Shallow Furrows Research Articles

Scanning Electron Microscopy: A new method in the study of rectal mucosa

Preliminary observations indicate that the scanning electron microscope is useful for studying the surface structure of the rectum in health and disease. The surface of normal rectal mucosa presents a remarkably neat and geometrical pattern comprising numerous polygonal units, each with a central crypt surrounded by epithelial cells and goblet cells. The units are delineated by shallow furrows. On scanning electron microscopy, the rectal mucosal surface of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis in remission is distorted by irregular corrugations. Scanning electron microscopy may be a valuable additional tool in the investigation of the surface pathology of the rectal mucous membrane.

Ard og åg i Nuristan

Ard og åg i Nuristan

On the Use of the Term “Suture” in Entomology

Any continuous or undivided sclerotized plate of the exoskeleton is known as a sclerite and when two sclerites are contiguous the line of junction or demarcation is commonly known as a suture. Sutures in this accepted sense are of three kinds. The most common is a depressed line at the bottom of a shallow furrow or sulcus which marks the position of an internal strengthening ridge. The ridge may be formed in tnro ways.

Título en español.

Con el objeto de probar cuatro métodos para manejar la paja de caña, se llevó a cabo un experimento con la variedad H.328560 en un suelo del tipo Arcilla Vega Alta, en la finca Solís de la Estación Experimental Agrícola en Río Piedras. Los métodos usados en la manipulación de la paja de caña, fueron como sigue: 1. Paja alineada en bancos alternados con un surco llano abierto en el centro de cada banco limpio. 2. Paja alineada en bancos alternados sin abrir surcos en el centro de los bancos. 3. Paja dejada en el sitio donde se cortó, a la cual se le añadió abono en la base de cada cepa. 4. Paja dejada en el mismo sitio donde se cortó y abonada al voleo. Los resultados de los tres retoños cosechados no revelaron diferencia significativa alguna en su tonelaje de caña o de sacarosa por acre, en los cuatro tratamientos usados. Esto indica que para caña sembrada en áreas de suficiente lluvia se puede economizar en los costos de producción al no tener que alinear la paja. Esta economía puede resultar si se aplica sobre la paja abono al voleo por medio de máquinas. No se recomienda dejar la paja en el sitio donde se corte, si en esa área las cañas germinan pobremente o están bajo riego.

Phytophaga tumidosae (Felt) (Diptera: Itonididae) and its Hymenopterous Parasites Reared from the Scarred Gall of Willow

On February 13, 1954 a heavy infestation of small galls was noted on a growth of willow shrubs (Salix sp.) in London Township about a mile north of London, Ontario. The exact location was on the north bank of the North Branch of the Thames River about 100 yards west of the bridge by which Adelaide Street crosses the river. The bushes were crowded along the bank and several of them had their lower branches under water and their roots extending well out into the mud of the river. The galls were one-eighth to three-eighths of an inch long (Fig. 1) and were roughly spherical to oval in shape. The bark of a gall was scarred by shallow furrows running along its length. At its upper end each gall bore the scales of a withered bud or an oval scar from which the scales had fallen. Flanking the scar were two rounded swellings of incipient buds. Many of the galls were separatelv developed along the twigs, being well apart from one another, hut in some cases they were crowded against one another so that three or four galls occupied one inch of the length of the twig, and in several instances a number of adjacent galls had coalesced to form an irregular swelling one or two inches long, along the length of a twig. In the key to insect galls of willow in Felt (1940) the galls were identified as scarred willow galls caused by the gall fly Phytophaga tumidosae (Felt).

Fine structure of nasal and oral cavities in dog and their sensory innervation, especially on the intraepithelial fibres.

