Shape Drawing Research Articles

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Motorik Halus Anak Melalui Kegiatan Menggambar Bentuk Usia 5-6 Tahun di PAUD Nurul Ikhwan Desa Mondang Kab. Padang Lawas

This research aims to enhance the fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years through shape drawing activities at PAUD Nurul Ikhwan, Desa Mondang, Kab. Padang Lawas. Fine motor skills, which involve the coordination of small muscle movements, are crucial for activities such as writing and manipulating objects. Despite their importance, these skills are often less emphasized compared to gross motor skills. This study employs Classroom Action Research (CAR) to address observed delays in fine motor development among children at the PAUDNurul Ikhwan.The research consists of two cycles, each incorporating shape drawing activities designed to stimulate and develop fine motor skills. In the initial observation (pratindakan), 11 out of 13 children were identified as having underdeveloped fine motor skills. The first cycle involved introducing drawing activities, but progress was limited. By the second cycle, improvements were noted, with 78% of children achieving satisfactory levels of fine motor development.The findings suggest that regular, engaging drawing activities can significantly enhance fine motor skills in young children. This research underscores the importance of incorporating creative activities like drawing in early childhood education to foster optimal motor development.

Understanding the differences in the use of graphic tool and planning during graphic execution between individuals with autism and typically developing individuals

Individuals with autism (ASD) often face difficulty in executing graphic tasks. This can be related to how one uses a graphic tool (e.g., pen) and plans ahead the graphic execution. Use of graphic tool can be captured using attributes, e.g., pen-tip pressure, number of pen lifts, etc. One’s ability to plan a graphic execution can be quantified using the total duration of pen lifts (i.e., air time). Though pen-and-paper-based Trail Making Test-Part A (TMT-A) can estimate planning of graphic execution, yet it cannot capture other attributes, e.g., pen-tip pressure, pen lift, etc. This can be possible if TMT-A is administered on a pressure-sensitive tablet as seen from existing studies with typically developing (TD) individuals. However, quantification of such attributes using TMT-A administered on a pressure-sensitive tablet remains unexplored for individuals with ASD. In addition, such objective measures can help to understand variations in the use of graphic tool and ability to plan graphic execution even outside the TMT-A task, e.g., while drawing shapes which is important to the development of children’s graphic skills. Here, we conducted a study with 12 pairs of TD children and those with ASD who executed TMT-A (in Phase-I) and shape drawing (in Phase-II) on a pressure-sensitive tablet. Results of our study show differences in the use of graphic tool and planning ahead the graphic execution between two participant groups in both the Phases. Such insights can offer clinical inputs that can be helpful in designing individualized intervention paradigms for children facing difficulties in graphic execution.

Rancang Bangun Dan Kinerja Alat Borazsilab Filter Dengan Sistem Filtrasi

Research has been carried out on the BorazSiLab Filter design and performance used filtration system. The selected filtration mechanism is a multi-stage filtration system. The filter material used is lontar shell activated charcoal, coconut fiber, sand, and zeolite. The purpose of this study is to test the performance of the tool (effectiveness and efficiency) filled with the four materials above. The implementation stages of this research are divided into two, namely fabricating the BorazSiLab Filter tool and testing the reliability of tool. To facilitate tool fabrication, it is necessary to design tools in the form of working drawings of 2D shapes and 3D geometry so that they are easy to understand. The reliability test was carried out on the dimensions of the filter box, the surface area and volume of the material, the filtration discharge, and the water quality (pH, temperature, odor, and colors). The results showed that the tool was made of a glass box measuring 20×20×20 cm. The filtration time is fixed at 45 minutes. The measured filtration efficiency and effectiveness of the filter material surface area, filter media volume, filtration discharge before (Qin) and after (Qout) filtration are 0,0022 m2 (one tea bag) to 0,0044 m2 (two tea bag); 3,3×105 m3 (one tea bag) to 5,81×105 m3 (two tea bag); 1,1423 L/s; and 0,00046 L/s. Preliminary tests for water quality before and after for the parameters of odor, pH, and temperature values, respectively, are odor to odorless; colored to colorless pH = 7; temperature = 26,1 ± 3 °C to 27,9 ± 3 °C. Therefore, the BorazSiLab Filter can be used as a filtration tool for wastewater treatment.

