characters.

Bentuk Tokoh Umar Maya Pada Wayang Sasak

Puppet umar maya is known as one of the characters in the sasak puppet story. This figure acts as an advisor to the knights in the right puppets, especially the advisor to the king of the Jayangrana king. As an advisor, this figure has a wise, humble, smart, brave, and loyal character to his country. From these various characteristics, this figure is respected by all right-wing puppets and respected by his enemies. In this research, the writer tries to describe the shape of the virtual puppet umar figures with the hope that the community, especially the younger generation among academics, can know the form of the puppet sasak, especially the virtual umar figures. The research method that I use is a qualitative method where the data collection is done by observation, interviews with the actors of Sasak puppet art, as well as reviewing documents that discuss Sasak puppets. From the results of research conducted by the author, the results obtained in the form of a description of the shape of the virtual umar characters in sasak puppets which are divided into urayan about the shape of the virtual umar figures in terms of the form of making ideas of virtual umar characters and the physical form of the virtual umar characters in the sasak puppet

Pollen Morphology and Generic Delimitation of the Polygonaceae in Egypt

POLLEN grains of 18 species representing seven genera (Atraphaxis, Calligonum, Oxygonum, Emex, Periscaria, Polygonum and Rumex) of Polygonaceae Juss. (Subfamily, Polygonoideae) in Egypt were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the taxonomic value of micro-morphological characters of pollen grains in order to differentiate between the genera and species. The study showed that pollen grains are radially symmetrical, isopolar, oblate-spheroidal, spheroidal, subprolate to prolate, with ambtrilobed or circular, tricolporoidate, tricolporate, rarely tetracolporate and pantopolyporate. Tectum is striato-reticulate to reticulate, coarse reticulate with double bacula in muri and pilatelumine, rugulo-reticulate, microechinate-foveolate, and microgranulate-perforate Based on these characters, five groups of pollen types are recognized. The results indicate that pollen morphology characters of shape, aperture and exine ornamentation are useful in generic delimitation. A key for the separation of the different pollen types is provided.

Home economics in an oak gall: behavioural and chemical immune strategies against a fungal pathogen in Temnothorax ant nests.

Nest architecture is a fundamental character shaping immune strategies of social insects. The arboreal ant Temnothorax unifasciatus nests in cavities such as oak galls where the entire colony lives in a unique small chamber. In these conditions, physiological and behavioural strategies likely prevail over compartmentalisation and are presumably tuned with colony size. We designed two experiments to study chemical and behavioural immune strategies against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in colonies of different sizes. First, we compared spore germination and length of germinal tubes inside artificial nests, designed to impede the contact between the ants and the fungus, in colonies of different size. In the absence of direct contact, Temnothorax unifasciatus colonies inhibit fungal growth inside their nests, presumably through volatile compounds. The analysis revealed a positive correlation between fungistatic activity and colony size, indicating that workers of smaller colonies do not invest a higher per capita effort in producing such substances compared to larger colonies. Second, we performed a removal experiment of contaminated and non-contaminated items introduced inside the nests of colonies of different size. Small colonies challenged with contaminated fibres showed an increased removal of all the items (both contaminated and non-contaminated) compared to small colonies challenged with non-contaminated fibres only. Conversely, larger colonies moved items regardless of the presence of the spores inside the nest. Colony size qualitatively affected removal of waste items showing a pathogen elicited reaction in small colonies to optimise the reduced workforce, while the removal behaviour in larger colonies revealed to be expressed constitutively.

Claw asymmetry in crabs: approaching an old issue from a new point of view

AbstractCrabs are considered exceptional examples of antisymmetry resulting from the phenomenon of heterochely. Here we investigate morphometrically both the size and the shape of heterochely in 28 crab species, distributed unequally along a brachyuran phylogeny. We address the importance of investigating claw size and shape for interspecific comparisons by linking geometric morphometric outputs to phylogenetic data for 134 brachyuran species. New indices introduced as new sexual dimorphic characters of size and shape, namely heterometry (right chela size/left chela size) and heteromorphy (Procrustes distance between right and left chelae shape), revealed sexually dimorphic differences in diverse crab species. We demonstrate that both size and shape heterochely occur amongst the examined species, but there are no ecological correlations. Our study demonstrates that claw similarity between two or more species was due mainly to phylogenetic relatedness rather than ecological convergence, suggesting that claw morphological features could be useful morphological markers in phylogenetic studies. Although further investigation is needed, this study represents one of the first to thoroughly analyse the origin and evolution of heterochely within the Brachyura clade.