The mucous membrane of the canine nasal cavity is nearly the samewith that in man in fine structure, except that the former has no smooth muscle fibres as the latter. The nerves in this part are mostly vegetative in nature, while the sensory fibres, very small in number, end in the tunica propria in simple endings, without further entering into the epithelium. The minute structure of the canine vestibulum nasi is also similar to that in man, except that the former has no pars cutanea with vibrissae, the vestibulum in the front partly going over to the snout, partly to the haired outer skin. The mucosa of the vetibulum is divisible into the corneous part with corneous plate and the non-corneous part, as in the human vestibular mucosa part, but the development of nasal glands is much inferior in the former. In the submucosa of the vestibulum nasi in dog there are seen many sensory fibres, most of which run toward the corneous mucosa part, to end chiefly with branched endings in the papillae. More intraepithelial fibres are found than in the human counterpart, being in best development at the entrance of the vestibulum. These fibres originate partly in the branched endings in the papillae and partly in single fibres directly penetrating the epithelium. They either end unbranched or branched, are mostly smooth-surfaced and thin, but more rarely somewhat thicker, and run through or between the epithelial cells, to end sharply or sometimes in nodes in the upper layer of the epithelium. The snout in dog presumably represents the foremost part of the vestibulum. The epithelium is similar to that of the corneous mucosa part of the vestibulum, being composed of stratified flat epithelium with corneous plate and somewhat greater in height than the latter. The development of papillae is much stronger than in the vestibular corneous part and their arrangement is very regular. No nasal gland is found formed in the tunica propria of the snout. The snout is far better provided with sensory fibres than the vestibular mucosa part, apparently in proportion to the good development of papillae here. The sensory fibres mostly end in the papillae as branched endings, but in rarer cases, as capsulated end bulbs. Often enough, these endings send out intraepthelial fibres, very large in number, most of which are branched. Some of them are rather thick, though mostly they are minute in size, and generally end sharply or in nodes in the upper layer of the epithelium. The canine lip, as that in man, is composed of the cutanea part, the transitional part and the mucosa part. The transitional part is subdivided into the outer and inner zones by a shallow furrow. The outer zone occupies only a narrow space. Its epithelium is composed of a stratified flat epithelium with corneous plate and about 3 times thick as the epidermis of the cutanea part. Rather strongly developed papillae are formed beneath the epithelium. Upon going over from the outer to the inner zone, the epithelium suddenly grows in thickness, reaching 4 to 5 times that of the epithelium in the outer zone. No corneous plate is found herein, and villi are formed on the surface. The papillae here are tall and well-developed. The inner zone occupies a far larger area than the outer. Its epithelium diminishes in thickness as the mucosa part is approached, and its height becomes nearly equal to that of the outer zone upon going over to the mucosa part. In the mucosa part, no papillae are formed, unlike that in human lips. Of the mucous membrane of the cheek outside the lip mucosa, only the part corresponding to the level above the rima oris contains papillae. The sensory supply of the mucous membrane of the lips and cheeks in dog is similar to that in man, the inner zone of the transitional part, the outer zone thereof and the mucosa part being best innervated, in the order named.

Memoirs: The Embryonic Development of the Stick-Insect, Carausius morosus

1. The maturation of the egg takes place in the ovarian tube, and is immediately followed by the formation of the cleavagenucleus and its division into many nuclei. 2. The entire products of the cleavage-nucleus migrate to the surface to form the blastoderm. Cleavage of the yolk was not observed even in late stages. Yolk-cells are absent when the blastoderm is being formed. 3. Primitive endodermal cells are proliferated from the middle of the germ-band, and form a membrane between the germ-band and the yolk. The membrane is present only in embryonic stages; some of the cells proliferated wander into the yolk and act as vitellophags. 4. Mesoderm is formed by proliferation of cells from the ventral plate. It is preceded by the formation of a shallow gastrular furrow, and from the bottom of this furrow proliferation takes place. The mesoderm becomes arranged in segmental masses. 5. Two masses of cells proliferated at the anterior and posterior ends of the germ-band are shown to be the endodermal rudiments from which the mid-gut epithelium is formed. The invaginations of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum grow against these masses and carry parts of the proliferating areas near their blind ends. It is shown that the various methods of mid-gut formation which have been described could be reconciled with the process described in Carausius. 6. The hinder end of the mid-gut is flanked by two plates of ectoderm which are forward extensions of the proctodaeum. Into these extensions the Malpighian tubules open, and, as their histology is identical with that of these extensions and widely different from that of the mid-gut, these tubules must be ectodermal in nature. 7. The formation of the amnion and serosa are described.

OXYCEPHALY AS A PATHOGENETIC ENTITY

Oxycephaly is described in the majority of textbooks as a deformity of the skull with certain morphologic characteristics. An unusually high head and steeply rising forehead constitute the outstanding features of an oxycephalic head. In such a domelike head a relative widening of transverse, and shortening of anteroposterior, dimensions are frequent characteristics. Therefore, the cephalic index of an oxycephalic head ranges usually near 80; in other words, oxycephalic heads tend to fall into the brachycephalic group. The supra-orbital ridges, glabella, frontal eminences and entire relief of the forehead are smoothed out. A shallow furrow running across the forehead may be present which emphasizes still more the domelike mound of the head. The eyes are more or less protruded. Strabismus (divergent) and nystagmus complete the typical appearance of oxycephaly. Most of the reports on oxycephaly were made by ophthalmologists, on patients who sought relief from visual impairment. Naturally, atrophic changes of

A new Encyrtid (Hym., Chalcid.) bred from Clastoptera (Hom., Cercop.)