Upaya Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar Siswa pada Materi Gambar Bentuk Tiga Dimensi Melalui Penerapan Model Project Based Learning Dengan Menggunakan Media Power Point

This classroom action research was motivated by students who were still having difficulty learning the Three-Dimensional Drawing material in class IV at SD Negeri 7 Kuala Kencana. This is due to the lack of variety in the learning process in class, causing their interest and motivation to be low in participating in the learning process in class. This Classroom Action Research aims to overcome the difficulties experienced by students by implementing the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model using power point media in the student learning process in class. The data in this research was obtained through observation, tests and documentation. Based on research data from pre-action to cycle II, data was obtained that student learning outcomes in the learning process through implementing the PjBL model using power point media had increased significantly from previous learning using the lecture method. So, the conclusion is that the application of the PjBl model using power point media can overcome students' learning difficulties so that it has an impact on increasing student learning outcomes, especially in Three-Dimensional Shape Drawing material at SD Negeri 7 Kuala Kencana.
 

Design of an Intermediate Die for the Multi-Pass Shape Drawing Process.

The multi-pass shape drawing process is mainly used in metal forming processes to manufacture long components with constant arbitrary cross-sectional shapes along their lengths. The cross-roller guide is a typical component that is manufactured by a multi-pass shape drawing process. The cross-roller guide is mostly used in optical measurement equipment where high-precision movement is required. Therefore, the dimensional accuracy of the cross-roller guide is very important since it can influence precision linear motion. However, the unfilled defects can occur in a case where the product has a complex cross-sectional shape. In this study, a new design method for an intermediate die is suggested by using an equal-radial-velocity variation method in order to reduce the unfilled defects. The proposed design method can reduce the unfilled defects by minimizing the radial velocity variation in the deformation zone of the drawing die. The intermediate die was designed by geometrical information of the final product without prior finite element (FE) analysis. The suggested method was applied to design the multi-pass shape drawing process for manufacturing the cross-roller guide. FE analysis was performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to the conventional design method that uses equipotential lines in the multi-pass shape drawing process. Finally, a shape drawing experiment was performed to compare the target shape and the FE analysis with the experimental data.

Penerapan Teknik Scribble dalam Menggambar Bentuk Buah-Buahan Siswa Kelas VIII Sekolah Menengah Pertama

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The population in this study were several works by class VIII students of Bunga Mawar Gunungsitoli Private Junior High School with a total of five works and the research sample was several works by class VIII students, totaling five works using the Total Sampling technique. The results showed that the application of the scribble technique for drawing fruit shapes, grade VIII SMP Swasta Bunga Mawar Gunungsitoli on average got a very good category with a total of two works, got a good category a total of two works, while getting a poor category a total of one work. In the results of the recapitulation of the value of the fruit shape drawing with the scribble technique, the proportion indicator gets a good category with an average value of 77.3 and the dark and light indicator gets a good category with an average score of 78.98. Furthermore, the highest score on student work by getting an average score of 90 on work number two and the lowest score on student work with an average score of 58.3 on work number four. Based on the results of data analysis, it was concluded that the results of the drawing of the shape of the fruit with the scribble technique of the Bunga Mawar Gunungsitoli Private Junior High School could be said to be good.

Hubungan Metode Pembelajaran Discovery terhadap Hasil Belajar Menggambar Bentuk Peserta Didik Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Pollung

Study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between the discovery learning method and the results of learning to draw shapes.The population in this study were all students of class X SMA Negeri 1 Pollung who took shape drawing lessons with a total of 288 students and a sample of 40 people, namely each The class consists of 5 students with sampling using the Quota Sampling technique. This research method uses correlational research. The findings of this study indicate that there is a correlation between the ability to draw shapes with the discovery learning method (X1) with the results of learning to draw shapes (Y) = 30.20 for DK = n-2 = 38 α = 0.05 ttable = 1.684 turns out that > (30.20> 1.684), the ability to draw shapes using discovery learning method (X2) with the result of learning to draw shapes (Y) t _count = 3.46 for DK = n-2 = 38 α = 0.05 = 1.684 turns out that > (3.46> 1.684). The magnitude of the relationship between the ability to draw shapes (X_1) (X_2) with learning outcomes to draw shapes (Y) has a correlation of 0.98 and 0.49, and the contribution is 96% and 24%.

