Shape Of Gland Research Articles

Temperature-Dependent Density of Setae in the Spermathecal Gland of Plodia interpunctella1

The distribution and type of sensillum-like setae in spermathecal glands of adult female Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), was investigated in insects exposed to several constant temperatures. Number of spermathecal glands with setae and number of setae per gland increased with rising temperature when prepupae were exposed to temperatures ranging from 24°–36°C. Also, when larvae were reared to prepupal stage at 24° or 30°C and then exposed to 33° or 36°C, setal count increased. Number of setae was largest when the temperature differential was greatest. Exposure to 33° and 36°C changed the shape of the spermathecal gland and there were more bent setae, perhaps because of the angle at which the setae projected across the lumen and the faster rate of growth due to increased temperature.

Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands

CT body scans of 60 random patients without evidence of adrenal disease were reviewed to determine the location, size, and shape of both normal adrenal glands. Both glands were clearly delineated in 78% of the patients evaluated. The length, width, and thickness of adrenal glands as measured by computed tomography were similar to comparable measurements from surgical and autopsy studies.

Nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis

In II polyps from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the density, shape, and architecture of mucous glands were studied by the whole-mount method and compared with 102 non-cystic-fibrosis polyps. There were no differences in density which was in most polyps less than 0.5 gland/mm.2. The shape and architecture as well as other histological appearances of the polyp were also alike in both groups of polyps which could not be distinguished. The pathogenesis of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis is discussed. Apparently, it is the same as that of non-cystic-fibrosis polyps.

Observations on the Mental Hedonic Gland-Cluster of Eastern Salamanders of the Genus Plethodon

Mental glands of eastern salamanders of the genusPlethodon were examined to determine differences in shape, and to ascertain their value as a taxonomic character. Shape of the glands conforms to recognized species groups in smallPlethodon; all largePlethodon have generally the same shape regardless of species group.P. wehrlei appears intermediate, perhaps more closely allied with the largePlethodon. Mental gland shape of the cinereus species group appears similar to that of the westernPlethodon.

The anatomic basis of parathyroid surgery.

A study of 645 normal adult parathyroid glands in 160 cadavers revealed that there is a definite pattern of anatomic distribution on the basis of the embryologic development of the parathyroid, thyroid, and thymic glands. The sites of predilection of the upper gland (Parathyroid IV) are, in order of frequency, the cricothyroid junction; the dorsum of the upper pole of the thyroid; and the retropharyngeal space. Those of the lower gland (Parathyroid III) are at the lower pole of the thyroid and the thymic tongue; rarely in the upper, the lateral neck, or the mediastinum. An understanding of the developmental relationship of the parathyroid glands to the thyroid and the thymus is fundamental in the delineation of the embryologic origin of the parathyroid glands. The parathyroid gland, located within the surgical capsule of the thyroid (subcapsular), when diseased, remains in place locally. A gland outside of the capsule (extracapsular) is often displaced into the posterior or anterior mediastinum. A collective assessment of the size, weight, color, shape, and consistency of the parathyroid gland is mandatory in the determination of its normalcy. Frozen section examination for stromal and intracellular fatty content is an added assurance of normalcy. That parathyroid glands sink in saline solution, and fat globules float, may aid in differentiating the two types of tissue. Supernumerary, fused, and intrathyroidal parathyroids, albeit rare, are of surgical importance.

Electron microscopic studies on human tracheal glands (author's transl)

An electron microscopic study on fine structure of the human tracheal glands, on which few reports have been published, was carried out.The materials were obtained duing surgical procedures of the larynx and trachea.The human tracheal gland mainly locates in submucosa of the trachea.The shape of gland is simple or compound tubulo-alveolar, and the gland has a duct and a secretory portion(acinus).The secretory portion of the gland comprise of mucous cells and serous cells consistently in a regular arrangement.The mucous cells adjoin directly distal to the branched duct and followed by serous cells.Serous cells form frequently a deanilune.The secretory portion of the gland is surrounded by myoepithelial cell sresembling smooth musclefiber, and they are encased further by metnbrana propria comprised of a basement membrane and connective tissue.The duct of the tracheal gland has double layers of epithelial cells, viz.tall columnar cells facing the lumen and basal cells outside.The tall columnar cell frequently contains round granules suggestive of anactive secretory function.In our observation ultrastructural characteristics of the unicous cells and of the serous cells are investigated separately, and the mechanism of secretion is morphologically elucidated through the electron microscopic investigation of their morphological changes corresponding to the secretory cycle.No appreciable morphological difference exists between the serous cells constituting serous tubules and demilune.Mitochondria-rich cells(oncocytes)are occasionally found within the epithelium of the secretory portion and in a rare instance they contained secretory granules.Several findings on myoepithelial cells resembling smooth muscle fiber which are found in a considerable number at the base of the glandular cells of the secretory portion are described.

