Shape Ofthe Research Articles

Testing of a promising gel for the prevention of epidural fibrosis in an experiment on a laminectomy model

Surgical treatment of spinal diseases is often complicated by epidural fibrosis, which is one of the main causes of failed back surgery syndrome.The aim. To evaluate the laminectomy zone and transformation of epidural fibrosis using original gels in an experiment.Materials and methods. Laminectomy was performed on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups. The original gels were tested. The group of intact (unoperated) rats served as a comparison group for the control and groups with the tested gels, carrying and not carrying the p38 MAP kinase blocker. On day 28, the deformation of the dural sac was assessed by measuring the transverse and longitudinal sections of the spinal canal, also the adhesion of the spinal roots to the inner layer of the dura mater in epidural fibrosis and its coverage with connective tissue along the perimeter of the laminectomy window were determined.Results. In the control group, the pronounced deformation ofthe dural sac was observed. The use of all the studied gels reduced the deformation, bringing the shape ofthe dural sac closer to the norm. However, the gel with the p38 MAP kinase blocker significantly reduced the adhesion of the spinal roots to the dura mater.Conclusion. For the first time, a pharmaceutical composition containing a p38 MAP kinase blocker was used andstudied ona laminectomy model forthe prevention of epidural fibrosis, and the relationships between the transformation and change in the shape of the dural sac with an assessment of the involvement of the dura mater in the formation of epidural fibrosis were presented. The results obtained show that a gel with a p38 MAP kinase blocker is more effective for the prevention of epidural fibrosis than a gel without a blocker.

Investigation on the unconstrained microfluidic heat sink with high anti-blockage capacity for multiple hotspots system

Microfluidic heat sinks are regarded as an efficient cooling solution in micro-electronic systems. However, as the hydraulic diameter of the microfluidic heat sinks shrinks, the blockage problem may occur due to the particles caused by cooling components? abrasion, which limits the application in long-term operation. This paper proposes an unconstrained microfluidic heat sink (UCMFHS) with high anti-blockage capacity for multiple hotspot systems, which aims to solve the block-age problem. The position and shape of the micro pin fins in UCMFHS are optimized by the CFD model. According to the test requirements of anti-blockage capacity and cooling performance, the test platform is built, which adopts the thermal test chips as heat source array. The results show that when the coolant particle concentration is 0.5%, the pressure drop variation is less than 0.3 kPa in UCMFHS, which is 99.43% lower than the control sample. The average temperature and temperature non-uniformity coefficient of 16 hotspots under the condition of 1200 W/cm2 and 125 mL per minute are 141.1? and 0.049, respectively. Therefore, the UCMFHS has both anti-blockage capacity and cooling capacity and is considered to have a high application prospect in long-term multi-hotspot cooling.

Exploring a Design Space Of Shell and Tensile Structures Generated by AI from Historical Precedents

This paper presents the development and application of a computational design tool that can be used to explore an AI-generated design space for the conceptual design of shell and tensile structures. An AI model was trained to extract geometric features from a dataset of 40 well-known design precedents of shell and tensile structures and to construct a design space. The trained model was then endowed with an interface to allow the designer to explore the design space within CAD software. Unlike the majority of current approaches to parametric design and optimisation, the exploration of the design space – and therefore the interaction between the designer and the computational model – does not take place via design variables, but through visual input. The potential of this tool to support the conceptual design of shell and tensile structures is examined through an application involving iconic design precedents. The application shows that, unlike form-finding and optimisation, this tool generates design suggestions that are not performance-driven, and do not require the statement of the boundary conditions, which would pre-determine the results. Despite this, such design suggestions can be considered plausible because they embed specific design knowledge resulting from a re-elaborating process of the main geometric features of the precedents used to train the AI model. These features include, for example, the shape of the openings, the number and location of the support points or the inversion of curvature, where present. The application results question the role of computational tools in conceptual design and illustrate an alternative strategy to explore the design space.