Concavity as a diagnostic feature of visual scenes

Despite over two decades of research on the neural mechanisms underlying human visual scene, or place, processing, it remains unknown what exactly a “scene” is. Intuitively, we are always inside a scene, while interacting with the outside of objects. Hence, we hypothesize that one diagnostic feature of a scene may be concavity, portraying “inside”, and predict that if concavity is a scene-diagnostic feature, then: 1) images that depict concavity, even non-scene images (e.g., the “inside” of an object – or concave object), will be behaviorally categorized as scenes more often than those that depict convexity, and 2) the cortical scene-processing system will respond more to concave images than to convex images. As predicted, participants categorized concave objects as scenes more often than convex objects, and, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), two scene-selective cortical regions (the parahippocampal place area, PPA, and the occipital place area, OPA) responded significantly more to concave than convex objects. Surprisingly, we found no behavioral or neural differences between images of concave versus convex buildings. However, in a follow-up experiment, using tightly-controlled images, we unmasked a selective sensitivity to concavity over convexity of scene boundaries (i.e., walls) in PPA and OPA. Furthermore, we found that even highly impoverished line drawings of concave shapes are behaviorally categorized as scenes more often than convex shapes. Together, these results provide converging behavioral and neural evidence that concavity is a diagnostic feature of visual scenes.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Menggambar Bentuk Buah Teknik Krayon

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of images of children from those who did not know to understand the basic image of the fruit shape drawing by applying the drill method in coloring crayon media activities in class VI-A of SD Negeri No. 081232 Sibolga. Training Method is a method that can be used to convey subject matter or information through repeated forms of exercises so that students have dexterity or skills higher than what is learned. The research subjects totaled 29 students. This training method uses the Pre Test action, Cycle I, Cycle II, to improve student learning outcomes. Gradually in the pre-test action, researchers found the average value of learning percentage is still 52% followed by the first cycle found an average student learning is good at 86.7% and quite good at 13.3% in the sense that it has started well. Then further improved in the second cycle researchers found 89.66% very good and 10.34% good, it can be said that the improvement in student learning outcomes for the better and improved. Then the researchers decided not to continue the action on the activity of coloring pictures of fruit shapes. The application of the training method (drill) has been successfully carried out and can be a reference and a strategy for learning fine arts, especially drawing.

The author's approach to the level of definition and formation of artistic and productive competence of children of senior preschool age

The article outlines the structure of the phenomenon "artistic and productive competence" based on theoretical research of modern scientific psychological and pedagogical literature. The existing approaches to defining the concept of preschoolers’ imagination are described. The essence of artistic, creative imagination of senior preschoolers lies in their ability to create a sensual image independently, to transform this image from the invisible into the visible.
 The author's method of determining the level of senior preschoolers’ creative imagination is presented. It is noted that the teacher analyzes the results of the child's geometric shape drawing during the game diagnostic task "Magic Transformations" in order to determine it.
 The author describes the technology of using art as an integrator of the development of a preschool child’s creative abilities. The article deals with the author's technology of image creation, that is aimed at: 1) the development of emotional and sensory perception of objects and phenomena of the environment; 2) providing conditions for the self-expression of each child. The author 's view on the use of art as a means of development of the child' s personality is proposed.
 Technology of image creation involves the development of the ability to see and understand the beautiful in nature, in the environment through emotional perception; comprehension of the communicative function of art by the child; use of music, literature, games, creative tasks to create an image; activating interest in socializing in artistic activities. The article identifies work with the grain of the image as the most optimal method of working with children, which is not regulated by certain rules, and provides for centering on the source of the image.
 The pedagogical conditions that are necessary to optimize the use of the technology of education in pre-school educational establishments are proposed for the implementation of the work. These pedagogical conditions are aimed at special pedagogical stimulation of the child's internal forces.

Comparison of novel tools with traditional cognitive tests in detecting delirium in elderly medical patients.

