Shape Files Research Articles

Shaping Ability of XP-Endo Shaper Files with Extended Use Time and Reciproc Blue 40.06 in Oval Canals: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study in Contralateral Premolars

Shaping Ability of XP-Endo Shaper Files with Extended Use Time and Reciproc Blue 40.06 in Oval Canals: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study in Contralateral Premolars

Temporal Assessment of Recent Erosion and Accretion in the Ganga and Alaknanda Rivers in Parts of Garhwal Himalaya, India: Unveiling the Linkages with Anthropogenic and Climatic Events

ABSTRACT Unravelling erosion and accretion patterns of rivers with the application of remote sensing and GIS tools leads us to understand the river morphology and its behaviour. In the recent past, the catchment areas of river Ganga and its major tributary Alaknanda River affirmed some unprecedented anthropogenic interventions such as infrastructure boom, and deforestation as well as catastrophic climatic events. Considering these factors, the present study evaluates the erosion and accretion pattern of these river sections in the Garhwal Himalaya, India. The shape files of river sections of duration between 2017 to 2022 were extracted from high-resolution Sentinel-2, Land Use Land Cover (LULC) imageries. To understand their exactitude effect on river dynamics, these patterns are further correlated with recognised anthropogenic activities and natural events.

Spatial Exposure of EMF from Phone Base Stations in the North of Libreville, Gabon

The electromagnetic environment became dense with the spread of its artificial sources in urban and rural areas. More and more publications are describing their unfavourable effects, including human well-being deterioration, disruption of the nervous system functions or cancer occurrence. Also, there is a legal loophole related to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in many countries. The aim of this contribution is to map people's exposure to EMF from phone base stations in the north of Libreville, Gabon. Data on phone base station emissions have been collected with Spectran 6080HF, processed with MCS Spectrum Analyser 2.1.6, transferred in a WPS spreadsheet, and converted to a shape file before mapping them in ArcMap and examining spatial concentration in QGis. Phone base station emissions vary in space and time between 0 to 488,09 V/m from June to December 2021. The threshold of phone base station emissions standards is exceeded at different periods for all mobile phone network operators, by the Salzburg Resolution and Gabonese standards. Furthermore, the concentration of EMF exposure varies in space and concerns more Akanda than Libreville. This fact explains the spatio-temporal variation of people at risk, as all types of districts and social classes are concerned. Based on the precautionary principle, and because this risk is a matter of accumulation of exposure, it is important to revise standards and raise awareness of EMF pollution as cancer cases and related diseases have grown amidst struggling health systems for years

Comparative Evaluation of Crack Propagation During Root Canal Preparation in Primary Molar with Manual Instrumentation, ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next Rotary File Systems: An in vitro Study.

Root canal preparation with rotary files causes dentinal cracks in root canals of primary teeth affecting their longevity. Nickel-titanium rotary files have been widely used for root canal preparation in primary teeth. The present study compared occurrence of dentinal microcracks in root canals of extracted primary molar teeth prepared using Hedstrom (H) files, ProTaper Universal rotary files, and ProTaper Next rotary file systems. In this in vitro experimental study, 80 primary molar mesial root canals were randomly divided into four groups of 20 canals each (n=20). Group I was prepared with H files. Group II was prepared with ProTaper Universal rotary files using shaping files SX and S2. Group III was instrumented with ProTaper Next rotary files X1 and X2 while Group IV was left unprepared and served as control. Roots were stained with 1% methylene blue solution and sectioned perpendicular to the long axis at 2mm, 4mm, and 6mm from the apical foramen. Slices obtained were examined under the stereomicroscope. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using chi square tests. Dentinal microcracks were observed in groups prepared using H files, ProTaper Universal, and ProTaper Next rotary files. Highest percentage of cracked root canals (20%) was seen in Group I, prepared by H files. These cracks were complete in nature, found in apical sections and statistically significant (p= 0.016). Group III prepared with ProTaper Next showed 10% dentinal cracks, followed by ProTaper Universal group with 5% cracked root canals. H files may be considered more aggressive at apical third due to complete cracks produced.

