Shale Waste Research Articles

Viscoelastic behavior of a novel aluminum metal matrix composite and comparison with pure aluminum, aluminum alloys, and a composite made of Al–Mg–Si alloy reinforced with SiC particles

The viscoelastic response of a novel composite (A356 aluminum alloy matrix with ceramic reinforcement particles developed from colliery shale waste) is measured with dynamic-mechanical analyzer, and is compared to pure aluminum, aluminum alloys A356, 7075 and 2024, and another composite (6061 aluminum alloy matrix reinforced with SiC particles). The studied materials show some common features but the novel composite is one of the most stable (a rapid decrease in stiffness starts only at very high temperature). Moreover, compared to the A356 alloy, the composite shows higher stiffness (since the reinforcement particles are stiffer than the A356 matrix and may foster precipitation hardening) and higher mechanical damping/internal friction (likely due to relaxations associated with the reinforcement particles and to the larger grain size for the A356 alloy). A typical relaxation peak in aluminum attributed to grain boundary sliding is suppressed in the composite because the reinforcement particles pin the grain boundaries.

Design of Asphalt Light Component Pre-filled Filler Based on Oil Shale Waste Residue

The asphalt light component pre-filled filler is prepared based on oil shale waste residue. The performance of the light component pre-filled filler is evaluated based on ultimate and fatigue failure parameters, such as the ultimate bending failure strength and strain of asphalt mastic, and the bending creep stiffness variation ratio m of asphalt mastic. Test results show that the light component pre-filled filler can weaken the effect of aging on the asphalt property parameters, which is a feasible measure of the anti-aging of asphalt.

基于土壤线虫群落分析的油页岩废渣地不同植被类型恢复过程中的土壤食物网能流状况

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于土壤线虫群落分析的油页岩废渣地不同植被类型恢复过程中的土壤食物网能流状况 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201606021067 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（31470559，31210103920）；广东省自然科学基金资助项目（2015A030313783） Energy flow analysis of soil food webs based on soil nematode communities:a case study from an oil shale mined land afforested with different pioneer tree species Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土壤健康与生态系统功能是当前生态学研究的重要课题。土壤线虫是评价生态系统健康状况的指示生物，特别是用于评价土壤污染和恢复的过程。对广东茂名油页岩废渣场人工实施不同生态恢复改造状况下的土壤线虫属的重要值及土壤线虫反映的土壤食物网能量通道进行了分析，以通过污染地土壤食物网内的能量流动状况反映种植不同植物物种相同时间后的土壤养分与健康状况。结果表明在废渣场种植不同植物物种约8年后，乌墨林和大叶相思林下土壤线虫类群数（属）分别为54和45，重要值最高的是食细菌的棱咽属（Prismatolaimus）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）；而红荷林和荒草地的线虫类群数分别为41和38，重要值最高的是杂食性的真矛线属（Eudorylaimus）；废渣地线虫属的数量最少，仅为34个，重要值最高的是食真菌的丝尾垫刃属（Filenchus）和滑刃属（Aphelenchoides）。食物网能流分析表明：细菌能流通道比重最高的是大叶相思林和乌墨林，而真菌能流通道比重最高的是废渣地，红荷林和荒草地居中，各样地植物能流通道比重都比较小，仅为2%-10%之间。总体来讲，在有植被覆盖的生态系统，养分周转更快，特别是乌墨和大叶相思林，而无植被的废渣地，土壤养分周转速率倾向于更慢的真菌能流通道，这表明在养分条件比较差的情况下，真菌通道的食物网可能会起更大的作用。研究还说明了在油页岩废弃地恢复过程中，植物资源的输入不仅仅刺激植物能流通道，同时也会刺激细菌和真菌能流通道，植被是土壤线虫群落发展的主要驱动力。 Abstract:Soil health and ecosystem functioning are important topics in current ecological research. Soil nematodes are effective bio-indicators of ecosystem health, especially when evaluating soil pollution and restoration progress. In this study, soil nematode assemblages were measured at three 8-year-old plantations:Syzygium cumini, Acacia auriculiformis, Schima wallichii; a natural restored grassland, an oil shale waste (as the non-vegetated control) at an oil shale mined land in Maoming of Guangdong, China. Importance values of soil nematodes and energy flow analysis based on nematode assemblages were used to evaluate the status of soil health and nutrient cycling during the recovery process. The results showed that there were 54 and 45 genera of nematodes in the S. cumini plantation and in the A. auriculiformis plantations, respectively, in which the bacterivorous nematodes of Prismatolaimus and Acrobeloides had the highest importance value. There were 41 and 38 genera of nematodes in the S. wallichii plantation and in the grassland, respectively, in which the omnivorous nematodes of Eudorylaimus had the highest importance value. There were only 34 genera of nematodes in the "oil shale waste" site, in which the fungivorous nematodes of Filenchus and Aphelenchoides had the highest importance value. Energy flow analysis indicated a greater proportion of bacterial energy flow in S. cumini and A. Auriculiformis plantations, and the highest proportion of fungal energy flow in the oil shale waste site. Compared with the bacterial and fungal energy flow channels, the proportion of plant energy flow channel (i.e. energy flow from roots to herbivorious nematodes, then to higher trophic levels) was as low as 2%-10% across all the studied sites. Overall, the bacterial energy flow was more dominant in vegetated ecosystems, especially in the S. cumini plantation and in the A. auriculiformis plantations, implying faster nutrient turnover rates; whereas the fungal energy flow was more dominant in the non-vegetated ecosystems, implying slower nutrient turnover rates. This study also indicated that vegetation is the primary driver of the development of soil nematode communities. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Incorporation of Jordanian oil shale in hot mix asphalt