Ecology of onions in Transbaikalia

The article presents the results of studying the influence of growing conditions on the morphological andanatomical features of representatives of the genus Allium. The study concluded that xeromesophytic and mesoxerophyticspecies have high ecological plasticity. Within a species, a difference in anatomical and morphological structure can beobserved, depending on the conditions of germination. Growing conditions affect the number of leaves and the shape ofthe leaf cross-section, the degree of development of chlorenchyma, depending on the light conditions, and the location ofthe conductive bundles in the leaves. The height of the peduncle, the length of the leaf blade, the number of flowers in theinflorescence vary depending on the growing conditions.The article presents the results of studying the influence of growing conditions on the morphological andanatomical features of representatives of the genus Allium. The study concluded that xeromesophytic and mesoxerophyticspecies have high ecological plasticity. Within a species, a difference in anatomical and morphological structure can beobserved, depending on the conditions of germination. Growing conditions affect the number of leaves and the shape ofthe leaf cross-section, the degree of development of chlorenchyma, depending on the light conditions, and the location ofthe conductive bundles in the leaves. The height of the peduncle, the length of the leaf blade, the number of flowers in theinflorescence vary depending on the growing conditions.

Phase-factor spectra of turbulent phase screens.

The optical phase ϕ is a key quantity in the physics of light propagating through a turbulent medium. In certain respects, however, the statistics of the phase factor, ψ=exp⁡(iϕ), are more relevant than the statistics of the phase itself. Here, we present a theoretical analysis of the 2D phase-factor spectrum Fψ(κ) of a random phase screen. We apply the theory to four types of phase screens, each characterized by a power-law phase structure function, Dϕ(r)=(r/rc)γ (where rc is the phase coherence length defined by Dϕ(rc)=1rad2), and a probability density function pα(α) of the phase increments for a given spatial lag. We analyze phase screens with turbulent (γ=5/3) and quadratic (γ=2) phase structure functions and with normally distributed (i.e., Gaussian) versus Laplacian phase increments. We find that there is a pronounced bump in each of the four phase-factor spectra Fψ(κ). The precise location and shape of the bump are different for the four phase-screen types, but in each case it occurs at κ∼1/rc. The bump is unrelated to the well-known "Hill bump" and is not caused by diffraction effects. It is solely a characteristic of the refractive-index statistics represented by the respective phase screen. We show that the second-order ψ statistics (covariance function, structure function, and spectrum) characterize a random phase screen more completely than the second-order ϕ counterparts.

Iterative systems in sold structures and filigree structures / study in structural surface strategy

The relationship between the structure and the shape in contemporary architecture has different formatsaccording to design and structural requirements. The integration is important formulas among these relationship, asthey form one unit in architecture, where the integration is characteristic by the important property which is theiterative system. One of the strategies to find iterative systems in contemporary architecture over traditional is calledstructural surface. Previous knowledge has been differed in explaining the functional of systems and it’smechanisms, especially in the relationship among the form and structure, so the problem has surfaced “the necessityto know the difference of the properties and types of iterative systems among solid and perforated structures withinthe structural surface strategy, and it’s role between the form and the structure”. to achieve the research’s goal “whatare the repetition and iterative systems in contemporary architectural structure and it’s role to determine the shape ofthe relationship among the structure and the form for building of different heights “, which has depended ondescriptive analytical method in three stage after defining the repetition in general, iterative system in particular andprevious knowledge criticism. First stage has focused on building a theoretical framework (characteristics and typesof the iterative systems in contemporary architectural structure and structural surface strategy). Second stage hasfocused on knowing the levels of the relationship among the form and the structure, By studying selected sampleswithin building of different height In addition to determine the important basic assumption of the research ,which is(iterative systems is differ in architectural structure (solid and perforated) , through characteristics of the iterativesystems with the system and the relationship of the surrounding environment according to it’s height (high ,medium)and it’s formation method (orthogonal ,free) ) . Third stage has focused on analyzing the results and conclusions as inthe role of the iterative systems (structural surface strategy) in producing the solid structures by adopting therepetition of the structural elements and generative rules in perforated structures, and use it to achieve a fusionamong the form and the structure to produce structures with efficiency and aesthetic appearance and structures thatreflect movement and dynamism. The level of this relationship are :( first: the compositionl, through theorganizational depth of the architectural structure. Second: the expressive, by finding three types of the relationshipare (the merging, the discrete, and the hybrid).