Nigeria's malaria prevalence in 2015: a geospatial, exploratory district-level approach.

This study used data from the second Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) conducted in 2015 to investigate the spatial distribution of malaria prevalence in the country and identify its associated factors. Nigeria is divided into 36 states with 109 senatorial districts, most of which are affected by malaria, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. We carried out an ecological study with analysis at the senatorial district level. A malaria prevalence map was produced combining geographic information systems data from the Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS) of 2015 with shape files from an open data-sharing platform. Spatial autoregressive models were fitted using a set of key covariates. Malaria prevalence in children under-five was highest in Kebbi South senatorial district (70.6%). It was found that poorest wealth index (β = 0.10 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.20), p = 0.04), mothers having only secondary level of education (β = 0.78 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.51), p = 0.04) and households without mosquito bed nets (β = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.39), p = 0.03) were all significantly associated with higher malaria prevalence. Moran's I (54.81, p<0.001) showed spatial dependence of malaria prevalence across contiguous districts and spatial autoregressive modelling demonstrated significant spill-over effect of malaria prevalence. Maps produced in this study provide a useful graphical representation of the spatial distribution of malaria prevalence based on NMIS-2015 data. Clustering of malaria prevalence in certain areas further highlights the need for sustained malaria elimination interventions across affected regions in order to break the chain of transmission.

Assessment of Debris Apical Extrusion, Unprepared Surface Areas, and Dentinal Crack Formation after Root Canal Preparation Using ProTaper Next, ProTaper Ultimate, and R-Motion File Systems

This study evaluated and compared the amount of apically extruded debris, unprepared wall surface areas, and dentinal crack formation resulting from root canal preparation using ProTaper Next (PTN), ProTaper Ultimate (PTU), and R-Motion (RM) file systems. Forty-five palatal roots of maxillary first molars were shortened to a uniform length of 12mm. The samples were divided randomly into 3 groups (n=15/group) to be prepared using either PTN, PTU, and RM file systems. The investigator adopted modified Myers and Montgomery's approach to replicate the temperature of the human body. Debris was collected in vials and weighed before and after instrumentation with a sensitive balance. Every specimen was irrigated using distilled water during preparation, utilizing a side-vented needle. Weight before instrumentation was subtracted from weight after instrumentation to identify the weight of the collected debris. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken before and after canal preparation using a Planmeca ProMax CBCT machine. The unprepared canal surface area was calculated by superimposing preoperative and postoperative CBCT images using the Mimics Medical program. After preparation, a low-speed diamond disc horizontally sectioned the roots at 3, 6, and 9 millimeters from the apex. The specimens were examined under a digital microscope to detect crack formation. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way (ANOVA) and Tukey (HSD) tests, with a significance level of P<.05. There was no statistically significant difference in the quantity of debris extruded apically and dentinal crack numbers among the 3 shaping files (P>.05). Only the apical third of root canals prepared by PTU displayed a significantly lower unprepared surface area compared to PTN and RM. Instrumentation with PTN, PTU, and RM yielded similar amounts of apically extruded debris and dentinal cracks. The PTU files demonstrated higher effectiveness in preparing the apical third by reducing the unprepared surface area in the prepared root canal.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris from root canal filling removal of the mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molars using XP shaper and protaper with two different irrigation.

