Shape Of Condyle Research Articles

Computed tomographic features of the temporomandibular joint in 10 Jeju horses.

BackgroundThe equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a complex anatomical structure that makes diagnosis of TMJ disorders difficult. Computed tomography (CT) is now available in equine medicine; hence, TMJ evaluation has become more convenient.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to describe the CT features of the TMJ in Jeju horses and to compare these features with those of Thoroughbreds.MethodsIn this report, the TMJs of 10 Jeju horses (mean age: 4.5 ± 1.9 yr; mean body weight: 282.6 ± 40.3 kg) and 6 Thoroughbreds (mean age: 7.3 ± 1.6 yr; mean body weight: 479.7 ± 44.0 kg) were examined using CT. After CT scanning, the Hounsfield units (HU) and height to width ratio (H:W) of the mandibular condyle were measured.ResultsThe mean H:W in Jeju horses was significantly lower than that in Thoroughbreds. The mean HU in Jeju horses was lower than that in Thoroughbreds; however, the difference was not significant. The most frequent CT finding was an irregular medial margin of the mandibular condyle in both breeds.ConclusionsIn this study, the shape of the mandibular condyle in Jeju horses was flatter than that in Thoroughbreds. This report could be useful in evaluating the TMJ in Jeju horses. Moreover, CT could be a pragmatic choice for the examination of the TMJ in horses.

MRI in the Assessment of TMJ-Arthritis in Children with JIA; Repeatability of a Newly Devised Scoring System

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is commonly involved in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The diagnosis and evaluation of the disease progression is dependent on medical imaging. The precision of this imaging is under debate. Several scoring systems have been proposed but transparent testing of the precision of the constituents of the scoring systems is lacking. The present study aims to test the precision of 25 imaging features based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical data and imaging were obtained from the Norwegian juvenile idiopathic arthritis study, The NorJIA study. Twenty-five imaging features of the TMJ in MRI datasets from 86 study participants were evaluated by two experienced radiologists for inter- and intraobserver agreement. Agreement of ordinal variables was measured with Cohen´s linear or weighted Kappa as appropriate. Agreement of continuous measurements was assessed with 95% limit of agreement according to Bland-Altman. In the osteochondral domain, the ordinal imaging variables "loss of condylar volume," "condylar shape," "condylar irregularities," "shape of the eminence/fossa," "disk abnormalities," and "condylar inclination" showed inter- and intraobserver agreement above Kappa 0.5. In the inflammatory domain, the ordinal imaging variables "joint fluid," "overall impression of inflammation," "synovial enhancement" and "bone marrow oedema" showed inter- and intraobserver agreement above Kappa 0.5. Continuous measurements performed poorly with wide limits of agreement. A precise MRI-based scoring system for assessment of TMJ in JIA is proposed consisting of seven variables in the osteochondral domain and four variables in the inflammatory domain. Further testing of the clinical validity of the variables is needed.

Morphological and morphometric features of knee joint in wild boar (Sus scrofa).

In the study, it was aimed to reveal the structure of the knee joint anatomically and morphometrically in the wild pig known as the ancestor of the domestic pig. In the study, the left and right knee joints of mature 10 wild boars were used as material. For this purpose, the materials were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. Macroanatomical and morphometrical examinations of bones, menisci and ligaments involved in joint formation were performed after fixation. Trochlea and condyles of femur were examined, and various measurements were made. Trochlear labia were found to be the same size, and the condyles did not show a significant difference in size. The shape of lateral condyle of the tibia was trapezoid, and the shape of medial condyle was triangular. Moreover, the lateral intercondylar tubercule was higher according to the medial one. The presence of a shallow groove on the tibial tuberosity was detected. It was found that the width difference between apex and base was more pronounced on the anterior and lateral surface of the patella. Joint surface of the fibula was found to be flat in all materials. The menisci were 'C' shape, but the medial meniscus is more convex than the lateral one. It was observed that the outer edges were thick, while the inner edges were thin. Ligaments of the knee joint were well developed. When the findings of the study were compared with the literature, domestication seemed to have no significant effect in terms of the morphologic properties of the knee joint of wild boar.