Finding the Shape of the Profile of Aero-Hydrodynamical Lattice by Given Chord Diagram of Velocity Distrubution

We consider the inverse boundary value problem of aero-hydrodynamical lattices. It is necessary to find the shape of the profile of a lattice streamlined by a potential flow of an incompressible non-viscous liquid, when the distribution of the velocity value on the profile is given as a function of the abscissa of the profile point (chord diagram); the lattice period and the ratio of complex liquid flow rates before and after the lattice are known.

ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЦВЕТЕНИЯ ЭЛИТНЫХ ГИБРИДОВ ЛИЛЕЙНИКА HEMEROCALLISL.ВУСЛОВИЯХЛЕСОСТЕПИАЛТАЙСКОГОКРАЯ

he results of studying daylily hybrids (Hemerocallis L.) are discussed. The research goal is tostudy daylily hybrids with different colors, long and productive flowering, and adapted to the conditions of the Altai Region’s forest-steppe. The research targets were as following: the control variety Golden Gift and 9 promising hybrids of 2006-2008 obtained by crossing of the daylily developed in the Altai Region. The studies were carried out according to the gen-erally accepted methodology. In 2015, 2019, and 2020, no winter damage was observed in daylily hybrids. Shoot growth was observed from April 13to April 20; the begin-ning of flowering –from June 10 to August 2. The total duration of the hybrids’ ornamental value made over 2.5 months (from June 10 to September 7). The generative productivity in the studied hybrids was 18-270 flowers per plant. Most hybrids were red in color. The hybrid 20-07-17 had a spider-like flower shape; 3-07-3 -star-shaped; the rest had rounded and triangular flowers. Flower diameter in the hybrids varied within 7.4-16.2 cm; in the control -10.2 cm. The hybrid plants grew in width to 37-62 cm. The plant height varies from 40 to 64 cm which is important for creating flower arrangements for urban and household plot landscaping. All the studied hybrids have high ornamental and productive characteristics; among them there arecan-didate varieties for further selective breeding and expan-sion of genetic diversity. As a result, profusely blooming hybrids of daylily Hemerocallis L.with early, medium, and late flowering were studied; this would allow increasing the duration of ornamental value for more than 2.5 months. The best are the following hybrids: 1-06-15 -tall, red-colored and triangular-shaped flower; 20-07-17 -tall, large-flowered, red-colored and spider-shaped flower; 4-07-150 -crimson-red color and triangular shape ofthe flower; 7-07-5 -bright red color and triangular shape of the flower; 19-08-2 -crimson color and triangular shape of the flower.

On the morphological variation of Rafflesia cantleyi (Rafflesiaceae) on Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

In Peninsular Malaysia, Rafflesia is represented by seven species of which R. kerrii (and R. su-meiae) stands out distinctly from the other five. The other five species, R. azlanii, R. cantleyi, R. parvimaculata, R. sharifah-hapsahiae and R. tuanku-halimii, are collectively close enough to each other to be referred to as the R. cantleyi complex after its first-described species, R. cantleyi. Pulau Tioman has a population of R. cantleyi, which, because of its island location, is isolated from the mainland complex. This study was conducted to determine morphological variation in a selected location in Pulau Tioman. Twelve flowers were studied with respect to characteristics such as wart (blotch) pattern on perianth lobes, warts (dots) on upper surface of the diaphragm, shape of the aperture, shape of processes and types of ramenta. These are the characters that have been used to define species in the R. cantleyi complex. The variation in the local Tioman population was compared with the variation in the R. cantleyi complex on the mainland, which is about the same magnitude. This supports the idea that R. cantleyi is a single highly polymorphic species and that the species that have been described in the R. cantleyi complex should be reduced to varieties.