Periapical extrusion of debris for root retreatment will effectively improve the posttreatment inflammation and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the extruded debris for root retreatment using XP shaper and ProTaper files. In his experimental laboratory study, 40 extracted human maxillary molars were used in this laboratory study. After disinfection and equalization of length, the samples were treated with a passive step-back technique and dressed. The samples placed in the tubes for retreatment were divided into four groups: (1) XP shaper file and hypochlorite, (2) XP shaper file and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), (3) ProTaper file and hypochlorite, and (4) ProTaper file and EDTA. Then, the teeth were taken out of the tubes, and cleaned to collect the remaining apical debris. The weight of the tube and the extruded debris was measured again. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α =0.05). The highest average of extruded debris was related to the XP shaper file with EDTA solution, and the lowest average was related to the ProTaper file with hypochlorite solution. Between the two files used with EDTA and hypochlorite solution, the average debris extrusion of the XP shaper file with EDTA solution was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the ProTaper and XP shaper files with hypochlorite solution (P < 0.05). Regardless of the type of irrigant material, the ProTaper file can be a more suitable option than the XP shaper file for retreatment of the tooth root canal with minimal debris extrusion.

Postoperative pain in patients following endodontic treatment by XP-endo Shaper files: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Postoperative pain occurs in 25%-60% of patients following endodontic treatment. It can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and requires timely management or, preferably, prevention. The present systematic review was conducted aiming to analyze randomized controlled trials that compared postoperative pain in patients whose canals were shaped by XPS versus other endodontic file systems. A systematic search was performed using key terms "postoperative pain" AND "XP-endo Shaper" across multiple databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. Details concerning the study design, endodontic preparation, XP-endo Shaper-related factors, and pain assessment were recorded. The risk of bias was calculated using the RevMan 5.3 software. Meta-analysis done using the random effects model which was represented using forest plots. Six studies evaluating a total of n = 290 samples of XP-endo Shaper file and other file systems each, respectively, were included in the final review and meta-analysis. The standard mean difference ranged from 0.8 to 2.88 with a mean of 1.04 (0.80-2.88) favoring other file systems. This signifies that the postoperative pain is on average 1.04 times more by other file systems as compared to XP-endo Shapers file although the difference was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05). XP-endo Shaper has proven to be a relatively more efficient file system that effectively cleans and shapes the root canals, including those with difficult anatomy.

Suitability techniques for transforming marginal lands to support building infrastructures in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria

This study examined sustainability techniques for transforming marginal lands to support building infrastructures in parts of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design method employing the use of standard penetration approach utilizing Geographic Information System analysis. Marginal lands were delineated as margins of watrbodies using the polygon method in ArcGIS, and were created as a feature class for polygon data (shape file). The locations, river margins and roads formed point data, polygon data and line data respectively. Digitisation was achieved using Orthophoto Image in ArcGIS 10.0 software where seven geotechnical boreholes were located and drilled using permission rig to a depth of 10.5m in five local government areas of Rivers State. In-situ standard penetration testing and soil sampling for laboratory geotechnical properties was done using standard laboratory techniques. Findings of the analysis show that silty and sandy clay are the dominant soil within the foundation depth of 1-2.5m which are underlained by clays and sands of varying densities and grain sizes with their specific gravity value of ranges of 1.9 – 2.66 depicting that the areas are underlined by organic, diatomaceous and high porosity permeability soils deposits under water logged conditions. The cohesive strength of the soils vary from 65KN/m 2 - 115KN/m 2, angle of internal friction ranged from 0o – 10o and shear strength ranged from 110KN/m 2 – 147.46KN/m 2 and the allowable bearing capacities of 180.22KN/m 2 – 236.05KN/m 2. The stability techniques for the transformation of the land to support building infrastructures are pre-construction soil stabilization and marginal land reinforcement. The study thus recommends for building summation of consolidated techniques for sustainability of infrastructures.

