Shape Of Gland Research Articles

FEATURES OF DETERMINING ASYMMETRICITY AND VOLUME OF THE MAMMA GLANDS IN PREOPERATIVE EXAMINATION

Summary. Asymmetrical mammary glands of different sizes are one of the most common phenomena, where the left and right glands differ in size, shape, position of the nipples, areolas, etc. The correct and symmetrical appearance of the breasts is an important component of determining the attractiveness of female beauty. Asymmetry is understood as the absence or violation of the regular arrangement of similar parts of the body relative to a certain point, axis or plane, considering the differences, shapes and positions of the mammary glands. Pronounced asymmetry of the breasts in women leads to the emergence of complexes, decreased self-esteem and serious psychological problems. Considering all the features of the upcoming operation, it is important for a plastic surgeon in his practice to take into account the features of determining the asymmetry and volume of the mammary glands in preoperative planning. Purpose of the work is to determine the features of asymmetry and volume of the mammary glands in a preoperative examination by a plastic surgeon. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 patients aged 18 to 65 years, namely: 18 - 25 years - 21 women (17.5%), 25 - 40 years - 62 women (51.6%), 40 - 55 years - 32 women (26.6%). The smallest proportion of those examined was among women aged 55 - 65 years - 5 (4.1%). All patients were examined according to the standard scheme: clinical examination, instrumental studies, patients’ informed consent cards were filled out, as well as long-term observation cards. During the history taking, attention was paid to the presence of somatic and hereditary diseases, allergies to medications, etc. When general somatic diseases were detected or present in the history, additional research methods were performed. The examination of patients included determining the shape of the mammary glands, elasticity, and skin turgor. Results and discussion. Measurements were performed twice during the initial consultation and directly on the day of the operation. A very important stage is the possibility of transferring the future submammary fold, where the incision will be made in the future. It is important to take into account the fact that the initial dimensions of the left and right mammary glands most often differ, and sometimes very significantly. The distance between the breasts is also subject to adjustment. Measurements of the width, height, and projection of the future prosthesis are prescribed (marked) directly on the day of the operation on the patient’s chest, taking into account skin tone. Preoperative assessment of asymmetry should be performed in a horizontal and vertical position. Before this, posture, presence or absence of scoliosis, and chest deformities (bootleg, keeled sternum) were assessed. Conclusions. It is important for a plastic surgeon in his practice to take into account many different aspects and features during the preoperative examination of patients. In order to select the correct shape and size of the endoprosthesis and determine the surgical tactics, the surgeon needs to accurately assess the difference in the volumes of both mammary glands, the location of the submammary folds, and the symmetry of the position of the nipple-areolar complex.

Imaging Assessment of the Pituitary Gland and Long-Term Endocrinological Abnormalities in Pediatric Brain Cancer Survivors.

Pediatric brain cancer survivors often experience hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction due to cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. While hormone deficiencies have been studied, the changes in pituitary size and shape on long-term MRI and their relationship to endocrine dysfunction remain under-explored. To evaluate pituitary gland height, volume, and shape in relation to long-term endocrine abnormalities in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Retrospective cohort study. A total of 56 pediatric brain tumor survivors (50% male) with an average follow-up of 10.8 ± 1.6 years; 44.6% underwent radiotherapy, and 48% were treated with chemotherapy. One-third of the cohort experienced at least one pituitary hormone deficiency. 3 T, including volumetric 1 mm sagittal post-contrast T1 images. Pituitary height, volume, and shape (concave, horizontal, convex) were measured. Endocrine abnormalities were diagnosed through routine serum hormone testing. The t test, chi-square test, and Pearson test with significance at P < 0.05 were used. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the association of imaging parameters and pituitary dysfunction. Radiation and chemotherapy treatment were significantly associated with pituitary hormone deficiencies. There were significant differences in pituitary height and volume in patients with pituitary hormone deficiencies compared with normal pituitary function (4.0 ± 1.3 vs. 5.5 ± 1.5 mm, and 354.2 ± 198.0 vs. 568.3 ± 184.4 mm3, respectively). There was a significant association between radiation therapy and pituitary gland shape, with 60.0% of patients who received radiation therapy exhibiting a pituitary shape categorized as concave, 32.0% as horizontal, and 8.0% as convex, compared to 9.7%, 74.2%, and 16.1%, respectively. ROC analysis for association with pituitary hormone deficiency was 0.81, 0.8, and 0.74 for pituitary height, volume, and shape, respectively. Cranial irradiation and chemotherapy in pediatric brain tumors are associated with endocrine dysfunction, with decreased pituitary height, volume, and concave shape in long-term MRI surveillance are associated with such late endocrine dysfunction. 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Strip and boundary detection multi-task learning network for segmentation of meibomian glands.