Evaluation of condylar changes in relation to various malocclusions

Introduction: Variability in the size and shape of mandibular condyles among individuals of different sexes and ages may appear as a remodeling process to accommodate malocclusion. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess whether or not associations exist between different types of malocclusions and morphological modifications of the mandibular condyle. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the Medline database via PubMed interface and supplemented by a manual search via Google Scholar to identify more articles reporting the subject of the review. A combination of controlled vocabulary was used in the search strategy and the final update was stopped on January 2021. The risk of bias was assessed based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results and Discussion: Considering the preestablished inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were retained with 2607 human subjects (967 males/1299 females and 341 not specified, age: 4–60 years). Eighty percent of the selected articles reported associations between malocclusion and morphological changes of the condylar head. Sagittal plane malocclusions produce more changes to the temporomandibular joint components (head of condyle and joint space) (71.93%), while vertical malocclusions lead to the most severe manifestations. Conclusions: Cone-beam computed tomography is the most useful tool for the assessment of osseous morphology of mandibular head condyles and detection of cortical erosion (21.7%). Associations between morphological changes of the condylar head and specific types of malocclusions were proven. However, there is still a need for more clinical studies.

Engineering large, anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs with robust interfacial shear properties

Despite the prevalence of large (>5 cm2) articular cartilage defects involving underlying bone, current tissue-engineered therapies only address small defects. Tissue-engineered, anatomically shaped, native-like implants may address the need for off-the-shelf, tissue-repairing therapies for large cartilage lesions. This study fabricated an osteochondral construct of translationally relevant geometry with robust functional properties. Scaffold-free, self-assembled neocartilage served as the chondral phase, and porous hydroxyapatite served as the osseous phase of the osteochondral constructs. Constructs in the shape and size of an ovine femoral condyle (31 × 14 mm) were assembled at day 4 (early) or day 10 (late) of neocartilage maturation. Early osteochondral assembly increased the interfacial interdigitation depth by 244%, interdigitation frequency by 438%, interfacial shear modulus by 243-fold, and ultimate interfacial shear strength by 4.9-fold, compared to late assembly. Toward the development of a bioprosthesis for the repair of cartilage lesions encompassing up to an entire condylar surface, this study generated a large, anatomically shaped osteochondral construct with robust interfacial mechanical properties and native-like neocartilage interdigitation.

A novel compound bone articular repair material combining deproteinized osteoarticulation with calcium phosphate cement and BMP-9

The objective of this study was to combine bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9), a protein with good osteogenic and angiogenic activities, with deproteinized osteoarticulation (DPOA). Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) loaded with BMP-9 was coated on the surface and partially filled in the intramedullary cavity of DPOA. A canine femoral condylar defect model was established and implanted with DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 material. DPOA preserved the shape of the femoral condyle and the three-dimensional reticular bone matrix structure. CPC/BMP-9 persistently and slowly released BMP-9. The DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group was superior to the DPOA/BMP-9 and DPOA groups in the number and maturity of newly formed blood vessels, the number and maturity of bone trabecular structures, and the integrated optical density of the type I collagen-positive area. At 16 weeks after the operation, the newly formed bone trabeculae in the DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group were well shaped and orderly, forming a lamellar woven bone structure that was tightly connected to the boundary of the host bone, resulting in excellent osteoarticular repair. As a novel compound osteoarticular repair material, DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 has excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and angiogenicity, and it is expected to become an excellent alternative repair material for bone tissue engineering.

An investigation of craniocervical stability post-condylectomy.