Many projects utilizing oil shale for power generation and shale oil extraction are being investigated, developed, or built due to an increase interest in utilizing this source of energy. It is expected that this evolving industry will produce large quantities of oil shale waste particles having very fine sizes which are considered both harmful to the environment and a loss of a valuable resource. This investigation is considering to address both of these two negative expectations by incorporating the above fine oil shale particles into hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement formulations. Different compositions of oil shale in the new asphalt pavement mixtures were investigated in accordance of local highway regulations. The results of this work are very promising. For example, Marshall stability showed an improvement by 10–20%. All required properties by Jordanian highway regulations (which are, in general, based on American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO) such as flow, voids in mineral aggregates and air voids have been either satisfied or even improved. In addition, resilient modulus, creep and fatigue tests were performed on some formulations. The major findings of these tests indicate that HMA containing only limestone is more resistant to rutting in the short run however; it loses its strength as it ages. On the other hand, HMA containing oil shale is not as much resistant to rutting in the short run; however, it retains its flexibility in the long run (more fatigue resistance). Finally, the environmental investigation of the impact of using oil shale in HMA pavements indicates that there are no negative impacts on the environment with respect to leaching and radioactivity.

Paste Fills Technology in Condition of Estonian Oil Shale Mine

Oil shale mining and processing industry in Estonia produce a wide assortment of waste could be considered as available fill materials. Waste rock which is not usable in civil engineering and road building may be used for backfilling underground mines. Paste fills technology, which has several benefits, requires careful selection of oil shale waste rock aggregates and other carbonate stones. The laboratory tests and theoretical investigations were made for determination the applicability of limestone and dolostone aggregates as backfill material. It enables to determine the feasible parameters of aggregates from oil shale mining waste rock. Analysis showed that limestone aggregates of Estonian oil shale mines suit best for backfill technology in conditions.

Fingerprinting Marcellus Shale waste products from Pb isotope and trace metal perspectives

Drill cuttings generated during unconventional natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin, U.S.A., generally contain a very large component of organic-rich black shale because of extensive lateral drilling into this target unit. In this study, element concentrations and Pb isotope ratios obtained from leached drill cuttings spanning 600m of stratigraphic section were used to assess the potential for short and long term environmental impacts from Marcellus Shale waste materials, in comparison with material from surrounding formations. Leachates of the units above, below and within the Marcellus Shale yielded Cl/Br ratios of 100–150, similar to produced water values. Leachates from oxidized and unoxidized drill cuttings from the Marcellus Shale contain distinct suites of elevated trace metal concentrations, including Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, U, V and Zn. The most elevated Mo, Ni, Sb, U, and V concentrations are found in leachates from the lower portion of the Marcellus Shale, the section typically exploited for natural gas production. In addition, lower 207Pb/206Pb ratios within the lower Marcellus Shale (0.661–0.733) provide a distinctive fingerprint from formations above (0.822–0.846) and below (0.796–0.810), reflecting 206Pb produced as a result of in situ 238U decay within this organic rich black shale. Trace metal concentrations from the Marcellus Shale leachates are similar to total metal concentrations from other black shales. These metal concentrations can exceed screening levels recommended by the EPA, and thus have the potential to impact soil and water quality depending on cuttings disposal methods.