Aleksandreia Troas’tan Yazıtlı Yeni Bir Assos Lahdi ve Tersane İşçileri Derneği

This paper presents a new inscribed Assos-type sarcophagus found recently in a village close to the ancient city of Alexandreia Troas. A characteristic feature of the general decoration of Assos-type sarcophagi is the attention-grabbing shape of the large central panel positioned on each of the long sides of the sarcophagus. It is proposed that these large central panels may have been schematic representations of rectangular or round funerary altars. Accordingly, the depiction of the funerary altar on the sarcophagus is considered to be a new hybrid style of the practice in the necropolis of Assos of erecting a funerary altar along with the sarcophagus. With this sarcophagus inscription dating to the third century AD, the presence of the professional association of shipwrights, which is known to have existed in a number of important harbour cities in the western part of the Roman Empire, is attested for the first time in the ancient city of Alexandreia Troas and Asia Minor in general. The epithet ἱερώτατος labelling the collegium suggests that the association may have gained a privileged position in the ancient city. The anonymous owner of the sarcophagus must have been associated with the collegium of shipwrights at Alexandreia Troas and, presumably, he was a shipwright.

Um estudo dos sinais bimanuais da língua brasileira de sinais na sublocação “costas da mão”

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como se apresentam os sinais da Língua Brasileira de Sinais(Libras) produzidos com as duas mãos, em que a mão ativa configura o sinal e a passiva servede apoio para o sinal configurado, no que se refere ao subespaço “costas da mão”, da locação“mão de apoio”, utilizados pelos sinalizadores surdos de Sergipe, utentes dessa língua dematriz visual e modalidade espacial. Esse estudo teve como metodologia: a pesquisabibliográfica, utilizando os estudos linguísticos de Quadros, Karnopp, Felipe e Ferreira-Brito;a pesquisa de campo, por meio da observação direta da sinalização dos participantes e dovídeo-registro das variantes que ocorrem na forma como se apresenta o subespaço “costas damão”, da locação mão de apoio, na produção dos sinais, identificando se a frequência é maiorna forma de mão aberta ou fechada. Segundo os resultados desta pesquisa, as variações queocorrem na forma da mão do subespaço “costas da mão” quando um sinal é articulado sobreela, podem se caracterizar como um alofone, uma vez que essas variações não alteram osentido nem o significado dos sinais.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MICROGEOMETRY AND STRUCTURE OF LAYERED BIOMATERIALS USED FOR PROSTHETIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

Veneering layers of prosthetic substructures are responsible for tribological cooperation with opposite teeth in the stomatognathic system (SS). Investigations of microgeometry and structure of veneering layers are aimed at checking to what extent these layers replicate enamel parameters, which, under complex load conditions, are characterized by the phenomenon of resistance to tribological wear. Ceramic veneering layers are dedicated for substructures made in digital technologies from factory fittings by milling and laser sintering of metal powders. Using a confocal microscope, contactless tests of the surface layer stereometry were performed and surface roughness parameters were determined on samples of ceramics veneering of prosthetic substructures. The analysis was performed in comparison to the natural enamel of premolars and molars. The shaping of the surface of materials veneering the substructures is similar to the regularity determined in the statistical analysis of the enamel roughness. Layers facing samples from milling technology are characterized by lower values of roughness parameters than layers created on substructures made of SLM technology.

Kariera agens vice praefectorum praetorio Luciliusa Crispusa i chronologia utworzenia stanowiska wikariusza diecezjalnego w Poncie

The aim of the following article is to present chronologically the creation of the position of the diocese vicar in Pontus. The act of creation of the diocese was ascribed to emperor Diocletian according to the previously prevalent concept of historiography. However, this position is currently gradually criticized. The main source material which enables the dating of the territorial reform of the Roman state is the Verona List, which is also called Laterculus Veronensis. The document presents the earliest period of shaping ofthe diocese structure as well as the subscriptions of the bishops who authorized the decisions taken at the First Council of Nicaea. Besides the aforementioned evidence, another extremely significant source is the prosopographical data from the officials serving in the rank of vicarii and comites provinciarum in the late Roman period. In case of the Pontus diocese, we have at our disposal inscriptions which present the career of Lucilius Crispus as agens vice praefectorum praetorio. A detailed analysis of the epigraphical data facilitated the process of the dating of the term of office of this regional functionary. It can be ascertained that he performed his function at the time of the reign of emperor Galerius (terminus a quo at the end of November 308). His place of residence was in Galatian Ancyra. The next official of this rank was noted in relations between Lactantiusand Eusebius of Caesarea during the reign of Licinius (circa 313). This anonymous vice-prefect resided in Nicomedia at the time. Additional data is provided by hagiographic sources which describe the fate of Galatian martyrs and it also made note of two vicars, namely Domitianus and Aggripinus. However, the portrayal of the legal situation in the period of tetrarchy which was presented in the said sources raises reasonable doubts concerningtheir credibility. Nevertheless, both agentes (Lucilius Crispus and the anonymous vice-prefect of Licinius’) operated in the Black Sea region as extraordinary delegates of the praetorio prefect without the formation of a permanent organ of local administration. The implementationof a diocesan organisation most probably took place during the independent reign of Constantine the Great. Only then was it possible to carry out a consistent and permanent separation of jurisdiction of individual officials who had vice sacra iudicans jurisdiction. A passage, hitherto disregarded by historians, which comes from Vita Constantini points to this. Moreover, it explicitly states the name of the Pontus diocese. It allows the datingof terminus ante quem appointment of the Black Sea regional unit on the 19th of July 325.