Age, sex and contralateral differences in the volumes of human submandibular salivary glands

Abstract The volumes of 153 submandibular salivary glands were determined by a method of differential weighings in air and in a fluid of low density. Volumes ranged from below 2 cm3 to over 15 cm3. Male glands were larger than female glands on average by 50 per cent. In old age a reduction in gland volume was noted. Frequent individual contralateral volume differences were found. 8.5 per cent of submandibular glands were directly continuous with the sublingual gland. Inaccuracies in methods employing a direct estimation of volume were overcome in the present method in which direct measurements were made only of weights. For the clinician, the present finding of a wide range of inter- and intra-subject variability in size and shape of submandibular glands is of both diagnostic and surgical importance.

Parathyroid gland structure of some tropical lizards.

AbstractThe number, location, size, shape and microstructure of the parathyroid glands of Agama agama agama, Hemidactylus brooki angulatus and Pytodactylus hasselquisti hasselquisti was investigated using approximately 250 specimens of each species from the Zaria area of Nigeria.Only parathyroid III was found. Additional patches of tissue in Hemidactylus, though possibly parathyroid IV, are considered to be derived from parathyroid III. It was found that the amount of parathyroid tissue per gram of body weight was similar in the three species used, and that females had more parathyroid tissue than males. The same situation seems possible in other species.The structure of the parathyroid glands could not be related to taxonomic grouping within the Sauria, but the general picture was found to be more similar to that of birds and mammals than to that of amphibians.

Natural history of adrenal haemorrhage in the newborn.

5 cases of unilateral and 3 cases of bilateral haemorrhage are described. Only 1 infant died, from venous thromboses elsewhere. Apart from this case, all had an above average birthweight. Probable predisposing causes apart from large size were fetal hypoxia, septicaemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation defect, and disseminated thromboembolic disease. The condition must be distinguished from renal vein thrombosis. In the acute stage pyelography shows depression of the kidney on the affected side, with flattening of the upper calyces. Calcification develops rapidly round the periphery of the mass, then slowly contracts into an area of the size and shape of the original gland. Treatment is with antibiotics and blood transfusion, with intravenous corticosteroids in severely shocked or bilateral cases. Adrenal insufficiency is rarely found on follow-up even in bilateral cases, but renal hypertension should be looked for. No single cause for the haemorrhage could be discovered, but the preponderance of haemorrhage into the right adrenal gland is probably due to anatomical differences between the venous drainage of the two sides.

The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of Asian, African, and South American Cattle

Measurements were made on the skins of 471 Asian, 281 African, and 186 South American cattle from different breeds, and the mean values have been tabulated. The skin types present in each breed or group of breeds were determined using sweat gland shape (LID), i.e.

アユの内分泌腺に関する研究-VIII.

The pond-cultured annual salmonid fish, the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S., was maintained under the artificial controlled photoperiodicity, and the survival time of the fish was prolonged considerably beyond the natural life span of this species. In the present paper, merely histological description was given of the endocrine glands of the fish. The shape of the pituitary gland shows a remarkable deformity, and many lacunae were occurred in the adenohypophysis, particularly in the rostral zone of pars distalis. The glandular cells, including many of dilated cells, located in the dorsal region of the proximal zone of pars distalis, were in the process of marked degeneration. The figure of the thyroid gland appears to be hypofunction and degeneration. Marked expansion of the head kidney was encountered, and the adrenal cortical tissue is composed of hyperplastic masses of acidophiles and of basophiles. The superficial layer of the head kidney indicates the state of severe necrosis. Inside the cardinal vein, there appears a strange structure which might be the hemangio-endothelioma. Whole ovarian eggs were remained in a state of preovulation, and underwent the process of degeneration. Various stages in the course of formation of corpora lutea were seen. Notable lymphosarcomatous nodules, varying in size, were detected in the ovary. The atretic eggs under the process of formation of corpora lutea were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and reticulum which maintain many lymphocytes. Sometimes, partial necrosis was developed in the central region of a large tumorous growth. Possible relation between the light rhythm and the endocrine unbalance was discussed.