Background: Occipital condylectomy is often necessary to gain surgical access to various neurological pathologies. As the lateral limit of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ), partial condylectomy can lead to iatrogenic craniocervical instability. What was once considered an inoperable location is now the target of various complex neurosurgical procedures such as tumor resection and aneurysm clipping.Methods: In this study, we will review the anatomical structure of the CVJ and provide the first comprehensive assessment of studies investigating craniovertebral stability following condylectomy with the transcondylar surgical approaches. Furthermore, we discuss future considerations that must be evaluated to optimize the chances of preserving craniocervical stability postcondylectomy.Results: The current findings postulate upward of 75% of the occipital condyle can be resected without significantly affecting mobility of the CVJ. The current findings have only examined overall dimensions and have not established a significant correlation into how the shape of the occipital condyles can affect mobility. Occipitocervical fusion should only be considered after 50% condyle resection. In terms of indicators of anatomical stability, components of range of motion (ROM) such as the neutral zone (NZ) and the elastic zone (EZ) have been discussed as potential measures of craniocervical mobility. These components differ by the sense that the NZ has little ligament tension, whereas the EZ does represent ROM where ligaments experience tension. NZ is a more sensitive indicator of instability when measuring for instability postcondylectomy.Conclusion: Various transcondylar approaches have been developed to access this region including extreme-lateral and far-lateral condylectomy, with hopes of preserving as much of the condyle as possible and maintaining postoperative craniocervical stability.

The Use of Panoramic Radiography for Condyle Shape Detection on Menopausal Periods in Dentistry Radiology Installation – Dental and Oral Hospital of Universitas Sumatera Utara

Panoramic radiographs can be used to detect temporomandibular morphology and condylar changes. This study shape-determines the female condyle in perimenopausal and postmenopausal using panoramic radiography. It used an observational survey technique with a sample of 80 people, consisting of 40 perimenopausal aged between 20 and 29, and 40 postmenopausal females aged over 52. The results on the perimenopausal condyle process obtained a round shape of 43.7%, an angle of 32.5%, and a pointed shape of 23.7%. Furthermore, the shape of the condylar process in postmenopause is 37.5% pointed, 30% angled, 25% round, and 7.5% flat. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance value of p<0.05. The results showed that changes in the size and shape of the condyles occur with age. There is a significant difference in the condyle shape between perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods.

Morphological variations of condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch in orthopantomograms of Kashmiri population: A retrospective study

Introduction: Radiographs play an essential role in forensic dentistry to uncover the hidden facts that cannot be easily noticed by regular physical examination. Maxillofacial radiography by means of Orthopantamogram is used as a routine screening tool6 in the diagnosis and treatment planning in various fields of dentistry and is found to be less expensive when compared to other advanced imaging modalities like CT, MRI and CBCT. In a panoramic image, different shapes of the coronoid process, condyle and sigmoid notch can often be appreciated and thus this radiographic data when available as ante mortem records and correlated with the post-mortem records can thereby aid in the identification of a person either living or dead.Aim of the study: To evaluate different morphological variations of the coronoid process, condyle and sigmoid notch, Using digital orthopantomograms for sex dimorphism and Variations between either sides of the individual. Material and Methods: 100 digital orthopantomograms were collected retrospectively from the archives of Department of oral medicine and radiology. The different shapes of the coronoid process, sigmoid notch and condyle were traced in computer using windows 10 paint software for both right and left sides. Results: Based on shape: Most common shape of condyle was Angled and Round. Most common shape of sigmoid notch was Sloping and Round. Most common shape of coronoid was triangular and Round Based on gender: There is no statistical significance between the shapes of condyle, sigmoid notch and coronoid process based on age.Based on variation on either side: Although they are minor variations on right and left sides of condyle, sigmoid notch and coronoid process, they are almost bilaterally symmetrical in morphology. Conclusion: The results elucidated in our study suggest that various shapes of the coronoid process, condyle and sigmoid notch depicted by means of panoramic images can thus be used as a quite easier and quicker method for identification of an individual especially in cases of mass disasters, provided when the ante-mortem records are preserved.

Assessment of rapidly advancing bone age during puberty on elbow radiographs using a deep neural network model.