Automatic segmentation of meibomian glands in near-infrared meibography images is basis of morphological parameter analysis, which plays a crucial role in facilitating the diagnosis of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The special strip shape and the adhesion between glands make the automatic segmentation of meibomian glands very challenging. A strip and boundary detection multi-task learning network (SBD-MTLNet) based on encoder-decoder structure is proposed to realize the automatic segmentation of meibomian glands. A strip mixed attention module (SMAM) is proposed to enhance the network's ability to recognize the strip shape of glands. To alleviate the problem of adhesion between glands, a boundary detection auxiliary network (BDA-Net) is proposed, which introduces boundary features to assist gland segmentation. A self-adaptive interactive information fusion module (SIIFM) based on reverse attention mechanism is proposed to realize information complementation between meibomian gland segmentation and boundary detection tasks. The proposed SBD-MTLNet has been evaluated on an in-house dataset (453 images) and a public dataset MGD-1K (1000 images). Due to the limited number of images, a five-fold cross validation strategy is adopted. Average dice coefficient of the proposed SBD-MTLNet reaches 81.08% and 84.32% on the in-house dataset and the public one, respectively. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness the proposed SBD-MTLNet, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods. The proposed SBD-MTLNet can focus more on the shape characteristics of the meibomian glands and the boundary contour information between the adjacent glands via multi-task learning strategy. The segmentation results of the proposed method can be used for the quantitative morphological characteristics analysis of meibomian glands, which has potential for the auxiliary diagnosis of MGD in clinic.

Morphological and Anatomical Study of Aerial organs of Nepeta pannonica L.

The study of local medicinal plants has practical interest for the pharmaceutical industry in Kazakhstan, since the volume of domestic production satisfies not more than 10% of the total volume of consumed drugs. Nepeta pannonica L. is widespread herb used in folk medicine. The species can be used as a source of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic and other agents. To introduce the species into the State Pharmacopoeia of Republic of Kazakhstan, its macroscopic and microscopic examination was carried out. Medicinal raw materials were studied using morphological and anatomical methods. Based on the results of macroscopic analysis, the following characteristic features were determined: the shape and color of the stem, the structure of the leaf (upper and lower sides, the type of venation), the shape of the inflorescence, the structure and color of the calyx and corolla. The following were identified as diagnostic features at the microscopic level: the shape and structure of the epidermal cells of the leaf and sepal, the degree and severity of pubescence, the shape and location of essential oil glands, the structure of the leaf and stem on a cross-section. The results obtained were included in the draft analytical regulatory document for medicinal vegetative raw materials of Nepeta pannonica L.

Analysis pipeline to quantify uterine gland structural variations.

Technical advances in whole tissue imaging and clearing have allowed 3D reconstruction of exocrine uterine glands deep-seated in the endometrium. However, there are limited gland structure analysis platforms to analyze these imaging data sets. Here, we present a pipeline for segmenting and analyzing uterine gland shape. Using our segmentation methodology, we derive metrics to describe gland length, shape, and branching patterns. We then quantify gland behavior with respect to organization around the embryo and proximity of each gland to the uterine lumen. We apply this image analysis pipeline to uterine glands at the peri-implantation time points of a mouse pregnancy. Our analysis reveals that at the time of embryo or egg entry into the uterus, glands show changes in length, tortuosity, and proximity to the uterine lumen while gland branch number stays the same. Eventually, these shape changes aid in reorganization of the glands around the embryo implantation site. We further apply our analysis pipeline to human and guinea pig uterine glands, extending feasibility to other mammalian species. This work serves as a resource for researchers to extract quantitative and reproduciblemorphological features from three-dimensional uterine gland images to reveal insights about functional and structural patterns.

REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF EMBRYOTOPOGRAPHY OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS IN HUMAN EMBRYOS OF 7-9 WEEKS OF GESTATION

The article describes the peculiarities of development and formation of variants of external shape and localization of thyroid and parathyroid glands in human embryos of 7-9 weeks of gestation.Aim of the study. The objective of the study was to fi nd the regularities of development and formation of embryotopographic relations between the thyroid and parathyroid glands during 7-9 weeks of the human intrauterine development. Material and methods. The study was carried out using a complex of morphological methods on 42 samples of human embryos without external signs of anatomical deviations or developmental defects. The specimens were taken from the museums of the Department of Human Anatomy of M. H. Turkevytch and the Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery of the Bukovinian State Medical University.Results and discussion. In embryos with parietococcygeal length (PCL) of 14,0-17,0 mm intensive organogenesis processes of thyroid gland occur: separation of gland lobes, loss of connection with aortic arch and establishment of close correlations with laryngeal rudiment and vagus nerves. Therefore, the thyroid gland becomes semicircular. In embryos with 18,0-24,0 mm PCL there is a separation of the isthmus from the lateral lobes of the thyroid. Initially it is caused by intensive growth of the cricoid arch. Gradually the gland becomes H-shaped and fragmentation of the caudal part of the thyroglossal duct occurs. When the PCL reaches 29.5-31.0 mm, folliculogenesis begins and the thyroid gland becomes horseshoe- shaped. 9-week embryos show clear individual variations in the external shape of the thyroid gland: semicircular, H-shaped, and horseshoe. Areas of undiff erentiated epithelial tissue are found in the thyroid parenchyma, especially in its center.Conclusions. The conducted study has shown that during the 7-9 weeks of intrauterine development the structural organization of the thyroid and parathyroid rudiments becomes more complicated. Tight embryotopographic relations are established between them. Vascularization intensifi es and the connective tissue capsules of the thyroid and parathyroid glands are formed. At the same time their linear dimensions increase rapidly.

Morphometric analysis of pituitary gland using magnetic resonance imaging in Indian subjects

Background: Before the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the radiological assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary region relied on plain radiographs and computed tomography scans. However, contemporary medical practice now widely recognizes MRI as the preferred imaging modality for this purpose. The objective is to investigate variations in size and morphology of the pituitary gland associated with age and gender. Aims and Objectives: (a) The aims of this study were as follows: To establish normative measurements of pituitary gland in South Indian population. (b) To evaluate the relationship between gender, weight, height, and body mass index in different patients using conventional MRI sequences. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, approved by the Institutional Review Board, included the enrolment of 140 normal individuals. The dimensions of the pituitary gland were assessed in 140 individuals exhibiting apparently normal pituitary gland function. The height and length of the pituitary gland were measured utilizing mid-sagittal T1-weighted images (T1-WI) obtained through MRI. The width of the pituitary gland was determined using coronal T1-WI, and the pituitary gland volume was subsequently calculated. Results: This study comprised 98 females and 102 males. The anteroposterior dimension, height, and volume of the pituitary gland showed statistically significant correlations with age (P&lt;0.05), while the transverse dimension did not show a significant correlation with age (P&gt;0.05). The shape of the pituitary gland was found to have statistically significant correlations with age and gender. Conversely, the transverse diameter, height, and volume of the pituitary gland showed no significant correlations. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of considering pituitary size, shape, and volume in the evaluation of neuroendocrine disorders.