Potential use of native fungal strains for assisted uranium retention

Uranium-stabilizing ligands can be useful complexing agents for uranium in aqueous solution. The discovery of novel ligand candidates for selective uranium capture in artificial and natural waters could provide scope for their use in water remediation and metal recovery from low- and high grade ores. In this study we used seven fungal strains, isolated from shale waste, to monitor the uranium retention capacity from an aqueous solution. After four weeks of incubation, suspensions containing the fungal strains were filtered, and up to 100% of the total uranium inventory was removed from a 10mgL−1 solution. Approximately 70% of the total uranium removal is attributed to complexation and/or adsorption by particles in the malt extract and some 10% is adsorbed by the fungal biomass. The additional 20% uranium removed could be related to the excretion of fungal metabolites. From 58% to 90% of the uranium is removed within ten minutes. The formation of colloidal/particulate uranium is proposed to be controlled by organic ligands in the culture medium and organic ligands excreted by the fungi where phosphorus moieties seem to be important. Membrane fouling by the hydrocarbons is also suggested to contribute to a loss of uranium from the aqueous phase.

Polymer-Modified Mortars with Increased Amount of C-S-H Phase

The article focuses on the observation of the quality of polymer-modified mortars, where through the use of appropriate types of by-products the amount of C-S-H phase registered an increase. Specifically, it was waste shale and waste diatomaceous earth because these two by-products displayed pozzolana reaction. Tests were performed which showed that the increased content of C-S-H phase contributes to the improvement in monitored properties, particularly increase in the values of adhesiveness.

CO2 Mineralisation: Production of CaCO3-type Material in a Continuous Flow Disintegrator-reactor

Current study focused on the production of precipitated calcium carbonate on the basis of oil shale waste ash. The indirect aqueous carbonation of oil shale ash involved 2 main steps: Ca 2+ leaching from ash and carbonation of the leachate in a continuous flow disintegrator-reactor accompanied by the crystallization of CaCO 3 . As a result, calcite crystals with a content of 92-99% CaCO 3 and mean particle diameter in the range of 3.7-7.5 μm were produced at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The effect of operating conditions (mainly gas flow rate and stoichiometric access of CO 2 ) on the forming crystalline product was examined in terms of particle size, morphology and textural properties. Several characteristics of the obtained solid materials suggest high potential for a wide range of industrial applications.

Shale Stone and Fly Ash Landfill Use in Landslide Hazardous Area in Sirnak City with Foam Concrete

Sirnak City and the surrounding areas are on steeper slopes. There are sliding large land masses or rocks. Underground water and harsh climatic conditions contain high risk hazard areas in urban living site with higher population density. In order to eliminate landslides and related events, significant precautions should be taken. The mapping of landslide risk may ease to take precautions. Even the application of landfill rock may reduce water content of soil. In this research, fly ash and Mine Waste shale stone were used with low density foam concrete. Waste mixture at certain proportions decreased cement use. Shale stone as fine aggregate instead of fly ash in specific proportions improved mechanical strength and porosity. Hence landslide hazardous area could be safer for urban living.

Benefaction from Carbonation of Flue Gas CO<sub>2</sub> as Coal Mining Filling

CO2 capturing, transport and sequestration by pressurized water dissolution and reacting by natural alkali lime and magnesia in coal fly ash or other sources become an industrial advantageous sequestration option resulting in green waste solutions or solid fines. Mg and Ca containing minerals are reacting with CO2 to form carbonates. Various types of fly ash materials may react with CO2 to form carbonate regarding ash composition and reaction parameters. Mineral sequestration of CO2 will also allow using the products in cement industry or as cement material in constructions with low cost. This paper discussed progress on coal mining filling by carbonation method using coal fly ash of Soma, Yatagan, Afsin Elbistan Power Stations. Other filler materials containing coal mine waste shale, fly ashes and foam concrete, and additives were searched for pretreatment methods to enhance cement reactivity; and in analyzing the structural changes to identify reaction paths and potential barriers.