Bone age is considered an indicator for the diagnosis of precocious or delayed puberty and a predictor of adult height. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a deep neural network model in assessing rapidly advancing bone age during puberty using elbow radiographs. In all, 4437 anteroposterior and lateral pairs of elbow radiographs were obtained from pubertal individuals from two institutions to implement and validate a deep neural network model. The reference standard bone age was established by five trained researchers using the Sauvegrain method, a scoring system based on the shapes of the lateral condyle, trochlea, olecranon apophysis, and proximal radial epiphysis. A test set (n = 141) was obtained from an external institution. The differences between the assessment of the model and that of reviewers were compared. The mean absolute difference (MAD) in bone age estimation between the model and reviewers was 0.15 years on internal validation. In the test set, the MAD between the model and the five experts ranged from 0.19 to 0.30 years. Compared with the reference standard, the MAD was 0.22 years. Interobserver agreement was excellent among reviewers (ICC: 0.99) and between the model and the reviewers (ICC: 0.98). In the subpart analysis, the olecranon apophysis exhibited the highest accuracy (74.5%), followed by the trochlea (73.7%), lateral condyle (73.7%), and radial epiphysis (63.1%). Assessment of rapidly advancing bone age during puberty on elbow radiographs using our deep neural network model was similar to that of experts. • Bone age during puberty is particularly important for patients with scoliosis or limb-length discrepancy to determine the phase of the disease, which influences the timing and method of surgery. • The commonly used hand radiographs-based methods have limitations in assessing bone age during puberty due to the less prominent morphological changes of the hand and wrist bones in this period. • A deep neural network model trained with elbow radiographs exhibited similar performance to human experts on estimating rapidly advancing bone age during puberty.

A volumetric study of mandibular condyles in orthognathic patients by semiautomatic segmentation

PurposeThis study was conducted to elucidate volumetric data of mandibular condyles of orthognathic patients by analyzing cone beam computed tomography images based upon semiautomatic segmentation.MethodsCone beam computed tomography images of 87 patients with malocclusions were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients were between 17 and 53 years old and diagnosed with Angle class I, II, or III malocclusion. By using the validated open-source software “ITK-SNAP,” the volumetric measurements of 174 mandibular condyles were performed. Volumetric analysis was performed according to intra-subject side differences by paired Student t test. In accordance to inter-subject side, gender, age and type of malocclusion differences bivariate analysis and ANOVA were applied.ResultsThe mean volume for the right condyle was 1.378 ± 0.447 cm3, with a maximum of 2.379 cm3 and a minimum of 0.121 cm3. The mean volume for the left side was 1.435 ± 0.474 cm3, with a maximum of 3.264 cm3 and a minimum of 0.109 cm3. Bivariate analysis indicated a highly significant inter-subject difference between the volume of the left and right mandibular condyles (p < 0.01). Females had a significantly smaller condyle volume than males (p < 0.05 left condyle; p < 0.01 right condyle).ConclusionThe fact that shape and volume of mandibular condyles show a high susceptibility to pathological alterations and particularly malocclusions makes a precise knowledge about volumetric changes indispensable. Our results show that significant inter-subject differences in condyle volume could be found with respect to the side and gender. Larger volumes could be assessed for the left condyle and for male patients.

The effect of total knee geometries on kinematics: An experimental study using a crouching machine.

Obtaining anatomic knee kinematics after a total knee is likely to improve outcomes. We used a crouching machine to compare the kinematics of standard condylar designs with guided motion designs. The standard condylars included femoral sagittal radii with constant radius, J-curve and G-curve; the tibial surfaces were of low and high constraint. The guided motion designs were a medial pivot and a design with asymmetric condylar shapes and guiding surfaces. The machine had a flexion range from 0° to 125°, applied quadriceps and hamstring loading, and simulated the collateral soft tissues. The kinematics of all standard condylar knees were similar, showing only small anterior-posterior displacements and internal-external rotations. The two asymmetric designs showed posterior displacements during flexion, but less axial rotations than anatomic knees. The quadriceps forces throughout flexion were very similar between all designs, reflecting similar lever arms. It was concluded that standard condylar designs, even with variations in sagittal radii, are unlikely to reproduce anatomic kinematics. On the other hand, designs with asymmetric constraint between medial and lateral sides, and other guiding features, are likely to be the way forward. The mechanical testing method could be further improved by superimposing shear forces and torques during the flexion-extension motion, to include more stressful in vivo functional conditions.