BACKGROUNDEfficient detection of delirium and comorbid delirium-dementia is a key diagnostic challenge. Development of new, efficient delirium-focused methods of cognitive assessment is a key challenge for improved detection of neurocognitive disorders in everyday clinical practice.AIMTo compare the accuracy of two novel bedside tests of attention, vigilance and visuospatial function with conventional bedside cognitive tests in identifying delirium in older hospitalized patients.METHODS180 consecutive elderly medical inpatients (mean age 79.6 ± 7.2; 51% female) referred to a psychiatry for later life consultation-liaison service with delirium, dementia, comorbid delirium–dementia and cognitively intact controls. Participants were assessed cross-sectionally with conventional bedside cognitive tests [WORLD, Months Backward test (MBT), Spatial span, Vigilance A and B, Clock Drawing test and Interlocking Pentagons test] and two novel cognitive tests [Lighthouse test, Letter and Shape Drawing test (LSD)-4].RESULTSNeurocognitive diagnoses were delirium (n = 44), dementia (n = 30), comorbid delirium-dementia (n = 60) and no neurocognitive disorder (n = 46). All conventional tests had sensitivity of > 70% for delirium, with best overall accuracy for the Vigilance-B (78.3%), Vigilance-A (77.8%) and MBT (76.7%) tests. The sustained attention component of the Lighthouse test was the most distinguishing of delirium (sensitivity 84.6%; overall accuracy 75.6%). The LSD-4 had sensitivity of 74.0% and overall accuracy 74.4% for delirium identification. Combining tests allowed for enhanced sensitivity (> 90%) and overall accuracy (≥ 75%) with the highest overall accuracy for the combination of MBT-Vigilance A and the combined Vigilance A and B tests (both 78.3%). When analyses were repeated for those with dementia, there were similar findings with the MBT-Vigilance A the most accurate overall combination (80.0%). Combining the Lighthouse-SA with the LSD-4, a fail in either test had sensitivity for delirium of 91.4 with overall accuracy of 74.4%.CONCLUSIONBedside tests of attention, vigilance and visuospatial ability can help to distinguish neurocognitive disorders, including delirium, from other presentations. The Lighthouse test and the LSD-4 are novel tests with high accuracy for detecting delirium.

Algorithmic Perception of Vertices in Sketched Drawings of Polyhedral Shapes

In this article, visual perception principles were used to build an artificial perception model aimed at developing an algorithm for detecting junctions in line drawings of polyhedral objects that are vectorized from hand-drawn sketches. The detection is performed in two dimensions (2D), before any 3D model is available and minimal information about the shape depicted by the sketch is used. The goal of this approach is to not only detect junctions in careful sketches created by skilled engineers and designers but also detect junctions when skilled people draw casually to quickly convey rough ideas. Current approaches for extracting junctions from digital images are mostly incomplete, as they simply merge endpoints that are near each other, thus ignoring the fact that different vertices may be represented by different (but close) junctions and that the endpoints of lines that depict edges that share a common vertex may not necessarily be close to each other, particularly in quickly sketched drawings. We describe and validate a new algorithm that uses these perceptual findings to merge tips of line segments into 2D junctions that are assumed to depict 3D vertices.

Optimizing portion-size estimation aids: a formative evaluation in Malawi.

To investigate preferences for and ease-of-use perceptions of different aspects of printed and digitally displayed photographic portion-size estimation aids (PSEA) in a low-resource setting and to document accuracy of portion-size selections using PSEA with different visual characteristics. A convergent mixed-methods design and stepwise approach were used to assess characteristics of interest in isolation. Participants served themselves food and water, which were weighed before and after consumption to measure leftovers and quantity consumed. Thirty minutes later, data collectors administered a meal recall using a PSEA and then a semi-structured interview. Blantyre and Chikwawa Districts in the southern region of Malawi. Ninety-six women, aged 18-45 years. Preferences and ease-of-use perceptions favoured photographs rather than drawings of shapes, three and five portion-size options rather than three with four virtual portion-size options, a 45° rather than a 90° photograph angle, and simultaneous rather than sequential presentation of portion-size options. Approximately half to three-quarters of participants found the portion-size options represented appropriate amounts of foods or water consumed. Photographs with three portion sizes resulted in more accurate portion-size selections (closest to measured consumption) than other format and number of portion-size option combinations. A 45° angle and simultaneous presentation were more accurate than a 90° angle and sequential presentation of images. Results from testing PSEA visual characteristics separately can be used to generate optimal PSEA, which can improve participants' experiences during meal recalls.

Exploration of the shape drawing tools in microsoft word for fostering idea development in the Ghanaian indigenous kente weaving industry

The advancement of computer technology for digital artistry in this 21st century has availed new-media technologies for enhancing design practices in technical and vocational studies through the development of sophisticated graphic-application software. Unfortunately, these software are very challenging to learn and employ for creative design practice especially at the Basic and Senior High School levels of education in Ghana. Microsoft Office word belongs to the category of general-purpose application software, developed principally for word processing. Unfortunately, many of its users are oblivious of its capabilities for creative motif and pattern designing. It is embedded with shape designing tools that can be manipulated and modified to create intricate patterns for advancing variety of design concepts. The researcher has explored these tools and adopted them for creating fascinating kente design concepts, based on the design-based research approach. This paper therefore presents a descriptive account of how to use angular and linear shapes in Microsoft Word to create motifs and patterns to develop ideas for kente designing that can be employed by Ghanaian indigenous kente designers to foster idea development to enhance their trade.Keywords: New-media technologies; graphic application software;microsoft office word; creative pattern designing; Ghanaian indigenous kente designers