A Procedure to Characterize Wood Pile Inventories at Roadside

Tracking roadside wood inventories is necessary for wood procurement. However, this operation is increasingly problematic due to the costs associated with reaching remote sites, labour shortage, and the methods providing limited information on the characteristics of the logs required for transport planning. To overcome these problems, an automated procedure has been developed in Arcmap to characterize individual wood pile inventories at roadside by using GPS points of forwarders, harvester production files, and the road network shape files. An inventory of the logs in the harvest area followed by a wood pile inventory at the roadside were made to evaluate how the procedure could trace logs from machine operating trail to predicted wood pile locations. The study was done at six harvest blocks in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region in the province of Quebec, Canada. The procedure was not able to differentiate individual wood piles and aggregated several piles into predicted unloading areas. Results indicated a similarity index of 72% to manually inventoried wood piles. The similarity index could be explained by the low percentage of inventoried unpredicted wood pile lengths (3%) and a high percentage of overpredicted wood pile lengths (27%). The positive allocation rate could not be assessed at the level of the individual piles. On the other hand, the procedure properly allocated 96% of the logs to unloading areas. With the level of precision obtained, the developed procedure could be beneficial for managing the transportation of wood at the level of the road segment since it provides all the dendrometric data of the logs available for transport without requiring human intervention in the forest.

Comparative evaluation of remaining dentin thickness and root canal transportation in curved canals with newer nickel-titanium single and multiple rotary file systems: A cone-beam computed tomography study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the remaining dentin thickness and root canal transportation of WaveOne GOLD, XP-endo Shaper, and GenEndo file systems to assess their performance in curved canals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. Seventy-five extracted maxillary first molars were selected with a curvature ranging between 15° and 30°. The samples were allocated into three groups (n = 25) and shaped using WaveOne GOLD, XP-endo Shaper, and GenEndo files. CBCT images were captured before and after instrumentation. The remaining dentin thickness and root canal transportation were measured at 3, 5, and 7 mm from the apex in both mesiodistal and buccolingual directions. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. GenEndo file system demonstrated greater preservation of remaining dentin thickness and resulted in less root canal transportation compared to the WaveOne GOLD and XP-endo Shaper systems across all three levels. GenEndo file system which comprises multiple files has removed less amount of dentin and canal transportation when compared to single file systems, i.e., WaveOne GOLD and XP-endo Shaper file systems.

Abstract C009: An exploratory ecologic analysis of the association of neighborhood obesogenic factors with prostate cancer mortality in Chicago, Illinois: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Introduction: Obesity has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Environments that promote obesity, known as obesogenic environments, may also contribute to PCa progression at the population level. However, studies exploring these factors are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood obesogenic factors with PCa mortality rates in Chicago. Methods: We used an ecological study design with Chicago Community Areas (n=77) serving as the geographical area unit of analysis. All community area-level data were obtained from the Chicago Health Atlas public data portal. For each area, two obesogenic factors were examined: food environment and park access. The number of healthy and unhealthy grocery stores was used to characterize the food environment. The retail food establishments data was retrieved for the year 2013. The stores were classified into chain grocery stores, non-chain grocery stores, liquor stores, and convenience stores which included dollar tsores, corner stores and gas stations. Chain and non-chain grocery stores were grouped as healthy food access, and other (convenience store, dollar store and liquor store) as unhealthy food access. The area of public parks per 100,000 community area population was used as a measure of park access. An exclusive park area for each community was calculated by intersecting the community area and park area shape files from the year 2016. The outcome variable was community area-level PCa mortality rate age-adjusted to the community area male population. To normalize the data, all included variables were standardized to zero mean and unit standard deviation. Linear regression models analyzed the association of the standardized measures of obesogenic environment (individually and simultaneously) with age-adjusted rates using the Statistical Analysis Software 9.4. Results: The mean number of healthy (0 - 11) and unhealthy (0 - 10) food stores in each community area were 3.1 and 2.6 respectively and mean park area (14.0 - 4096.5 acres) available in each community area was 453.5 acres per 100,000 population. The mean (0 – 29.6) PCa mortality was 9.8 per 100,000 population. Healthy food access was inversely associated with PCa mortality rates, where for every for one 1-standard deviation increase in healthy food access standard deviation, there is a 0.40 unit decrease in community area PCa mortality rate standard deviation (p=0.002) while accounting for the other obesogenic factors (unhealthy food access and park access). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the neighborhood access to healthy food may be a determinant of neighborhood PCa mortality rates. Ecological studies are helpful to understand the impact at the geographical level. Methodological challenges and opportunity in ecological analyses, such as addressing bias and multivariable control of confounding, will be discussed. Citation Format: Ravneet Kaur, Jiehuan Sun, Nebiyou Y. Tilahun, Vincent L. Freeman. An exploratory ecologic analysis of the association of neighborhood obesogenic factors with prostate cancer mortality in Chicago, Illinois: Challenges and opportunities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C009.