Abstract 3516: AI-derived features of 3D glandular networks are associated with likelihood of biochemical recurrence post radical prostatectomy

Abstract Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men and is mainly diagnosed from two-dimensional histology sections. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) prostate histopathology has emerged as a valuable strategy to enhance the understanding of the disease by increasing microscopic sampling of specimens. This strategy enhances the microscopic examination of specimens by facilitating the analysis of the volumetric shape of cells and glands, as well as the pathway structures through entire biopsies and other morphological features. These aspects hold the potential to be linked with biochemical recurrence (BCR) outcomes. This study highlights the potential of features derived from the 3D structure of glands in samples of patients with prostate cancer for identifying patients who are at higher risk of BCR. Methods: Radical prostatectomy specimens were collected from 50 patients along with 5-year postoperative BCR follow-up from the University of Washington. A total of 118 ex vivo whole-biopsy 3D pathology images were obtained from RP by an open-top light-sheet microscopy platform. Images were converted into a synthetic CK8 immunofluorescence dataset using an image-sequence translation model. From these 3D images, a glandular structure mask was generated by a computer-vision algorithm. The 3D structure of prostate glands was modeled through a Tree-structure Extraction Algorithm for Accurate and Robust Skeletons (TEASER), which provides a simplification of the length of the gland, its shape, and its pathway. 91 features were then extracted from the glandular skeleton architecture. A 3-fold cross-validation approach was used in which patients were divided into training (D1) and test (D2) sets of 33 and 17 patients, respectively. Fisher’s score, used to select features based on their correlation to the outcome, was applied to D1 to identify the top 5 features most correlated with BCR. We then utilized these features to train a K-Nearest Neighbors classifier on D1, aimed at predicting whether a patient would experience BCR. The model’s performance was evaluated on D2 and averaged across all folds. Results: The classifier was able to accurately differentiate between BCR+ and BCR- patients, achieving an average ROCAUC of 0.73 (±0.04) in D2. Significant differences in 3D skeletal features were observed between BCR+ and BCR- groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). Among the five selected features, three were related to the length and diameter of the gland, with the longest glands observed in BCR- patients. The remaining two features pertained to gland curvature and tortuosity, revealing more twisted glands in BCR+ patients. Conclusion: Features derived from a skeleton model of the 3D glandular structure of biopsies showed promise in identifying patients with prostate cancer who are at a higher risk of BCR. Additional, multi-site independent validation of these findings is warranted. Citation Format: Jennifer Salguero, Hisham Abdeltawab, Kamal Hammouda, German Corredor, Sarah Hawley, Pushkar Mutha, Rohan Dhamdhere, Sebastian Medina, Tilak Pathak, Kevin Bishop, Rob Serafin, Tuomas Mirtti, Priti Lal, Lawrence True, Jonathan Liu, Anant Madabhushi. AI-derived features of 3D glandular networks are associated with likelihood of biochemical recurrence post radical prostatectomy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3516.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Optical Sensors for the Detection of Melatonin and Serotonin.

In this review paper we discussed the detection of melatonin and serotonin by using various optical methods. Melatonin and serotonin are very necessary body hormones these are also called neuroregulatory hormones secreted by pineal gland in brain by pinealocytes and shape of pineal gland is cone like. Sensitive detection of melatonin and serotonin in pharmacological samples and human serum is crucial for human beings, lots of research publications available in literature for melatonin and serotonin and we overviewed these papers. We have deeply reviewed many research papers where sensitively sensing of melatonin and serotonin occurs, by using of various interfering agents and nanomaterials. This review aims presenting colorimetry, fluorometry and spectrophotometric detection of melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER) by using different metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials (nanosheets, nanorods, nanofibers) and many other agents. Nanomaterials typically possess favourable optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics, they provide up new avenues for enhancing the efficacy of sensors. It is crucial to provide an optical sensors platform that is dependable, sensitive and low price. The development of sensors and biosensors to use nanomaterials for neurotransmitters has advanced significantly in recent years. There are currently many developing biomarkers in biological fluids, and bionanomaterial-based biosensor systems, as well as clinical and pharmacological settings, have garnered significant interest. Biomarkers have been found using optical devices in a quick, selective and sensitive manner. Our aim is to compile all the data that already published on MEL, SER sensing and comparison of each method, we mainly focused on principle, observations, sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, mechanism behind the reaction, effect of temperature, pH and concentration. In the last of this paper, we discuss some challenges of these methods and future projects.

Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Age- and Gender-Related Changes in the Dimensions of the Pituitary Gland in the Indian Population.

Background MRI is the standard tool for imaging the pituitary gland. MRI is useful in detecting pathological conditions in the pituitary. Changes in the size and shape of the pituitary among different age groups are seen in MRI. Linear growth is seen in the pituitary during puberty except for growth spurts at the 1st, 10th, and 15th years, followed by a decline in pituitary height and cross-sectional area with increasing age. A convex upper margin was seen in females more than in males. There is a shortage of information about pituitary dimensions and volume in various age groups and among both genders in the Indian population. Hence, a study is needed to assess these parameters. Materials and methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was done in the MRI unit of Radiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. A total of 200 patients in the age group of 11-80 years who underwent MRI free from neuroendocrine, neurological, and psychiatric disorders were included in this study. Statistical analysis Measurements were made of the pituitary gland's height, volume, and anteroposterior and transverse dimensions. Using SPSS Statistics software (IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), the data was input and examined. The ANOVA test revealed the relationship between anteroposterior dimension, transverse dimension, height, and volume with age. In contrast, an independent t-test determined the association of the same parameters with sex. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association of the shape of the pituitary gland with age and sex. Results Anteroposterior dimension, height, and volume of the pituitary gland were found to be statistically significant with age (p<0.05), but the transverse dimension was not significant with age (p>0.05). However, the independent t-test showed highly significant differences between the anteroposterior dimension in males and females. The shape of the pituitary gland was found to be statistically significant with age and gender. In contrast, the pituitary gland's transverse diameter, height, and volume showed no significance. Conclusion The study helps identify the substantial changes in the pituitary gland during a person's lifespan, which are affected by age and gender. The pituitary height and volume will reflect physiological neuroendocrine differences between younger and older male and female subjects.

Effectiveness of the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Reductase Test, and Alcohol Test for Dairy Cows Subclinical Mastitis Detection

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary glands caused by pathogenic bacteria Mastitis divided into 2 types, clinical mastitis which has symptoms of swelling and changes in the shape of the mammary gland, while subclinical mastitis does not indicate clear symptoms. Subclinical mastitis is a very high case in Indonesia, around 97-98%, while clinical mastitis is 2-3%. Effectiveness of the california mastitis test (CMT), reductase test and alcohol test to detect subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The number of samples taken was 60 samples of fresh dairy milk from 15 cattles in Medowo Village as much as 50 ml for each sample. The results showed that the test was very effective in identifying subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. 15% positive results were obtained for subclinical mastitis using CMT, 10% of the milk quality was not good during the reductase test and 18.33% positive with the alcohol test from a total of 60 samples obtained.

A novel Residual and Gated Network for prostate segmentation on MR images

Reliable and automated segmentation of the prostate in magnetic resonance (MR) images is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The unclear boundary of the prostate increases the difficulty of correctly differentiating the prostate region from the surrounding regions. This paper proposes a novel approach with Residual and Gated Network (ResGNet) for prostate segmentation on MR images. The ResGNet block fuses the residual and gated connections in a multi-directional and multi-path learning strategy for enhancing information propagation and preserving important boundary information. The proposed method is conducted on several public databases, and an average DSC of 94.4%, 95-HD of 3.280 mm, and ABD of 0.919 mm are obtained in the 5-fold cross-validation experiment on the PROMISE12 dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the ResGNet outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and is effective and robust regardless of the variability of MR scanners and acquisition protocols or the size and shape of the prostate gland for the segmentation of healthy or diseased prostates.