Flow dependent water quality impacts of historic coal and oil shale mining in the Almond River catchment, Scotland

The Almond River catchment in Central Scotland has experienced extensive coal mining during the last 300years and also provides an example of enduring pollution associated with historic unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation from oil shale. Detailed spatial analysis of the catchment has identified over 300 abandoned mine and mine waste sites, comprising a significant potential source of mine related contamination. River water quality data, collected over a 15 year period from 1994 to 2008, indicates that both the coal and oil shale mining areas detrimentally impact surface water quality long after mine abandonment, due to the continued release of Fe and SO42- associated with pyrite oxidation at abandoned mine sites. Once in the surface water environment Fe and SO42- display significant concentration-flow dependence: Fe increases at high flows due to the re-suspension of river bed Fe precipitates (Fe(OH)3); SO42- concentrations decrease with higher flow as a result of dilution. Further examination of Fe and SO4 loading at low flows indicates a close correlation of Fe and SO42- with mined areas; cumulative low flow load calculations indicate that coal and oil shale mining regions contribute 0.21 and 0.31g/s of Fe, respectively, to the main Almond tributary. Decreases in Fe loading along some river sections demonstrate the deposition and storage of Fe within the river channel. This river bed Fe is re-suspended with increased flow resulting in significant transport of Fe downstream with load values of up to 50g/s Fe. Interpretation of major ion chemistry data for 2005–2006 indicates significant increases in Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- in coal mined areas probably as a result of the buffering of proton acidity in mine waters; in the oil shale areas Na− and Cl− become increasing dominant possibly associated with increased urbanisation and saline pore water discharge from unprocessed oil shale waste. The study demonstrates the importance of considering the cumulative impact of point and diffuse contamination sourced from numerous small coal and oil shale mine sites on surface water quality.

Adsorption studies of As(III) from wastewater with a novel adsorbent in a three-phase fluidized bed by using response surface method

Existing overviews of arsenic removal include technologies that have traditionally been used (oxidation, precipitation/coagulation/membrane separation/adsorption) in static bed, with far less attention paid to fluidized bed. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using cashew nut shale waste as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of arsenic (III) ions from aqueous solutions by using gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed. The effect of gas velocity, liquid velocity, initial static bed height and average particle size on the adsorption of arsenic (III) by cashew nut shale waste is investigated using batch methods. The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as gas velocity, liquid velocity, initial static bed height and average particle size on the adsorption of arsenic (III) from wastewater are analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). A 24 full factorial central composite experimental design was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.9611) and satisfactory prediction second-order regression model was derived. The optimum operating conditions were determined as gas velocity, 12.5m/s; liquid velocity, 0.04m/s; initial static bed height, 0.1m and average particle size of 1.27mm. At optimum adsorption conditions, the adsorption of arsenic (III) from wastewater in a three phase fluidized bed is found to be 92.5464%.

Estimating Wastewater Impacts from Fracking

Estimating Wastewater Impacts from Fracking

Preparation of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite with Novel In situ Ceramic Composite Particulates, Developed from Waste Colliery Shale Material

A novel method is adapted to prepare an in situ ceramic composite from waste colliery shale (CS) material. Heat treatment of the shale material, in a plasma reactor and/or in a high temperature furnace at 1673 K (1400 °C) under high vacuum (10−6 Torr), has enabled in situ conversion of SiO2 to SiC in the vicinity of carbon and Al2O3 present in the shale material. The composite has the chemical constituents, SiC-Al2O3-C, as established by XRD/EDX analysis. Particle sizes of the composite range between 50 nm and 200 μm. The shape of the particles vary, presumably rod to spherical shape, distributed preferably in the region of grain boundaries. The CS composite so produced is added to aluminum melt to produce Al-CS composite (12 vol. pct). For comparison of properties, the aluminum metal matrix composite (AMCs) is made with Al2O3 particulates (15 vol. pct) with size <200 μm. The heat-treated Al-CS composite has shown better mechanical properties compared to the Al-Al2O3 composite. The ductility and toughness of the Al-CS composite are greater than that of the Al-Al2O3 composite. Fractographs revealed fine sheared dimples in the Al-CS composite, whereas the same of the Al-Al2O3 composite showed an appearance of cleavage-type facets. Abrasion and frictional behavior of both the composites have been compared. The findings lead to the conclusion that the in situ composite developed from the colliery shale waste material has a good future for its use in AMCs.