Head antero-posteriorly short; occipital edge sharp; from in front broader than long; eyes moderate, bare; inner orbits a little convergent ventrally; genal space long; face wide; toruli high up, distinctly above the base line of eyes and only slightly below the mid point between the anterior ocellus and mouth-edge. Labrum conspicuous, simple, transverse; mandibles similar, pear-shaped, produced apically into a fine short incurved spine-like tooth. Maxillary palpi three-jointed; labial palpi two-jointed. Inner aspect of galea and opposed side of ligula densely and finely pilose (N.B.—The first maxillary joint has an extremely narrow ill-defined annular base which may represent an obsolete joint). Antennae ten-jointed; scape, pedicel, ring joint, 6 in funicle, and solid club. Scape simple, cylindrical, reaching to about level of anterior ocellus; pedicel short; 1st funicular longer than either the 2nd or the pedicel; funicle (distally) and club somewhat flatly expanded; sensoria numerous, very narrow, short and low, not produced distally. Thorax: mesoscutum separated from scutellum by the broadly meeting axillae, distinctly shorter (measured from its posterior edge to that of pronotum) than scutellum; the latter ending over the metanotum in a short truncate plate; mesopleura posteriorly truncate. Propodeon, smooth between the spiracles; on the middle third are three linear longitudinal thickenings of the integument, the latter pair lying in shallow furrows. Round the spiracles and on the pleura the surface is densely covered with short bristles. Wings: forewings with apical fringe and completely pilose, except on the linea calva. Neuration to about one half. Radius emitted before the costa, long, gently curving towards and subequal to the postmarginal; two bands-one across radius, the other apical. Legs: mid and hind legs elongate, subequal and half longer than fore legs. Hind tibiae widened, with two unequal spurs. Tarsal ungues of all legs markedly unequal, the posterior shorter and more abruptly curved apically than the anterior. Abdomen broad; 1st visible tergite (iii) about half longer than 2nd (iv), 3rd–7th gradually decreasing in length. The last three sternites densely set with short bristles. Ovipositor weakly chitinised.

New Injurious Curculionidae (Col.)

♂♀. Integument black, with brown scaling ; the pronotum with two indefinite paler stripes ; the elytra with vague paler markings which sometimes form a very ill-defined band across the middle, broadly interrupted at the suture.Head with the forehead divided into four areas by three deep sulci, the straight median one slightly narrower than the others, which are shallow in front and much deeper behind, curving at first inwards and then transversely outwards, so as to separate the lateral areas from the vertex ; the frontal areas of approximately the same width anteriorly, the median pair broader in front than behind and continuous with the vertex, the outer pair dilated and obtusely elevated behind, not projecting over the eyes ; the surface, when denuded of scales, with numerous minute punctures and sparse larger ones ; the eyes strongly convex, deepest behind the middle. Rostrum transverse (3 : 2), almost parallel-sided, the transverse basal incision very broad and deep ; the dorsum with a low median carina which begins to fork at or a little beyond its middle, and which at the base is as high as the narrowly separated areas on each side of it ; adjoining the carina a more or less deep curved impression, and a shallow oblique furrow on each side in the basal half ; the posterior margin of the epistome not higher than the median carina. Antennae with joint 1 of the funicle twice as long as 2, 3–7 a little longer than broad, 3–5 of equal width, 6 and 7 each becoming wider. Prothorax transverse (8 : 5), very strongly rounded (almost obtusely subangulate) at the sides, widest well before the middle, and scarcely constricted near the apex ; the apical margin truncate or shallowly sinuate, the base truncate ; the dorsum very convex longitudinally, highest at the middle, coarsely and confluently foveate, and with an abbreviated low median carina ; the scales small, subcircular and closely placed ; the setae short, scale-like and recumbent.

A HOOKLIKE INSTRUMENT FOR THE EXTRACTION OF FOREIGN BODIES FROM THE BRONCHI

It is usually difficult to remove a soft foreign body from the trachea or from the bronchi without breaking it. Various kinds of forceps have been devised, but most of them hamper the field of vision in the narrow passage. If the foreign body is round or soft, there will be a tendency for it to slip away or to be broken when seized with the forceps. I have constructed a new, hooklike instrument with a view to eliminating these defects as far as possible. A small, rectangular metal plate is bent up at both sides so as to form shallow furrows or channels and serve as a sheath. Then a thin elastic steel plate is pushed into the sheath, as is shown in A . When pressure is applied to the handle of the hooklike instrument, this steel plate is bent by its own elasticity and is pushed out

Illustrations of Fungi—XXX

Pileus corky to woody, fan-shaped, convex above, concave below, 4-20 X 5-25 X I-4 cm.; surface glabrous, uneven, concentrically sulcate, laccate, lustrous, yellowish-red to mahoganycolored, at length black; margin light-yellow, acute, becoming concolorous, truncate, and marked with many shallow furrows, often undulate and at times more or less lobed; context soft-corky, radiate-fibrous, white or nearly so, I-3 cm. thick; tubes annual, 0.5-0.75 cm. long, 4-6 to a mm., brown within, mouths circular or polygonal, white to light-cinnamon, edges obtuse, becoming acute; spores ovoid, obtuse at the base, attenuate and truncate at the apex, appearing verrucose, yellowish-brown, 9--II X 6-8 ; stipe lateral, ascending, frequently forked, cylindric, equal, 2-20 X 1-4 cm., resembling the pileus in color, surface and context.