Pollen Morphology Variation of Undergrowth Plants in Bantarbolang Nature Reserve, Pemalang, Central Java

Undergrowth is ground cover plant which is generally in the form of herbs, grass or low shrubs. Mostly undergrowth is flowering plants. The Flower is part of plant for generative reproduction that consists of several organs that consist of pedicellus, receptacullum, perianthium, pistillum and stamen that contain pollen. Pollen is part of the flower that functions as a generative reproduction agent because it contains male gamete. Pollen has a distinctive character in each plant so that it can be used as a tool for identifying plants. Sampling location was conducted in Bantarbolang Nature Reserve, a conservation area located in Kebon Gede Village, Bantarbolang District, Pemalang Regency. The objective of research is to know the morphological character of undergrowth pollen in the Bantarbolang Nature Reserve. The research used a survey method with explorative sampling techniques. The variables that observed are the morphological character of pollen with the parameters consist of pollen unit, shape, aperture, diameter, and ornamentation. Sample preparation uses the acetolysis method and descriptive data analysis. Based on the results of the research found 6 species of undergrowth with different pollen morphological characters in the pollen shape (sub-speroidal and prolate), aperture (tricolpate, tricolporate and fenestrate) and ornamentation type (psilate, reticulate, perforate and echinate). The pollen units of all species have the same type, monad

Pengembangan Kompetensi Guru dalam Pembelajaran PAI bagi Generasi Z

The current young generation or the so-called Z generation is a generation born after 2000 until now and is very attached to gadgets. The ease that they have in accessing media, unfortunately, is not accompanied by a strong filter ability to be able to sort and select the information they receive. Therefore, today's teachers need to prepare themselves by developing their competencies to handle it. The solution offered is the development of the competence of PAI (Islamic religious education) teachers to be able to understand their students, who generally come from Z generation so that the learning process of PAI becomes effective. This service activity aims to help teachers and prospective teachers in increasing their understanding, awareness, and strategies in creating a PAI learning process that is interesting for the Z Generation. The implementation of activities in the form of workshops related to effective communication between teacher and students, the urgency of PAI in shaping character, the introduction of the characteristics of the Z Generation and PAI learning strategies for the Z Generation and closed with a share and care session. The workshop was conducted using an interactive method, between speakers and participants and supported by an assembly of sharing and care that strengthens and enhances the experiences and insights of teachers and prospective teachers on how to handle the Z generation in the Islamic religious education learning process

A simple, no-cost method for 3D printed model identification

3D printed models are often very similar in shape and can be inadvertently switched if the related patient is not identified correctly. Here, we present a free and simple method to imprint letters and numbers in a 3D model. CT scan data were used to create an STL file of a patient's mandible. We then used Blender software to modify it with numbers and letters. We chose to imprint a series of four letters and numbers on our 3D models. We chose representative letters and numbers of the Latin alphabet. Six models were printed with an Up plus 2 – easy 120 3D printer with different character sizes and shape to evaluate the readability. All models were printed without any failures. Regarding readability, 2 mistakes were made among ten readers. The favourite extrusion depth was 3 mm, and the largest model was preferred. Identification can be done at different times and by different means, but identifying the 3D model during its creation is safer. Moreover these identified 3D models could be saved in the digital patient medical file. The identification location should take into consideration the future indication of the 3D printed medical model. We recommend that 3D identification should be done using at least 7.5mm high, with a depth of 3mm. Our method allows easy, fast and free 3D text. This 3D text identification printing method may be a first step towards the legal use of 3D printed models made within the hospital.