Technology for producing mineral fibers by recycling ash-sludge and oil-shale wastes

The technology for recycling ash-sludge and oil shale wastes using an electro-plasma facility in the production of mineral fibers, for melting silicate-containing materials, and schemes for additionally heating the silicate melt stream at the exit from the melting furnace is described. Studies of the electro-plasma facility and raw materials as well as the mineral fibers obtained with their use have been performed.

Waste oil shale ash as a novel source of calcium for precipitated calcium carbonate: Carbonation mechanism, modeling, and product characterization

In this paper, a method for converting lime-containing oil shale waste ash into precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), a valuable commodity is elucidated. The mechanism of ash leachates carbonation was experimentally investigated in a stirred semi-batch barboter-type reactor by varying the CO 2 partial pressure, gas flow rate, and agitation intensity. A consistent set of model equations and physical–chemical parameters is proposed to describe the CaCO 3 precipitation process from oil shale ash leachates of complex composition. The model enables the simulation of reactive species (Ca 2+, CaCO 3, SO 4 2−, CaSO 4, OH −, CO 2, HCO 3 −, H +, CO 3 2−) concentration profiles in the liquid, gas, and solid phases as well as prediction of the PCC formation rate. The presence of CaSO 4 in the product may also be evaluated and used to assess the purity of the PCC product. A detailed characterization of the PCC precipitates crystallized from oil shale ash leachates is also provided. High brightness PCC (containing up to ∼96% CaCO 3) with mean particle sizes ranging from 4 to 10 μm and controllable morphology (such as rhombohedral calcite or coexisting calcite and spherical vaterite phases) was obtained under the conditions studied.

Unsaturated sloping layered soil cover system: Field investigation

Tallon, L. K., O'Kane, M. A., Chapman, D. E., Phillip, M. A., Shurniak, R. E. and Strunk, R. L. 2011. Unsaturated sloping layered soil cover system: Field investigation. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 161–168. Unsaturated soil cover systems are effective in minimizing the interaction of meteoric water with underlying mine waste. Studies detailing field-monitoring results of layered systems in sloping landscapes are scarce. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the field performance, defined as a reduction in percolation, of a sloping fine-over-coarse-layered cover system at a phosphate mine in the northwestern United States. Cover water content profiles were elevated in the underlying waste material during and after wet periods such as spring snow melt, suggesting that any layering effect of increasing storage capacity was lost. During dry periods, water content profiles suggested a slight benefit due to layering, as water contents were slightly elevated immediately above the cover/waste shale interface. Although there were incidental gains in performance due to layering, the majority of the infiltrating water was stored in the fine-textured layer. This layer was most responsible for limiting percolation into the underlying waste. There was little difference in performance due to slope position. The cover was sufficient in preventing net percolation into the underlying waste shale, and performance was at least partially improved by increased storage at layer interfaces.

Processes occurring during plasma-chemical synthesis of refractory silicate materials

The processes occurring during plasma-chemical synthesis of melts from silicate-containing materials as well as technological regimes during the production of silicate refractory melts using highly concentrated heat flows are examined. The results of physical–chemical studies of the initial silicate materials (basalt, oil shale wastes, and ash) and aluminosilicate glasses obtained are presented.

EFFECT OF OIL SHALE ASH APPLICATION ON LEACHING BEHAVIOR OF ARABLE SOILS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Oil shale ash contains mineral ingredients of agricultural importance and could be used for treatment of soils. However, the ash contains several hazardous ingredients, i.e. toxic trace metals which could be mobile and create environmental concerns. Beneficial use of the oil shale ash in agriculture and forestry requires better knowledge of leaching characteristics of soil-ash systems. In this study two different ash samples have been added to two types of soil, particularly Rendzic Leptosol and Podzolic Gleysols, in order to investigate the leaching characteristics of soil/ash mixtures using the traditional leaching scheme and a scheme modified by pretreatment (incubation) of solid in wet conditions. The pH, conductivity and concentration of Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn and Ni in leachates are determined. The results revealed that transport of hazard components to the water phase was highly dependent on the type of soil and ash and leaching method used. Throughout the experiment, concentrations of heavy metals in leachates of any combination of soil and fly ash are low. The most mobile metals are found to be nickel, zinc and chromium. Application of oil shale ash to soil might increase mobile fraction of Ni in soil. For the safe recycling of oil shale wastes in agriculture, it is recommended to take into account the leaching behavior of trace elements as ingredients in combustion ash.