Shallot Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of the effect of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium, boiss) aqueous extract on mouth bacterial count compared with chlorhexidine mouth rinse

This study attempted to compare Persian shallot aqueous extract with commercially available chlorhexidine mouth rinse with respect to their anti-microbial activity on salivary bacterial counts. Three groups of 10 volunteers with a healthy oral status, were randomly enrolled. Using sterile water as negative control, using 0.2% chlorhexidine as standard control and Persian shallot aqueous extract for test group. A single mouth rinse lasting 15 s of each mouth rinse was employed. Salivary bacterial counts were obtained by collecting unstimulated saliva samples at the beginning before rinsing for measurement of baseline count and 1, 5 and 24 h after rinsing with the assigned solution. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to evaluate significant differences among groups. No significant differences among the allocated groups were detected at baseline. Chlorhexidine produced more significant reduction of salivary bacterial count relative to both shallot and distilled water control at 1 h. In addition, a significant difference at 1 h was also detected between both chlorhexidine and shallot extract with distilled water. Furthermore, at 5 h there was a significant difference in bacterial count between chlorhexidine and shallot extract. After 24 h, the level of bacterial count in shallot extract was still significantly lower than both chlorhexidine and distilled water control groups. The results of this study suggest that Persian shallot extract has more persistent inhibitory action than chlorhexidine mouth rinse lasting up to 24 h. Key words: Antimicrobial mouth rinse, Persian shallot extract, oral bacteria.

Hepatoprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium (Persian shallot) in diabetic rats

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is dramatically increasing worldwide. Prospective studies have reported that high levels of hepatic enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are associated with later development of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium (Persian shallot) on the level of liver enzymes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups of eight. The diabetic groups received 100 and 300 mg/kg Persian shallot extract, the diabetic control and non-diabetic control groups received 0.9% saline for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, fasting blood samples were collected, and enzymes levels were measured. Our findings showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Persian shallot can significantly decrease serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) in treated groups in a dose-dependent fashion (p<0.05). Antioxidant micronutrients in the extract of Persian shallot may rehabilitate liver damages caused by free radicals in diabetic rats.

EVALUATION OF SHELF LIFE OF LIVE AND GUTTED FISH TREATED WITH A SHALLOT EXTRACT

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of whole gutted fresh rainbow trout via two methods: the immersion of whole gutted rainbow trout in a shallot extract and the immersion of live fish in a shallot extract before being gutted and vacuum packed and stored at 4 ± 1C. The control and the treated fish samples were periodically analyzed for microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, Enterobacteriaceae), chemical (peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid) and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that immersion of fish in shallot extract increased shelf life of fish stored at refrigeration temperatures. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Shallot extract is a natural antioxidant. It can improve the quality of food products during refrigerated storage because of the presence of sulfur-containing compounds and polyphenolic derivatives in its composition. Shallot extract promotes health by preventing lipid oxidation, and has been shown to possess antibacterial characteristics. In the food industry, it can be used as alternatives to the synthetic antioxidants because the use of these types of antioxidants is controlled because of concern for their carcinogenic potential.

The effects of Persian shallot extract on the levels of some blood biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a multifarious group of symptoms characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid and protein metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of daily oral administration (for 30 days) of Persian shallot extract on some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats (weighting 210 to 230 g) were divided into 4 groups of 8; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with Persian shallot extract in a 100 mg/kg concentration (100 g of dry powder of Persian shallot solved in 900 ml of 0.9% saline) and diabetic rats treated with Persian shallot extract in a 200 mg/kg concentration (200 g of dry powder of Persian shallot solved in 800 ml of 0.9% saline). The plasma glucose level, HbA1c, uric acid and creatinine were reduced while insulin was slightly increased in Persian shallot extract treated groups significantly. Treatment with Persian shallot extract reduced plasma LDL-C and triglyceride but increased HDL-C (these changes were not significant). The plasma total cholesterol, urea, protein and albumin were significantly increased in Persian shallot extract treated groups. Therefore, according to the finding obtained in present study, it could possibly be concluded that the consumption of Persian shallot extract produces a significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. In addition, Persian shallot extract is almost capable of improving lipid profile but it can not ignore its negative effect on total cholesterol and urea levels, as unwanted side-effect. Key word: Persian shallot extract, diabetes, glucose, streptozotocin.