Estimation of the Contaminant Risk Level of Petroleum Residues Applying FDA Techniques

In the process of oil extraction, specifically in therefinement and industrialization of hydrocarbons, as is known,multiple wastes are highly polluting for the soil, water and air.In this work, the risk level of these wastes in affected areasis estimated thanks to the application of statistical models inthe field of functional data analysis. These models have beenimplemented in a statistical software called RStudio that allowsan early measurement and evaluation of the level of risk by usingsemiquantitative and quantitative methods. This measurement iscarried out by the staff of PETROECUADOR close to the affectedplace. It was used the laser-induced fluorescence technique (LIF).The data obtained using this technique was used to adjust thefollowing models: Generalized Functional Linear Model (MLFG),which makes it possible to classify the spectrum generated intwo pollution levels: Low and High. Functional linear regressionmodel with scalar response and functional explanatory variablewith the aim of directly estimating the percentage of contaminationlevel. With these results it is verified that the shape ofthe laser fluorescence spectrum is highly related to the gasolinecontent in the sample.

Constructal entransy dissipation rate minimization of a rectangular body with nonuniform heat generation

Based on construtal theory, a nonuniform heat generation problem in a rectangular body is investigated in this paper. Entransy dissipation rate (EDR) is taken as the optimization objective. The optimal body shapes with constant and variable widths of the high conductivity channel (HCC) are derived. For the rectangular first order assembly (RFOA) with constant cross-section HCC, the shape of the RFOA and width ratio of the HCCs are optimized, and the double minimum EDR is obtained. The heat transfer performance of the RFOA becomes worse when the nonuniform coefficient increases. For the RFOA with variable cross-section HCC, the EDR of the RFOA can be minimized for four times. Compared the optimal construct based on minimum EDR of the RFOA with that based on minimum maximum temperature difference, the shape of the former optimal construct is tubbier, and the average temperature difference is lower. In the practical design of electronic devices, when the thermal safety is ensured, the constructal design scheme of the former optimal construct can be adopted to improve the global heat transfer performance of an electronic device.

Biological aspects of application of nanomaterials in tissue engineering

Millions of patients worldwide need surgery to repair or replace tissue that has been damaged through trauma or disease. To solve the problem of lost tissue, a major emphasis of tissue engineering (TE) is on tissue regeneration. Stem cells and highly porous biomaterials used as cell carriers (scaffolds) have an essential role in the production of new tissue by TE. Cellular component is important for the generation and establishment of the extracellular matrix, while a scaffold is necessary to determine the shape of the newly formed tissue and facilitate migration of cells into the desired location, as well as their growth and differentiation. This review describes the types, characteristics and classification of stem cells. Furthermore, it includes functional features of cell carriers - biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical properties of biomaterials used in developing state-of-the-art scaffolds for TE applications, as well as suitability for different tissues. Moreover, it explains the importance of nanotechnology and defines the challenges and the purpose of future research in this rapidly advancing field.