Description of six new species of Mesonerilla (Nerillidae, Annelida) and an emended description of M. intermedia Wilke, 1953, from marine and cave environments

Nerillidae is a species-rich family of meiofaunal, mainly interstitial annelids. The genus Mesonerilla previously contained eight described species. We here describe six new species of Mesonerilla based on detailed morphological light and scanning electron microscopy studies. The new species were collected from coastal subtidal and tidal sediments, as well as from anchialine caves, in the Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago and the USA. All species of Mesonerilla contain nine segments, two-three antennae, two club-shaped palps, parapodial cirri and compound chaetae in most segments. New species are diagnosed by unique character traits and/or a unique combination of characters involving differences in shape of appendages, reproductive characters and glandular and ciliary patterns. Their validation is further supported by a molecular phylogeny including these and the majority of described species of Mesonerilla. With most of the diagnostic characters of the described species being hardly discernible, and with potential additional molecular identifiable species left undescribed, the genus Mesonerilla, as many other interstitial groups, show a high degree of cryptic diversity.

Wooam Song Si-yeol's letter calligraphy

본고는 17세기 조선의 주자학을 선도했던 우암(尤庵) 송시열(宋時烈, 1607-1689)의 간찰서예를 연구한 것이다. 우암의 한문간찰과 한글간찰의 서체를 분석하고, 간찰에 드러난 미적 요소와 그에 내재된 서예풍격을 조명하였다. 우암은 상당수의 간찰을 남겼는데, 그 가운데 몇 점을 선별해서 분석한 결과, 넉넉한 결구와 유려한 필세 및 호방한 필의가 두드러졌다. 정중한 해서에 행서의 기운을 넣어 자형의 기울기를 줌으로써 정적이고 점잖아 보이면서도 한편 필세의 자연스러운 흐름이이 돋보였다. 거리낌 없는 자유분방한 운필과 필획의 흐름, 마지막 세로획의 절묘한 비백과 탄력적인 필세, 묵직한 끝맺음 등은 초서의 멋스러움과 더불어 우암의 호방하면서도 강직한 성품을 확인할 수 있었다. 법도에 어긋남 없이 매우 경쾌한 가운데서도 절제의 미가 돋보였으며, 특히 필획의 강약변화와 필세의 다양한 흐름에서는 역동적 기운과 필단의연(筆斷意連)의 운치가 융합되어 있다. 능숙한 한문서예 필법을 토대로 서사한 우암의 한글간찰은 자간의 연결과 필맥의 흐름이 뛰어나다. 형식에 얽매이지 않고 운필과 자형, 자간과 행간 등을 자연스럽게 포치함으로써 소박한 가운데 절주미가 두드러진다. 우암의 한문필법은 그의 한글서예에도 고스란히 담겨있었다. 다만 한문 편지는 평소에 늘 사용했기 때문에 깊이 있고 웅장하고 근엄하며 자유자재로 운필하는 등필력이 지극히 느껴지는 반면, 한글간찰은 드물게 쓴 것이어서인지 섬세하면서도 부드럽고 유려함마저 느껴진다. 그럼에도 불구하고 행서와 초서의 필법에 뿌리를 두어 엄정하고 단아한 필획으로 조선시대 사대부 특유의 한글을 구현하였다. 특히 한문간찰과 한글간찰을 비교한 결과 비슷한 자형이라도 어느 획 하나 중복되거나 동일한 표현이 없어 우암 서체의 변화무쌍한 풍격을 확인할 수 있었다.This paper is to examine letter calligraphy of Wooam Song Si-yeol (尤庵宋時烈, 1607-1689), a leader of Neo-Confucianism in the 17th century Joseon. Wooam’s letter calligraphy is of remarkably restricted beauty in spite of unrestrained, free use of brush and flow of brush strokes. Particularly in dynamic change of brush strokes and diverse flows in strength of brush movement, energetic spirit and quaint beauty in discontinued strokes but continuous right attitude on calligraphy (筆斷意連) are combined. Wooam’s Korean calligraphy work, all of which are letter calligraphy, have been passed down and this study analyzed three of them. Letters written in Korean characters described on the basis on his skilled calligraphic technique for Chinese calligraphy are of superb connection between characters and flow in calligraphic context. Not restricted by formality and naturally spreading his use of brush, shape of characters, space between letters and lines, his works are artless with remarkable beauty of dynamics. Comparison between letters written in Chinese and Korean characters did not demonstrate any single stroke duplicated or repeated expression even with similar character shape, which confirmed ever-changing style of Wooam chirography.