Effects of Turmeric, Shallot Extracts, and Their Combination on Quality Characteristics of Vacuum‐Packaged Rainbow Trout Stored at 4 ± 1 °C

The effects of turmeric extract (T), shallot extract (Sh), and their combination (T + Sh) on the quality of vacuum-packaged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) over a period of 20 d. Fish samples were divided into 4 batches; 3 batches were treated by dipping for 30 min in aqueous solution of turmeric extract (1.5%; v/v), shallot extract (1.5%; v/v), or turmeric and shallot extract combination (1.5%+ 1.5% v/v), while the fourth batch was dipped in distilled water as a control sample. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count), chemical (total volatile base nitrogen [TVB-N], peroxide value [PV], and thiobarbituric acid [TBA] value), and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that the effect of the T, Sh, and T + Sh on the fish samples were to enable the good quality characteristics to be retained longer and to extend the shelf life during the refrigerated storage.

Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of onion (Allium cepa) and shallot (Allium oschaninii) using infrared spectroscopy

Total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of four onion varieties (red, white, yellow and sweet) and shallot from selected locations (Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Texas and Georgia) were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (4000–400cm−1). The Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) assay was used to quantify TPC and three assays were used to determine TAC, including 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) with cross-validation (leave-one-out) was conducted on onion and shallot extracts (n=200) and their corresponding F–C, DPPH, TEAC and FRAP values were employed to obtain four independent calibration models for predicting TPC and TAC for the extracts. Spectra from an extra 19 independent extracts were used as an external validation set for prediction. A correlation of r>0.95 was obtained between FT-IR predicted and reference values (by F–C, DPPH, TEAC and FRAP assay) with standard errors of calibration (SEC) and standard errors of cross-validation (SECV) less than 2.85, 0.35 and 0.45μmolTrolox/g FW of extracts for TEAC, FRAP and DPPH assay, respectively; and 0.36mggallic acid/g FW of extracts for the F–C assay. In addition, cluster analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) could differentiate varieties of onions and shallot based upon infrared spectral features. Loading plots for the various chemometrics models indicated that hydroxyl and phenolic functional groups were most closely correlated with antioxidant capacity. The use of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict the total antioxidant capacity of vegetables provides a rapid and precise alternative to traditional wet chemistry analysis.

The Effect of Iranian Shallot or Garlic Aqueous Extracts on Learning, Memory and Serum Biochemical Variables in Fructose-fed Wistar Rats

Objective(s) We determined the effect of a high fructose diet either alone or in combination with Iranian shallot or garlic extract on cognitive functions, plasma lipid profile, and the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Materials and Methods Following induction of insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats (Fru-fed), they were randomly assigned to three subgroups. The first subgroup was kept as Fru-fed while the two other subgroups were daily treated by aqueous garlic or shallot extract. Results Twelve weeks treatment with shallot or garlic significantly prevented the learning and memory deficits induced by fructose-feeding. Administration of garlic, but not shallot extract could significantly diminish the levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Treatment with garlic or shallot extract can significantly improve the IPGTT in the Fru-fed rats. Conclusion The high fructose diet may contribute to spatial memory deficits. Iranian shallot or garlic extracts appear to improve learning and memory impairments in fructose-fed rats.

Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of shallot ( Allium ascalonicum ) extract

Introduction Alliumplants are an important part of the diet of many populations and there is a long-held belief in their health-enhancing properties such as cancer prevention. In this study, the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of the Allium ascalonicum bulbs have been studied.Material and methodsThe antiproliferative and anti-growth activity of the aqueous extract of A. ascalonicum was examined in vitro on different tumor cell lines. Furthermore, the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability as an in vivo assay was used for studying anti-inflammatory activity of the extract.ResultsThe aqueous extract of A. ascalonicum had the most anti-growth activity on the cancer cell lines; Jurkat and K562 against Wehi 164 with lower cytotoxic preference. The extract also showed much less cytotoxicity against the normal cell (HUVEC) line and significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo.ConclusionsIt is of interest that the extract of this plant has shown much less cytotoxicity against the normal cell line, and, if this also occurs in vivo, the use of this plant clinically for the treatment of cancer patients would have some scientific support. The results of these assays indicated that A. ascalonicum can be a candidate for prevention and treatment of many diseases related to inflammation and malignancy.

Effect of Synbiotics on Caecal Morphology and Lesion Score in Broilers Infected with Eimeria Tenella

The extensive use of the anti-coccidial drugs for prevention and control of coccidiosis in poultry has been a major factor in the success of the industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a synbiotic which combined between 106cfu/mL of Lactobacillus plantalum CMU-FP002, and 2% Shallot extract v/v mix in water on Eimeria tenella infections in broiler chickens. One hundred and thirty-five day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three cages with three replications per treatment, with treatment groups including: (1) No synbiotic feeding to a non-infected, group; (2) no synbiotic feeding to chicks infected with 20,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts; and (3) synbiotic feeding to chicks infected with 20,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts. Lesion scores were assessed by gross pathological examination based on a scale of 0-4 at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days post infection. Untreated broilers infected with E. tenella were found to have highly damaged caeca (P&lt;0.05) at days 6 and 12, whereas broilers infected with E. tenella but treated with the synbiotic also had damaged caeca, but with less damage than infected broilers fed no synbiotic. Broilers fed the synbiotic were also found to have altered epithelial morphology, but less so than the non-treated group. These results indicate that synbiotics may have a preventative effect on coccidiosis in broilers, but do not fully protect against the negative impact of the infection.

Effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) on inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Shallot from Liliacea are the oldest plants that are used for treatment of different disease such as bacterial, parasitic, fungal infections and also viruses. In addition, Pseudomonas aeroginosa is the most important human pathogen with invasive nature that causes different infections especially in cases with abnormal defence. It is resistant to many antibiotics, makes some problems in treatment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of shallot on pseudomonas aeroginosa. The undergoround bulbs of this plant were percolated in distilled water for 7 days, heat-dried (50°C in a dry oven) and the crystalline products were isolated. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% w/v of aqueous solutions of these crystal were prepared. Microorganism used in this experiment was pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC1074). The above suspension was cultured homogenously in Muller Hinton Agar, and the antibacterial property of extracts was then investigated by well assay method. The zone of growth around each well was assessed after 24-48 hours. The results of this study indicated that pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC1074) was sensitive to this extract, total results showed that antimicrobial effects was from bacteriocide type and the most effect was in aqueous solution about 50%. In addition, the inhibitory growth zone diameter was in 30 mm to 50 mm, so that not only we can use this extract for its anti-microbial effect on pseudomonas aerogenes as people use it in their food but also it can be a wonderful study in pharmacology field for scientists.

In vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenesis effect of shallot ( Allium ascalonicum): A heat-stable and flavonoid-rich fraction of shallot extract potently inhibits angiogenesis

This study has been undertaken to elucidate the anti-angiogenic properties of shallot extract in vitro and in vivo and also to define the responsible fraction and its stability. After preparation of the extract of shallot bulbs with 50% ethanol, the extract was successively fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was further fractionated to three subfractions using thin layer chromatography. Anti-angiogenic activity of fractions and subfractions were examined on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in collagen matrix and chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction and one of its subfractions potently inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ethyl acetate fraction sustained its inhibitory effect significantly even after treatment in high thermal and low pH conditions. These findings provided a useful basis for further investigations on shallot as a useful herb with therapeutic or preventive activity against angiogenesis related disorders.