Genome-wide presence/absence variation discovery and its application in Peach (Prunus persica)

Gene presence/absence variation (PAV) is an important contributor to the studies of genetic diversity, gene identification, and molecular marker development in plants. In the present study, 100 peach (Prunus persica) accessions were used for genome resequencing to identify PAVs. Alignmentwith a reference genome yielded a total of 2.52 Mb non-reference sequences and 923 novel genes were identified. The dispensable PAVs were enriched in resistance, perhaps reflecting their roles in plant adaptation to various environments. Furthermore, selection sweeps associated with peach domestication and improvement were identified based on PAV data. Only 4.3% and 13.4% of domestication and improvement sweeps, respectively, were identified simultaneously using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, suggesting flexible identification between the different methods. To further verify the applicability of PAV identification, a genome-wide association study was conducted using 21 agronomic traits. Some of the identified loci were consistent with those reported in previous studies, while some were mapped for the first time; the latter included petiole length, petiole gland shape, and petiole gland number. Through tissue-specific expression analysis and gene transformation experiments, a novel gene, evm.model.Contig322_A94.1, was identified and found to be involved in chilling requirements. We speculated that this novel gene might regulate the trait by participating in the ABA signaling pathway. The PAVs identified in P. persica provide valuable resources for mapping the entire gene set and identifying optional markers for molecular selection in future studies.

Morpho-histological Study of the Nictitans Gland and Cartilage in Dogs and Cats in Sulaimani Province

This comparative study aims to assess the differences in the third eyelid gland and cartilage morphology and histology between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and cats (Felis catus). Twenty nictitans membranes were collected from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult cats. The nictitans membranes were dissected to examine the structure, shape, and positions of the nictitans gland and cartilage. Histologically, the samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin and then prepared for H&amp;E stains. Generally, in both species, the cartilage consists of a long, slender body, and pigmented large dorsal and small ventral wings. The cartilage had a curving shape that resembled the eyeball's curvature and had two surfaces; palpebral and corneal or bulbar surface. At the basal end of the corneal surface, there are several lymph nodes aggregates. In the dogs, the nictitans cartilage was longer and slenderer than in the cats. The body of the cartilage was wrapped by a spherical and light pink nictitans gland in the dogs while the cats had oval nictitans gland. Microscopically, the nictitans gland in the dogs was composed of a compound tubuloacinar gland whereas; in cats, it was composed of a compound acinar gland. There was no difference histologically in the intralobular and the interlobar septa between species, the isogenous group of chondrocytes was higher in cats Vs. the dogs that showed few in number. In conclusion, the nictitans gland and cartilage were varied in their anatomical and histological structure. This should help researchers make preparations to prevent negative impacts and could help them investigate changes made more pronounced by disease conditions.

Sonographic Assessment of Submandibular Salivary Glands in Hypothyroid Rat’s Pups Before and After Ashwagandha Root Extract Treatment

Background: One of the most common chronic diseases globally is hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones serve a significant role in maintaining the proper function and shape of the salivary gland. The aim of the study: Investigate the function of Ashwagandha roots extract in providing a protection role for salivary glands in hypothyroid rats following postnatal exposure to Propylthiouracil. Materials and Methods: Ten pregnant albino rats were obtained. Until the rat pups were detected, each pregnant rat was kept individually in clean rodent plastic. At postnatal day 3 (PND3), forty male rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group A, which served as a control group, and group B, which received orally (1mg/kg) Propylthiouracil (PTU) for three weeks. At PND22, group B was divided up into three subgroups: B1, the hypothyroid group that got no therapy; B2, the hypothyroid group that received an aqueous extract of Ashwagandha roots (200 mg/kg) for 21 days; and B3, the hypothyroid group that received Levothyroxine (4g/100g/day) for 21 days. At the end of the trial, the submandibular gland was assessed using sonographic instruments in all groups. Results: the sonographic assessment of hypothyroid group’s submandibular gland showed an increase in the overall size of the gland, a heterogeneous gland with a honeycomb appearance and hypoechoic regions in group remains without treatment, while the results in hypothyroid pups fed with Ashwagandha roots extract indicated a small improvement in gland size and echotexture when compared to pups who received levothyroxine, owing to its antioxidant properties.