The sweat glands and hair follicles of European cattle.

Measurements were made on the skins of 1363 cattle from different European breeds. The mean values of these measurements have been tabulated for each breed and the skin types present in each breed or group of breeds have been determined using sweat gland shape (LID) and hair follicle depth (FrY) as the principal bases of comparison.

The size and shape of the salivary glands in some aphid species

Freshly extracted salivary glands from 18 species of aphids from leaf, bark, and root tissues of their respective host plants were examined without histological fixation. The typical glands were composed of paired principal and secondary lobes, connected by ducts. The size and shape of the principal lobes varied considerably. Attempts to trace the innervation of the glands were not successful because of the small size of the "nerves." The host plant did not appear to influence the size of the glands to the extent found by earlier authors in the species they examined. There was evidence of breakdown of glandular tissue in oviparae and "spent" viviparous females.

Anatomy of the tracheal mucous glands in man.

Distribution, location, and shape of the mucous glands in 20 tracheas were systematically studied and analyzed. The specimens were treated by whole-mount methods by which the entire mucosa was separated from the submucosa and each layer stained and studied separately. In the cartilaginous layer the mucosa was found to contain no gland mass, the glands being situated exclusively in the submucosa. In the membranous wall the glands are disposed in several layers. The mucosa contains only 35 to 50 glands in the superior quarter, while in the transverse tracheal muscle there is a layer of 120 to 140 glands. The greater part of the glands are dorsal to the muscle where the glands are arranged in two layers. The distribution and shape of the glands are characteristic for each layer and are dependent upon the anatomical events during their development.

Different Shapes of the Human Parathyroid Glands – A Postmortem Study

Context: The parathyroid glands are very essential for survival. Parathyroid related clinical conditions such as parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia are common. Different shapes of the human parathyroid glands have been identified. Knowledge of different shapes of the parathyroid gland is essential for surgeon, sonologist, pathologist for better diagnosis and management of parathyroid diseases. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was designed in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008 to see different shape of the parathyroid gland and was performed on post mortem parathyroid glands of 60 Bangladeshi people of different age, ranging from 15 to 75 years. A total of 207 parathyroid glands were taken from the cadavers. The samples were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies within 24-36 hours after death which were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Different shapes were observed by using a hand lens. Results: Parathyroid glands were found to be oval (35.76%), leaf shaped (27.43%), spherical (24.76%), tear-drop shaped (2.41%), rod like (4.83%), sausage like (1.93%), pancake shaped (1.44%) and bean shaped (1.44%). Key words: Parathyroid gland; shape of parathyroid. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i1.6305 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(1) : 44-46

Sweat gland and hair follicle measurements as indicators of skin type in cattle.

An attempt has been made to find a suitable indicator of skin type which could be used for comparing the skin of cattle throughout the world. The effects of age, sex, and habitat on a number of skin measurements were studied. The influence of nutrition and of season and exercise on these measurements is discussed and within� animal regional differences are considered. It was concluded that sweat gland shape, which was defined as the ratio of sweat glartd length to sweat gland diameter, is a reliable indicator of cattle skin type when measured on skin samples from the neck or midside of adult cattle. Other skin measurements, such as hair follicle depth, may also prove useful under more restricted conditions and in the subclassification' of the skin type based on sweat gland shape.