Microstructure, microtexture and grain boundary character evolution in microwave sintered copper

In the present investigation, the evolution of microstructure and microtexture of commercially available copper powder during solid state sintering using microwave furnace has been studied. The powder was compacted using 300 MPa uniaxial die pressure and the green compacts were sintered at 610 °C, 880 °C and 1020 °C in argon atmosphere at 20 min and 45 min isothermal holding times using multi-mode microwave furnace which has output power of 3 kW and operated at 2.45 GHz frequency. The temperatures were selected to obtain different dominant densification processes. For sintered samples comparative analysis has been made based on densification behavior, microstructural and microtexture evolution and mechanical properties. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study indicated that there is a distinct evolution of microtexture and microstructure in terms of evolution of grain boundary character distribution, misorientation, size, shape and morphology of grains and pores. Attributed to high temperature driven volume diffusion process, 1020 °C sintered samples showed better sintering between copper particles, grain growth, grain coalescence, reduction in porosity area fraction and increased pore rounding. For all microwave sintered samples, the highest fraction of CSL boundary fraction found to be Σ3 boundary with a common (111) grain boundary plane which indicated coherent twin boundaries with low energy. More Σ3 twin population is found on intermediate sintering temperature range whereas significant reduction is observed higher temperature sintering which might be the result of grain coalescence and volume diffusion at higher sintering temperature that reduced high angle grain boundaries. Microwave sintered copper samples brought random microtexture evolution with variation of sintering temperature and holding time. This might indicate the presence of non-conventional sintering mechanisms during microwave sintering.

A study on the shape of character in Chekhov’s «Seagull» - Focusing on Masha Shamraeva -

A study on the shape of character in Chekhov’s «Seagull» - Focusing on Masha Shamraeva -

Hidden Markov Model Based Odia Numeral Recognition Using Moment and Structural Features

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a strategy to perceive character from optically checked and digitized pages. OCR plays an important role for Indian script research. The official language of the state Odisha is Odia. OCR face an incredible difficulties to recognize Odia language due to similar shape characters, their complex nature, the complicated way in which they combine form to compound character, use of Matra etc. Each character and numbers are passed through several modules like binarization, noise removal, segmentation, line segmentation, word segmentation, skeletonization, deskewing, thinning, thickening. The input picture is standardized to a size of 50 x 50 2D pictures. HMM is a stochastic process which has utilized in various applications for example speech recognition, Handwriting recognition, Gesture recognition. In this paper we utilized HMM to recognize the Odia character and numbers. Hidden Markov Model have many advantages such as resistant to noise, handle contrast recorded as a hard copy and the HMM devices are effectively accessible. In our proposed method we have developed an efficient recognition algorithm using Hidden Markov model based on moment based and structural feature to recognize Odia characters and numerals.

Taxonomic value of the petiole anatomy in the genus <i>Cinnamomum</i> (Lauraceae) found in Sri Lanka

We assessed the petiole anatomy of 8 species of Sri Lankan Cinnamomum (C. capparu-coronde, C. citriodorum, C. dubium, C. litseaefolium, C. ovalifolium, C. rivulorum and C. sinharajaense and C. verum) belonging to the family Lauraceae using light microscopy in the petiole anatomy for identification and classification of species. This is the first report on comprehensive petiole anatomy in Cinnamomum species. The distinctive, important and key taxonomic characteristics of the petiole include the shape and outline of the petiole, the presence of winged extensions, surface grooves on upper surface, presence or absence of trichomes, structure of vascular bundle and stone cell characters (shape, structure, pits and fissure size). These identified petiole characters provide the additional information for the identification of Cinnamomum species. Almost all the characters studied had little difference within a species but vary among the species. However, shape of epidermal cells was relatively constant for all species. All polymorphic characters were used for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and species were divided into three main clusters. The PCA revealed that acicular crystals, cluster of crystals, trichomes and trichome abundance contribute to the first component that account for 31.76% total variance. Shape of the petiole, upper surface wings and raphides are the major loading characters to the second component. Therefore, anatomical structures of the petiole are useful in the identification and may help for crop improvement, conservation, management and future usefulness of germplasm resources of Cinnamomum species. Keywords. Cinnamomum, Lauraceae, PCA, petiole anatomy, taxonomy