Analysis of options for reducing the duration of simultaneous operations in plastic surgery

The main problem of simultaneous operations is their duration, which, as a rule, is more than 4 hours, which exceeds the allowable time and often causes complications in the postoperative period. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of simultaneous operations performed by two surgical teams simultaneously. Material and methods. The object of the study was 24 patients aged 25 to 55 years, who simultaneously underwent classical abdominoplasty with navel transposition and anchor breast lift on implants by one and two surgical teams. The evaluation and comparison of the duration of surgical interventions according to the data of anesthesia charts have been carried out. Further, the assessment of the condition of patients before surgery and for 1 day in the postoperative period was carried out using the questionnaire for assessing the quality of recovery after anesthesia (QOR-40, quality of recovery 40-item questionnaire).Results and discussion. Performing abdominoplasty simultaneously with the correction of the shape and volume of the mammary glands by two surgical teams simultaneously reduces the duration of the intervention by 27 % on average, and therefore the quality of recovery of patients in the postoperative period is signifcantly higher. Prolonged exposure to general anesthesia and other potentially dangerous intraoperative conditions (for example, blood loss, hypotension, hypothermia, infections) interfere with the maintenance of physiological homeostasis by the body. And, therefore, reducing the time of surgery is important to reduce the frequency of complications. In order to minimize the operation time in combined cases of abdominoplasty and breast plastic surgery, it is logical to involve two operating teams at the same time, which reduces the total operating time to 3 hours. Conclusions. Today one of the main methods of solving problems associated with the duration of complex simultaneous operations is the simultaneous coordinated work of two surgical teams to minimize the duration of intervention and reduce postoperative complications.

Anatomical study of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.

Currently, the arsenal of the pharmaceutical market has significantly expanded with highly effective drugs of plant origin. More than 1000 essential-oil-bearing plants grow in the flora of Kazakhstan. Of great interest are some species from the families Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, which have not been studied at all before, or for which there is only brief information about the chemical composition and biological properties. In this respect, the Lamiaceae L. family, which is one of the leading in the flora of Kazakhstan, is of interest. So, on the territory of the republic in this family, there are 233 species, united in 45 genera. Among them, the most famous are plants of the genus Dracocephalum, which are a rich and very common source of essential oils. The purpose of our study - to analyze the anatomical parameters of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L. and to reveal the diagnostic features of plants at the microscopic level. Materials And Methods. The object of the study was the aerial parts (leaves, inflorescences and stems) of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.In the study of the aerial organs of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L., dry samples of raw materials were softened in a mixture of glycerin-alcohol-distilled water in a ratio 1:1:1 (Strauss-Fleming mixture). Surface preparations and sections were made manually. The slides were photographed using Altami Studio software; the photographs were processed using Paint 10.0. When describing the anatomical structure, the principles set forth in the works of V.N. Vekhova, L.I. Results and Discussion. Preliminary pharmacognostic investigation of vegetative material was done and diagnostic signs were identified. The detail microscopy revealed the presence of one type of trichrome on leaves’ epidermis; essential oil glandular. Type of mesophyll, structure of trichromes; form and location of epidermal cells, the presence of rare simple trichomes along the edge are discovered. Conclusion. As a results of the anatomical features of the raw material were established, among them the shape and structure of epidermal cells of the leaf and stem, the shape and location of essential oil glands and trichomes, the structure of the leaf and stem on the cross section are diagnostic features of the raw material of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.