The influence of mandibular condyle morphology on TMJ anterior dislocations

The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between the bony morphology of the mandibular condyle and the occurrence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) idiopathic anterior dislocation. A comparative retrospective study was conducted among 14 patients presenting idiopathic anterior dislocations (study group) and 15 patients who did not suffer from any TMJ disorders (control group). All patients underwent a multidetector computed tomography scan demonstrating the full extent of their joints. The scans of 58 joints were reconstructed and analyzed by tools available in Dolphine3 software. Mandibular condyle size and volume were measured, and its shape was characterized. Shape, width, length, height, and volume of the mandibular condyles did not differ statistically between the study and control groups. Mandibular condyle morphology does not affect TMJ idiopathic anterior dislocation.

The Short-Term Effect of Active Skeletonized Sutural Distractor Appliance on Temporomandibular Joint Morphology of Class III Malocclusion Subjects.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of active skeletonized sutural distractor (ASSD) appliance on temporomandibular joint morphology of class III malocclusion subjects. Materials and Methods This was a prospective interventional study. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images of 22 patients were taken before and after treatment by using Planmeca Promax 3D CBCT machine version 2.9.2 (Planmeca OY Helsinki, Finland). The condylar width, height, length, roof of glenoid fossa thickness, and all joint spaces were measured. The condylar position was determined based on Pullinger and Hollander formula. The condylar shape was determined as per Kinzinger et al. The condylar volume was calculated by using Mimics software (Materialize, Belgium). Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 24. Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test was used to compare the difference in temporomandibular joint morphology and condylar volume between pre- and post-treatment measurements. Chi-square test was used to compare the condylar position and shape. Results The superior ( p = 0.000 on the right side, p = 0.005 on the left side) and posterior joint spaces ( p = 0.000 on both sides) were decreased after the treatment, respectively. The condyles were rotated upward and backward, thereby increasing the anterior joint spaces ( p = 0.000 on both sides) after the treatment. The condylar volume increases after treatment, but no significant differences were observed ( p = 0.903 on the right side, p = 0.062 on the left side). Conclusion The significant changes were observed in joint spaces. The condyles were more anteriorly placed before treatment. Condylar position and shape alter in response to ASSD treatment. The condylar volume did not show any significant change.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Morphological Variation and Width in Mandibular Condyle.

Classify the normal morphology of mandibular condyle to facilitate the diagnosis of any pathology or abnormal conditions associated with it using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 100 joints of 50 subjects with age range of 20 to 50 years were examined prospectively using CBCT images. The mandibular condylar morphology was classified into convex, round, flat, and angled the widest area of the condylar head measured to evaluate the size variation in different age groups for both genders and side. Round shape condyle is more frequent than other varieties and angled shape was the less frequent shape. There was no significant difference between gender and condyle shape but the round and angled shape were more obvious in females than males. Convex type was more prevalent to shown bilateral symmetrical shape than other varieties, the condylar head mean of width measuring was 14.85 mm in age group 20 to 29 comparable to 14.45 mm and 14.42 mm in age groups 30 to 39 and 40 to 50 years, respectively. CBCT facilitates the precise examination of TMJ in 3 planes that play a great role in an accurate visualization of the condyle to provide early diagnosis for any disorder in the region.