Quantitative evaluation of the apically extruded debris from root canals prepared by single-file rotary and reciprocating file systems: An in vitro study.

The aim is to investigate and compare the amount of apically extruded debris after root canal preparation using single rotary and reciprocating file system. Forty single-rooted human mandibular premolars with straight canals were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10). The root canals were instrumented according to the manufacturers' instructions using single-rotary file systems Hyflex EDM (HEDM), One Shape (OS) and single-reciprocating file systems Wave OneGold (WOG) and OneRECI (OR). The apically extruded debris was collected in preweighed glass vials using the Myers and Montgomery method. After drying, the mean weight of the extruded debris was assessed using a microbalance. Multiple comparison between groups demonstrated that the mean weight of apically extruded debris in the HEDM group was significantly less compared to all other study groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Under the condition of this study, all file systems caused apical debris extrusion. The mean apically extruded debris was significantly least in HEDM, followed by WOG, OneRECI and highest in the OS group.

Mapping Bovine Tuberculosis in Colombia, 2001-2019.

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease of significant impact, particularly in countries where a pastoral economy is predominant. Despite its importance, few studies have analysed the disease's behaviour in Colombia, and none have developed maps using geographic information systems (GIS) to characterise it; as such, we developed this study to describe the temporal-spatial distribution of bovine tuberculosis in Colombia over a period of 19 years. A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, based on reports by the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), surveillance of tuberculosis on cattle farms in Colombia from 2001 to 2019 was carried out. The data were converted into databases using Microsoft Access 365®, and multiple epidemiological maps were generated with the QGIS® version 3.36 software coupled to shape files of all the country's departments. During the study period, 5273 bovine tuberculosis cases were identified in multiple different departments of Colombia (with a mean of 278 cases/year). Regarding its temporal distribution, the number of cases varied from a maximum of 903 cases (17.12% of the total) in 2015 to a minimum of 0 between 2001 and 2004 and between 2017 and 2019 (between 2005 and 2016, the minimum was 46 cases, 0.87%). GIS are essential for understanding the temporospatial behaviour of zoonotic diseases in Colombia, as is the case for bovine tuberculosis, with its potential implications for the Human and One Health approaches.

Examining honey production with Geographic Information Systems (GIS): The example of Ordu province

Beekeeping is an example of economic farming with its products that can be done without being dependent on plant and ecological production because of its contribution to pollination. This study aims to examine Ordu province, which has been at the top of Turkey's beekeeping activities and honey production for years, with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based on honey production data between 2013 and 2022. By evaluating the honey production data of registered breeders in Ordu province, cartographic maps were produced to evaluate the spatial projection of honey production for the last ten years. After creating a GIS-based database, district-based shape file (.shp extension) data was used for spatial analysis and mapping of the obtained outputs. After these data were defined in the WGS 84 EPSG:4326 coordinate reference system, the spatial distribution of honey production and yield throughout the study period was analyzed using the open-source QGIS version 3.18.3 software. It was determined that the highest honey production belonged to registered beekeepers in Altınordu district during the relevant time period. Altınordu is also the district with the highest number of registered enterprises. It was determined that the honey production data and the number of enterprises of the beekeepers in Gülyalı district, which is one of the neighbouring districts of this district, are lower than Altınordu district. After Altınordu district, Perşembe, Ulubey, Gürgentepe and Gölköy districts have an important place in honey production. Although these districts are neighbours like Gülyalı district, their high production may have resulted from the difference in cooperation between the districts. As a result, it was determined that honey production activities in Ordu province and districts, which is an important city in terms of honey production, vary depending on the districts. The problem of climate change, which is predicted that the world will be exposed to more in the near future, also directs beekeeping activities towards nomadic beekeeping. It can be said that like most of the breeders in Ordu province, registered beekeepers in other cities will be more orientated towards nomadic beekeeping against the threat of global warming.