アユの内分泌腺に関する研究-VI

The pond-cultured annual salmonid fish, the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S., was maintained under the artificial controlled photoperiodicity, and the survival time of the fish was prolonged considerably beyond the natural life span of this species. In the present paper, merely histological description was given of the endocrine glands of the fish. The shape of the pituitary gland shows a remarkable deformity, and many lacunae were occurred in the adenohypophysis, particularly in the rostral zone of pars distalis. The glandular cells, including many of dilated cells, located in the dorsal region of the proximal zone of pars distalis, were in the process of marked degeneration. The figure of the thyroid gland appears to be hypofunction and degeneration. Marked expansion of the head kidney was encountered, and the adrenal cortical tissue is composed of hyperplastic masses of acidophiles and of basophiles. The superficial layer of the head kidney indicates the state of severe necrosis. Inside the cardinal vein, there appears a strange structure which might be the hemangio-endothelioma. Whole ovarian eggs were remained in a state of preovulation, and underwent the process of degeneration. Various stages in the course of formation of corpora lutea were seen. Notable lymphosarcomatous nodules, varying in size, were detected in the ovary. The atretic eggs under the process of formation of corpora lutea were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and reticulum which maintain many lymphocytes. Sometimes, partial necrosis was developed in the central region of a large tumorous growth. Possible relation between the light rhythm and the endocrine unbalance was discussed.

HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE PARATHYROID GLANDS OF LIZARDS.

1. Number, position, size, shape, and vascular bed of the parathyroid glands of Chalcides ocellatus and Scincus scincus are described. The collagenous capsule is pigmented in Chalcides and pigment-free in Scincus. The internal “capillary” network is more developed than the subcapsular. 2. Seasonal changes in the activity of the glands are noticed. From April to October, the glands are active having a compact appearance. In the remaining months, “foraminated”, i.e., partially active glands are found. The glandular tissue can rearrange itself according to the degree of activity, either in the form of rounded lobules or cellular cords. In winter, degeneration takes place and nearly half of the parathyroid tissue is destroyed. In Chalcides, this occurs in the centre of the gland while the rest of the cells show limited activity, because the animal is a non-hibernator. In Scincus, mostly the peripheral part degenerates while the rest of the gland appears foraminated, because the animal is a hibernator. The rebuilding of the glandular tissue presumably takes place by amitosis. Partial destruction of the parathyroid may be caused also during summer by starvation. 3. Large acini are rare in the parathyroid gland of Chalcides but are very frequent in that of Scincus. Their size differs greatly and their condition may indicate the degree of activity of the gland. Their presence might represent a phase of storage of the parathormone, or the colloid of the acini may be inert. 4. Glands of Chalcides individuals subjected for a long time to high temperature are large and show abnormally high concentrations of nuclei. Some of the glands show also degeneration in the centre.

Quantitative and morphological variation of sweat glands, skin thickness, and skin shrinkage over various body regions of Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

By comparison with Jerseys the sweat glands of Sahiwals were 70% longer, 55% wider, and 315% greater in mean volume. Total sweat gland volume per unit area of skin was 340%, greater and skin thickness was 60% greater, but skin shrinkage was 30%, less. The density of sweat glands was 1130/cm2 for Jerseys and 1200/cm2 for Sahiwals. In almost all animals the characters varied significantly between the various body positions, and in most cases showed trends. Values for the generally adopted midside sampling position were usually within 10% of the mean value for all positions. Sweat gland shape varied over the body. Most of the shapes observed in the two species were present in one position or another within each animal.

豚副腎の形と重量について

The weight of the paired adrenals in pigs weighing 75 to 113kg is estimated in the following isometrical equations: Y=0.018X+3.618 for barrows and Y=0.014X+4.040 for gifts (where Y is the paired adrenal weight in g and X the body weight in kg). These equations mean that the ratio of adrenal weight to body weight decreases with gaining in body weight in both barrows and gilts. The adrenal glands of standard market hogs (90-100kg) in Japan may weigh 5.2 to 5.4g. In females, the relative weight of the adrenals decreases with age, at least up to puberty and when the body weight reaches over 120kg (10 months of age, or older), it increases gradually. This may not be the case with males. Both relative and absolute weights of the adrenals are probably greater in sows than in boars. In more than 50 per cent of the animals of each group, the left adrenal is larger than the right.In addition, the shape of the adrenal glands was described.