Automatic structuring of organic shapes from a single drawing

Complex vector drawings serve as convenient and expressive visual representations, but they remain difficult to edit or manipulate. For clean-line vector drawings of smooth organic shapes, we describe a method to automatically extract a layered structure for the drawn object from the current or nearby viewpoints. The layers correspond to salient regions of the drawing, which are often naturally associated to ‘parts’ of the underlying shape. We present a method that automatically extracts salient structure, organized as parts with relative depth orderings, from clean-line vector drawings of smooth organic shapes. Our method handles drawings that contain complex internal contours with T-junctions indicative of occlusions, as well as internal curves that may either be expressive strokes or substructures. To extract the structure, we introduce a new part-aware metric for complex 2D drawings, the radial variation metric, which is used to identify salient parts. These parts are then considered in a priority-ordered fashion, which enables us to identify and recursively process new shape parts while keeping track of their relative depth ordering. The output is represented in terms of scalable vector graphics layers, thereby enabling meaningful sketch editing and manipulation. We evaluate the method on multiple input drawings and show that the structure we compute is convenient for subsequent posing and animation from nearby viewpoints. Lastly, to further demonstrate the usefulness of our system, we develop two direct applications, namely the creation of cardboard articulated puppets and part-based 3D modeling from a single sketch.

PD36-05 PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE EXERCISE-BASED BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IMPROVES URINARY SYMPTOMS IN PARKINSON DISEASE

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction II1 Apr 2018PD36-05 PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLE EXERCISE-BASED BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IMPROVES URINARY SYMPTOMS IN PARKINSON DISEASE Camille Vaughan, Kathryn Burgio, Patricia Goode, Jorge Juncos, Lisa Muirhead, Gerald McGwin, and Theodore Johnson Camille VaughanCamille Vaughan More articles by this author , Kathryn BurgioKathryn Burgio More articles by this author , Patricia GoodePatricia Goode More articles by this author , Jorge JuncosJorge Juncos More articles by this author , Lisa MuirheadLisa Muirhead More articles by this author , Gerald McGwinGerald McGwin More articles by this author , and Theodore JohnsonTheodore Johnson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.1728AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Urinary symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB), including urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urgency urinary incontinence are common in Parkinson disease (PD) and further worsen quality of life. Pelvic floor muscle exercise-based behavioral therapy is side effect free and effective for OAB symptoms in adults without PD. We sought to determine the efficacy of behavioral therapy for OAB symptoms in PD. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial of behavioral therapy compared to a control condition at two VA medical centers. Participants were diagnosed with PD by a movement disorders neurologist and had ≥ 4 episodes of urinary incontinence/week. Behavioral therapy included pelvic floor muscle exercises with urge suppression training, fluid modification, constipation management, and self-monitoring with a bladder diary. The control condition included a bladder diary and mirrored shape drawing. Outcomes were measured eight weeks post-randomization and included the International Consultation on Incontinence OAB symptom score (range 0-16) as well as bother and quality of life questionnaires (higher scores=worse outcomes) and bladder diary-based weekly urinary incontinence. Outcomes were evaluated using intention-to-treat analysis with generalized linear models adjusted for baseline symptoms and last observation carried forward for missing outcome data (11%). RESULTS 53 participants were randomized and 47 reported 8-week outcome data including 26 randomized to behavioral therapy and 21 to control (6 dropouts in control). Behavioral vs. control participants were similar with respect to age (71.0 ± 6.1 vs. 69.7 ± 8.2 years), gender (70% vs. 78% male), PD motor severity score, cognition, mean weekly urinary incontinence episodes (13.6 ± 9.8 vs. 15.2 ± 11.1) and OAB symptoms (8.9 ± 2.4 vs. 8.3 ± 2.2). Behavioral therapy participants reported greater reduction in OAB symptoms compared to control ((-3.1 ± 2.8) vs. (-1.3 ± 2.1), p=0.02). Weekly urinary incontinence reduction was similar between behavioral (-5.3 ± 8.7) and control participants (-4.9 ± 11.5) (p=0.4). After 8 weeks, quality of life and bother related to OAB were significantly improved among participants in behavioral therapy compared to control (p=0.001 and p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Behavioral therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement in OAB symptoms, bother, and quality of life compared with control. Weekly incontinence episodes improved in both groups, but without between-group differences. Providers should consider behavioral therapy as initial therapy for OAB symptoms in PD. © 2018FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 199Issue 4SApril 2018Page: e728 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2018MetricsAuthor Information Camille Vaughan More articles by this author Kathryn Burgio More articles by this author Patricia Goode More articles by this author Jorge Juncos More articles by this author Lisa Muirhead More articles by this author Gerald McGwin More articles by this author Theodore Johnson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A robotic arm to sort different types of ball bearings from the knowledge discovered by size measurements of image regions and RFID support