Adrenal Gland of Poultry: Anatomy, Microscopy, Morphometry, and Histochemistry

The adrenal gland plays a crucial role in poultry’s body. Its hormones affect growth, tissue differentiation, and metabolism regulation, as well as the bird body’s resistance to infections, intoxication, stress, and low temperature. For poultry farming, veterinary medicine, and ornithology, it is of scientific interest to study the morphological features of the adrenal gland of birds. This review aimed to assess poultry adrenal anatomy, microscopy, morphometry, and histochemistry by summarizing research data from various published articles. The structure of the adrenal gland has been morphologically investigated in clinically healthy chickens, ducks, geese, and quails. Data from the anatomical level of the adrenal gland have indicated that the shape of this organ in poultry of different species is not the same. In most cases, the shape of the adrenal gland of poultry is close to an oval, triangle, or pyramid. The color of the adrenal gland of poultry varies from gray to brown, which depends on the tissue saturation of this organ with carotenoids. The mass of the adrenal glands of poultry correlates with their age. The left adrenal gland has higher mass, volume, and length indicators than the right gland. The microscopic structure of the adrenal gland corresponds to the general laws of the structure and function of endocrine organs. However, the adrenal glands of poultry are characterized by class features of its histoarchitectonics. The adrenal capsule contains ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, the cell strands of cortical and medullary tissues are intertwined, and the configuration of these cell strands determines the formation of two or three zones of the adrenal gland. Studies of the adrenal glands of poultry at the cellular level have indicated that cortical tissue is represented by acidophilic cells and medullary tissue by basophilic cells. Depending on the shape and electron density of secretory granules, medullary tissue cells are divided into epinephrine and norepinephrine. Data on morphometric parameters (capsule thickness, area of cortical and medullary tissues, cortical-medullary ratio) of the adrenal gland are not the same and depend on the type, age, gender, and sexual activity of poultry. In conclusion, morphologists have paid great attention to studying the features of the anatomy, microscopy, morphometry, and histochemistry of the adrenal gland in clinically healthy poultry. Therefore, the presented data can be used to assess deviations in the morphofunctional state of the adrenal gland in poultry under the influence of various factors and pathology. Keywords: Adrenal gland, Anatomy, Morphological features, Histological and cellular levels, Poultry

Three new Glossoscolex (Annelida: Crassiclitellata: Glossoscolecidae) in the truncatus group from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Three new earthworm species of Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) in the truncatus species group (intra-clitellar male pores on segment 17) are described: Glossoscolex araucariaensis sp. nov., Glossoscolex cardosoi sp. nov., and Glossoscolex santarosaensis sp. nov. from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The three earthworm species were distinguished based on the shape and position of the copulatory pouches (all species), the shape of the calciferous glands (G. santarosaensis) and by the presence of tubercula pubertatis and seminal vesicles restricted to segment 12 (G. cardosoi). All are endogeic, unpigmented and were found in low abundances in the topsoil (0-20 cm depth) of Araucaria forest and plantations, a lowland grass pasture and a shrubby grassland, respectively, and are known only from their type-localities. A table containing some of the main internal and external morphological characteristics of the 29 species/subspecies of the Glossoscolex truncatus group is provided in order to assist comparisons within species. Glossoscolex grandis ibirai Righi, 1971 is raised to species rank due to longer extent of clitellum and presence of genital markings, compared to Glossoscolex grandis (Michaelsen, 1892); furthermore, a new subgroup (matogrossensis) of Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) is proposed to accomodate G. matogrossensis Righi, 1984, with intraclitellar male pores in 15/16. Some considerations on the ecological and taxonomic affinities within the truncatus group are presented, but further studies, particularly genetic are needed in order to better assess phylogenetic relationships within Glossoscolex (Glossoscolex) species groups.

Study about the association between toxoplasma and breast cancer in Najaf During 2020

This study was begin from January to December 2020 , to learn where there breast cancer and toxoplasma infection are related By used immunology test results . 2020, to know the association between Toxoplasma infection and breast cancer .by examine immunological test.32 women who had tumors were the subjects of a study conducted at the Al-Sadder Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf , with breast tumor symptom . the mean age of women from 35-45 years ago . X-ray was done at first and sonar to detected the site of tumor and size . Biopsy was taken and sent to the Al- kafeel histopathological laboratory for making block and stain with hemaxlin and eoxin typical Histological change and ductal cancer show with irregular shape of duct mammary gland ,by use H &amp; E method , serological was applied for toxoplasma appear in Five women is positive test for Toxoplasma AB by used special kit . the rest women consider control group . this study was find significant Toxoplasma associated with breast cancer , the case record at first time in Al-Najaf government.