Kondil Hacmi ve Şeklinin Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Mandibular kondil morfolojisi farklı yaş grupları arasında büyük farklılıklar gösterir. Mandibular kondilin kraniyofasiyal kompleksin gelişimindeki rolü nedeniyle, kondiler hacmin değerlendirilmesi, oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) görüntüleri kullanılarak mandibular kondil hacminin ve yüzey alanının hesaplanması, kondil şekillerinin belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Farklı sebeplerle alınmış, 50 hastanın (toplam 100 Kondil) KIBT görüntüleri retrospektif olarak taranarak, çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Kondil morfolojisi; Kondil anterior yüzeyi düz/posterior yüzey konveks, Bikonveks, Anterior yüzey konkav/posterior yüzey konveks, düz, Bikonkav olarak aksiyel KIBT kesitlerinde sınıflandırıldı. Kondil hacmi, yüzey alanı, kondilin mediolateral ve anteroposterior çapı, yüksekliği her bir Kondil için özel bir yazılım kullanılarak hesaplandı. Kondiller arası uzunluk ve koronoidler arası uzunluk ölçüldü. Bu parametrelerin yaş ve cinsiyete göre karşılaştırılması yapıldı. P değerinin 0.05'ten küçük olması istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda en yaygın görülen Kondil tipi anterior yüzey konkav/posterior yüzey konveks olandı. Kondil çapı, hacmi, yüzey alanı gibi morfolojik özelliklerde cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunamadı. Sağ ve sol kondil hacimleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklı yoktu. Sağ ve sol kondil yüzey alanları arasındaki fark anlamlı bulundu. Sonuç: KIBT tekniği klinik için kemik hacmi ölçümlerinin yapılmasında ve Mandibular Kondil morfolojilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanışlı bir yöntemdir.

Bentuk dan posisi kondilus sebagai marker pada Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) melalui radiografi panoramik

Objectives: The purpose of writing this literature review is to describe the condyle shape and position parameters in panoramic radiographs to be used as markers in diagnosing a TMD case.&#x0D; Literature Review: There are several classifications of both normal and pathological condyles in terms of panoramic radiographs, however these require more detailed observation. Panoramic radiographs that are only two-dimentional and only performed when the teeth are biting edge to edge so that they only show the position of the condyle movement and the shape of the condyle from the lateral view. Panoramic radiograph also have limitations in imaging soft tissues such as articular disc which are vital anatomy in analyzing a TMD case. &#x0D; Conclusion: Assessment of the shape and position of the condyles on a panoramic radiograph can be used as an early diagnosis of TMD. 2-dimensional modalities such as TMJ conventional lateral and frontal or 3-dimensional modalities such as CBCT or CT can be used for further assessment of a TMD case, while MRI or ultrasound can be used for soft tissue abnormalities.

Evaluation of morphological variation of mandibular condyle using panoramic radiography

Background: The current study was done to evaluate variations of TMJ condylar morphology using conventional panoramic radiograph. Methods: This study comprised radiographic evaluation of 120 condylar heads of 60 patients. Then evaluate the mandibular condylar shape in 2D dimensional view (OPG). Results: In this study, 60 pairs of condylar heads were evaluated. Out of them 55% were oval in shape, followed by bird beak (30%), diamond (12%) and least being crooked finger (3%).Conclusion: Oval shape followed by bird beak type was found to be the most common in both genders with the condyle shape being symmetrical in about three quarters of the studied sample.

Bioanthropological analysis of human occipital condyles using geometric morphometric method.

Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method.Material and methodsThe study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program.ResultsFirst principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls.ConclusionAnalysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.

Enlarged tibial eminence may be a protective factor of anterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a primary stabilizer of the knee and constrains joint motion, and its injury is very common in clinic. There are many studies on the risk factors of ACL injury such as the ACL diameter, intercondylar notch width index (NWI), sagittal condylar shape, tibial posterior slope, tibia eminence size and so on. Large amount of research data has confirmed that all above are closely related to ACL injury. Among them the morphological characteristics of femoral condyle and tibial plateau are closely related to ACL injury. For example the tibial eminence, which is the hot topic of recent research. Whether or how does it relate to ACL injury has draw much interest of researchers. Since the tibial eminence and the ACL are both located in the intercondylar notch and adjacent to each other, we hypothesize the size of the tibial eminence may relate to the rupture of ACL. For there is report have found that reduced medial tibial eminence was associated with ACL injury, we suggest a hypothesis that enlarged tibia eminence may be a protective factor of ACL.