abstract In this paper, the authors present a mechatronics system consisting of an intelligent robotic arm able to sort ball bearings having the same colour and shape drawing advantage from vision. After acquiring and processing an image from a camera, two almost concentric and circular regions are extracted from the image and their areas are calculated as number of pixels belonging to them. The center of these regions provides the point that the end-effector has to reach in order to grip a cylindrical transport structure where the bearing is placed. Since the size measurements of image regions are very repeatable and the depth between the camera and the object is known, the bearing is recognized from the area. For the sake of automatically appreciating the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tag is attached to the transport structure that supports the object. The tag contains stored information on the specific bearing for verifying the success in recognition making use of a reader device. Several experimental tests confirmed that the suggested strategy may be applied to track spare parts in assembly lines.

The development of spontaneous sound-shape matching in monolingual and bilingual infants during the first year.

Recently it has been proposed that sensitivity to nonarbitrary relationships between speech sounds and objects potentially bootstraps lexical acquisition. However, it is currently unclear whether preverbal infants (e.g., before 6 months of age) with different linguistic profiles are sensitive to such nonarbitrary relationships. Here, the authors assessed 4- and 12-month-old Basque monolingual and Spanish-Basque bilingual infants' sensitivity to cross-modal correspondences between sound symbolic nonwords without syllable repetition (buba, kike) and drawings of rounded and angular shapes. The findings demonstrate that sensitivity to sound-shape correspondences emerge by 12 months of age in both monolinguals and bilinguals. This finding suggests that spontaneous sound-shape matching is likely to be the product of language learning and development and may not be readily available prior to the onset of word learning. (PsycINFO Database Record

A pilot study of performance among hospitalised elderly patients on a novel test of visuospatial cognition: the letter and shape drawing (LSD) test.

Conventional bedside tests of visuospatial function such as the clock drawing (CDT) and intersecting pentagons tests (IPT) are subject to considerable inconsistency in their delivery and interpretation. We compared performance on a novel test - the letter and shape drawing (LSD) test - with these conventional tests in hospitalised elderly patients. The LSD, IPT, CDT and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were performed in 40 acute elderly medical inpatients at University Hospital Limerick The correlation between these tests was examined as well as the accuracy of the visuospatial tests to identify significant cognitive impairment on the MoCA. The patients (mean age 81.0±7.71; 21 female) had a median MoCA score of 15.5 (range=1-29). There was a strong, positive correlation between the LSD and both the CDT (r=0.56) and IPT (r=0.71). The correlation between the LSD and MoCA (r=0.91) was greater than for the CDT and IPT (both 0.67). The LSD correlated highly with all MoCA domains (ranging from 0.54 to 0.86) and especially for the domains of orientation (r=0.86), attention (0.81) and visuospatial function (r=0.73). Two or more errors on the LSD identified 90% (26/29) of those patients with MoCA scores of ⩽20, which was substantially higher than for the CDT (59%) and IPT (55%). The LSD is a novel test of visuospatial function that is brief, readily administered and easily interpreted. Performance correlates strongly with other tests of visuospatial ability, with favourable ability to identify patients with significant impairment of general cognition.

The Letter and Shape Drawing (LSD) test: An efficient and systematised approach to testing of visuospatial function.

The automation and systemisation of the next generation of cognitive assessment approaches have the potential to change how clinicians assess and interact with patients. This may be especially pertinent in the case of delirium, as current methods often rely on the subjective opinion of clinicians and specialists, with potential for the condition to be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Currently, one of the most commonly used tests, is the clock-drawing test, which has relatively wide appeal as a cognitive screening instrument due to its clinical utility and psychometric properties. However, there are a number of inconsistencies associated with its use and interpretation. In this paper, we describe a new assessment methodology that we have developed, facilitated by the advances in tablet technology. In trials, our "Letter and Shape Drawing (LSD)" tool, involving both an automated scoring capability and a simpler user interaction, has demonstrated correlation with other conventional cognitive test methods although some optimisation requirements remain.