Beneficial effect of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) extract on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in rats

The clinical use of an immunosuppressive cyclosporine A (CsA) is limited by its serious nephrotoxic effect. Evidences have suggested the role of oxidative stress in its pathogenesis. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has recently been shown to possess antioxidative and free radical scavenging abilities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible beneficial effect of shallot extract on renal injury caused by CsA. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with vehicle, CsA (25mg/kg), shallot extract (1g/kg), and CsA plus shallot extract for 21 days. Renal function, histopathology, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated 24h after the last treatment. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, but decreased urea and creatinine clearance. The kidney of CsA treated rats exhibited severe vacuolations and tubular necrosis. CsA also induced oxidative stress, as indicated by increased renal MDA and reduced GSH concentrations. Administration of shallot extract along with CsA counteracted the deleterious effects of CsA on renal dysfunction, oxidative stress markers, and morphological changes. These data indicate the protective potential of shallot extract against CsA nephrotoxicity and suggest a significant contribution of its antioxidant property to this beneficial effect.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Aqueous Shallot and Garlic Extracts in Rats with Fructose-Induced Insulin Resistance

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) and garlic (Allium satium) on the fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) of fructose-induced insulin resistance rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed either normal or high-fructose diet for a period of eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose level, fasting blood triglyceride level, FIRI, and the area under the glucose tolerance curve were significantly elevated in fructose-fed animals. Fructose-induced insulin resistance rats treated by aqueous shallot or garlic extract (500 mg/kg body weight/day, i.p.) for duration of eight weeks. Control animals only received normal saline (0.9%). The results showed that neither shallot nor garlic extracts significantly altered the FIRI and the IPGTT at the fourth week after treatment. The fasting blood glucose in fructose-induced insulin resistance animals has been significantly decreased in 8-week treated animals by both shallot and garlic extracts. Shallot extract administration, but not garlic extract, for a period of eight weeks can significantly improve the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and diminish the FIRI. These results indicate that shallot and garlic extracts have a hypoglycemic influence on the fructose-induced insulin resistance animals and aqueous shallot extract is a stronger hypoglycemic agent than the garlic extract.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Shallot and Scallion

ABSTRACT: In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial protection of shallot and scallion were examined. Water extract and oil of shallot and scallion significantly delayed lipid oxidation in multilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes and human RBC membranes (p &lt; 0.05). Shallot oil at 5 and 10 mM showed marked antioxidant activity at 75 °C (p &lt; 0.05). Shallot and scallion oils significantly inhibited the growth of 4 food‐borne bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium DT104, E.coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and 4 nosocomial bacteria, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii (p &lt; 0.05). All observed antioxidant and antibacterial activities were dose‐dependent (p &lt; 0.05). These results suggested the use of shallot and scallion oils in food systems could enhance lipid and microbial stability.

Genotoxicity testing of herbicide dicuran

The clinical use of an immunosuppressive cyclosporine A (CsA) is limited by its serious nephrotoxic effect. Evidences have suggested the role of oxidative stress in its pathogenesis. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has recently been shown to possess antioxidative and free radical scavenging abilities. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible beneficial effect of shallot extract on renal injury caused by CsA. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with vehicle, CsA (25 mg/kg), shallot extract (1 g/kg), and CsA plus shallot extract for 21 days. Renal function, histopathology, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated 24 h after the last treatment. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, but decreased urea and creatinine clearance. The kidney of CsA treated rats exhibited severe vacuolations and tubular necrosis. CsA also induced oxidative stress, as indicated by increased renal MDA and reduced GSH concentrations. Administration of shallot extract along with CsA counteracted the deleterious effects of CsA on renal dysfunction, oxidative stress markers, and morphological changes. These data indicate the protective potential of shallot extract against CsA nephrotoxicity and suggest a significant contribution of its antioxidant property to this beneficial effect.