Perceptual regions in Poland: An investigation of Poznań speech perceptions

In this paper, ideas from perceptual dialectology, linguistics of speech, and cognitive science are drawn upon to explain the perceptions of others’ speech. The perceptual map task, based on Preston’s “Draw-a-map methodology,” was collected from 215 respondents in Poland and transformed into result maps. The second step in the analysis of the perceptual maps was to collect all of the labels that were assigned to the perceived speech varieties around the country. Those two facets of the data show how the idea of connecting speech with a specific locality can be observed quantitatively. The results propose an explanation of the distribution of speech perceptions in Poland. The shape of the perceptions is created through activating gestalt processes to arrive with an observational artifact. Those are based mostly on the concept of geography facilitated by shared cultural schemas. All of those steps lead to a creation of multidimensional perceptual regions.

TERMINALIA CHEBULA RETZ. GALLIC ACID – BIASED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR ANTIPHYTOPATHOGENIC ACTIVIT

Owing to theunique properties, nanomaterials play a major role in many areas of science andtechnology. In this paper the antiphytopathogenic activity of gallic acidreduced Terminalia chebula Retz. silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) wasstudied. AgNO3(10-3 M) stocksolution was prepared by dissolving 17mg of silver nitrate in 100ml ofdouble distilled water. 10ml of gallic acid solution isolated from Terminaliachebula Retz. (Combretaceae) was added to 90ml of 10-3 M AgNO3 solution forreduction of Ag+ions.The reduction of pure Ag+ionswas monitored by measuring in the UV-Vis Spectroscopy at 426nm.Determination of the shape and structure of silver nanoparticle wascharacterized by Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) and X-ray Diffractionstudies (XRD). The plasma resonance of the gallic acid reduced silverparticle is brownish yellow. In the light of these studies, the shape ofthe silver nanoparticle (spherical) and face centered cubic (FCC) structurewere explained. The antibiotic experiment conducted in the present studyrevealed the antiphytopathogenic activity of gallic acid reduced Terminaliachebula Retz. silver nanoparticles against the phytopathogen Xanthomonosaxonopodis pv. malvacearum and also confirmed the antiphytopathogenicactivity studies based on “Broth microdilution method” against Xanthomonosaxonopodis pv. malvacearum.

Crossing Stocks and the Positive Grassmannian I: The Geometry Behind Stock Market

It seems to be very unlikely that all relevant information in the stock market could be fully encoded in a geometrical shape. Still,the present paper will reveal the geometry behind the stock market transactions. The prices of market index (DJIA) stock components are arranged in ascending order from the smallest one in the left to the highest in the right. In such arrangement, as stock prices changes due to daily market quotations, it could be noticed that the price of a certain stock get over /under the price of a neighbor stock. These stocks are crossing. Arranged this way, the diagram of successive stock crossings is nothing else than a permutation diagram. From this point on the financial and combinatorial concepts are netted together to build a bridge connecting the stock market to a beautiful geometrical object that will be called stock market polytope. The stock market polytope is associated with the remarkable structure of positive Grassmannian . This procedure makes all the relevant information about the stock market encoded in the geometrical shape of the stock market polytope more readable.

On the validity of cosmological Fisher matrix forecasts

We present a comparison of Fisher matrix forecastsfor cosmological probes with Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC)posterior likelihood estimation methods. We analyse the performanceof future Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) stage-III and stage-IVdark-energysurveys using supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillationsand weak lensing as probes. We concentrate in particular on thedark-energy equation of state parameters w0 and wa.For purely geometrical probes, and especially when marginalising overwa, we find considerable disagreement between the two methods, since in this case theFisher matrix can not reproduce the highly non-elliptical shape ofthe likelihood function. More quantitatively, the Fisher methodunderestimates the marginalized errors for purely geometrical probesbetween 30%-70%. For cases including structure formation suchas weak lensing, we find that the posterior probability contoursfrom the Fisher matrix estimation are in good agreement with theMCMC contours and the forecasted errors only changing on the 5% level.We then explore non-linear transformationsresulting in physically-motivated parameters and investigate whetherthese parameterisations exhibit a Gaussian behaviour.We concludethat for thepurely geometrical probes and, more generally, in caseswhere it is not known whether the likelihood is close to Gaussian, the Fisher matrix is notthe appropriate tool to produce reliable forecasts.