Evaluation of Canal Transportation Using Single File Rotary Systems, One Shape, Waveone GOLD and Reciproc in Simulated Curved Canals (in Vitro Study)

Objectives maintaining root canal anatomy through minimal canal transportation by using Rotary single file systems: One Shape, Wave One Gold and Reciproc systems used in simulated artificial curved root canals. Materials and Methods 30 simulated curved root canals in clear resin blocks were used in this s tudy and divided into three groups containing 10 samples each: group (1) represented canals instrumented with Rotary One Shape files, group (2) canals instrumented with reciprocating Wave One Gold files while Group (3) canals were prepared with Reciproc files. All canals were imaged pre- and post- instrumentation at three levels, 2,3 and 5 mm apically and compared using Adobe Photoshop software program. Amount of transportation were assessed. The three groups were compared with ANOVA and LSD statistic tests Results the mean transportation at 3mm level of the canal had no significant difference among all groups, all shown transportation. At 2mm, and 5mm levels there were significant difference between groups, G2 shown the least transportation among all groups. Conclusions Within the limits of this study, the canal preparation with Wave One Gold files showed lesser transportation than One Shape and Reciproc files.

Geographical information system based assessment of various renewable energy potentials in Nigeria

Nigeria’s energy transition plan is hinged on increasing the energy mix from renewable energy sources. An understanding of where the potentials of these renewable energy sources lie is very crucial to enhance quality and timely policy formulations, interventions and proper decision making. This paper aims at providing a holistic assessment of the potentials of key renewable energy resources; solar, wind, biomass and small hydro in Nigeria using ArcGIS; a geospatial analytical platform that provide data and visualizations of these potentials across the country. This paper focuses on the Inverse Distance weighting methodology which overlays various map shapefiles and spreadsheets containing relevant data such as; waterlines and water areas, road and rail networks, crop production, longitude and latitude, wind speeds, solar irradiation, elevation and other relevant map data, shape files for all the Nigerian states and local governments. These data are geo-processed to align the results to the exact locations as provided by their geographical positions stem coordinates. These interpolation results are further reclassed within standard limits for the various output parameters such as crops, forest areas, built-up areas, water bodies, shrubs/grasslands, barren lands and waterbodies to reveal suitability areas for siting the various renewable energy power generating plants.

Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution Against the Root Canal Wall at Three Different Levels by Using TruNatomy, XP-endo Shaper, F360, and 2Shape Files-A Finite Element Analysis.

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the stress distribution of novel endodontic rotary files of different cross sections and metallurgy against the root canal wall at three different levels by using finite element analysis. A total of 60 novel NiTi rotary files were included in this study after being scanned for any surface deformities using a scanning electron microscope. The scanned files were assigned into 4 groups of 15 samples each based on their metallurgy and design: Group A-TruNatomy, Group B-XP-endo Shaper, Group C-F360, and Group D-2shape files. ANSYS® 15 Workbench finite element software (Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, United States) was used to numerically analyse the stress created by computer-aided models of these instruments on the dentinal wall of a simulated root canal to test the mechanical behaviour of these files. All data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey analysis, the Shapiro Wilk test, and Levene's test. The significance level was set at 5%. XP-endo Shaper files employed minimal stress on the surface of dentine during instrumentation, and F360 files exerted maximum stress on the dentinal wall. However, no statistically significant difference was found among the groups in relation to the amount of stress produced at the distinct levels of the root canal wall (p>0.05). There was no discernible difference in stress generation among the four groups in the current investigation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the upgrade in design and metallurgy of rotary files has the potential to downgrade the stress during the shaping of the canal and the menace of instrument breakage during their clinical usage.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris using protaper universal, protaper next, one curve, Xp shaper, and edge file: An in vitro study

Introduction: Effective chemo-mechanical debridement is essential for a successful endodontic treatment. The present study aimed to determine the quantity of apical extruded debris during instrumentation by Protaper Universal (PTU), Protaper Next (PTN), One Curve, Xp Shaper, and Edge file systems. Materials and Methods: Fifty human maxillary first molars were chosen for this study. The palatal roots of teeth were decoronated using a diamond disk at length 13 mm, Then 50 samples were randomly divided to five groups (n = 10) (Group I: PTU file; Group II: PTN file; Group III: One Curve file; Group IV: XP Shaper file; and Group V: Edge file). After instrumentation, the root-cap assembly was detached from the glass vial. After that, the outer surface of the root was rinsed in the vial by 2 mL of normal saline to eliminate any debris that could have attached to it. The samples’ vials were stored in a hot air oven for 2 h at 100°C to allow moisture to evaporate before the debris was weighed with an electronic balance that had a 0.0001 g precision. Results: The data were statistically analyzed, and the greatest amount of extruded debris was in the PTU file (mean = 1.596), which had a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) with all other groups. Conclusion: Even after taking the study’s limitations into account, apical debris extrusion was observed in all groups. In contrast to the PTU file system, which exhibited the greatest value, the One Curve file system showed the lowest mean value of apical extrusion debris.

Change Detection in Land Surface Temperature and Cooling Efficiency of Green Space in Phase One of the Federal Capital City, Abuja, Nigeria

This study uses geospatial techniques to detect changes in land surface temperature and cooling efficiency of green space in Phase One of the Federal Capital City, Abuja, Nigeria. Administrative boundaries shape file of 2023, Landsat imageries 4TM, 7ETM, 8OLI and 9TIRS and Thermal Near-infrared (7ETM, 8OLI and 9TIRS) were acquired from USGS Earth Explorer. The analyses of imageries were done within the ArcGIS 10.8 environment. In 1992 and 2002 green spaces covered the largest land area followed by built-up areas. In 2012 and 2022 built-up areas claimed the largest coverage area. From 1992 to 2002, the built-up area experienced the most significant change, showing an increase of 2.85 km2. During the same period, there was a loss in green space amounting to -2.13 km2, while the bare surface increased by 2.27 km2, from 2002 and 2012, the bare surface exhibited the most substantial change, experiencing an increase of 8.97 km2, while the built-up area also increased by 6.75 km2. Conversely, there was a significant decrease in green spaces, amounting to -18.72 km2 during the same period. From 2012 to 2022, the built-up area experienced the most substantial change, showing a 9.93 km2 increase. In contrast, bare surfaces decreased by -8.43 km2, and green spaces also decreased by -1.52 km2. From 1992 to 2002, an area with excellent cooling efficiency increased by 5.7 km2, an area with good cooling efficiency increased by 1.81 km2, and an area with normal cooling efficiency increased by an infinitesimal area of 0.37 km2. There was a decrease in an area with a bad cooling efficiency of -1.97 km2, area with a worse cooling efficiency was reduced by -5.91 km2. From 2002 to 2012, an area with excellent cooling efficiency decreased to -5.59km2, an area with good cooling efficiency decreased to -0.85km2, an area with normal cooling efficiency increased to an infinitesimal area of 0.82km2 and there was an increase in area with bad cooling efficiency with 1.55km2, an area with worse cooling efficiency increased with 4.07km2. From 2012 to 2022, an area with excellent cooling efficiency decreased by -1.22 km2, an area with good cooling efficiency decreased by -1.03 km2, and an area with normal cooling efficiency increased with a minute area of 0.73 km2 (1.187%). There was also an increase in area with a bad cooling efficiency of 0.82 km2, and worse cooling efficiency increased with 0.7 km2.