Shadow Work Research Articles

Graffiti Moon (review)

Reviewed by: Graffiti Moon Claire Gross Crowley, Cath . Graffiti Moon. Knopf, 2012. [272p]. Library ed. ISBN 978-0-375-96953-9 $19.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-375-86953-2 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-375-98365-8 $10.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 9-12. Lucy and Ed went on a disastrous date two years ago, and they've avoided each other ever since. When Lucy's friend Jazz takes a fancy to Ed's friend Leo, though, Lucy and Ed are thrown together for a night. Believing that Ed knows Shadow, a [End Page 344] graffiti artist whose paintings have inspired her romantic fantasies, Lucy follows Ed on a tour of Shadow's work around the town. The reader is in on the secret from the start: Ed is Shadow. A self-doubting dropout who finds reading severely challenging, Ed is also an immensely talented and thoughtful artist who can see no viable outlet for his ability, and he's at a crossroads: later this night, he and Leo are planning to rob the high school, Ed for rent, Leo to pay back a dangerous thug. This sophomore release from Crowley (A Little Wanting Song, BCCB 9/10) has all the earnest emotion and elaborate architecture of a Cohn/Levithan collaboration (Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist, BCCB 6/06), and it is similarly structured, with the narrative alternating between Lucy's and Ed's voices (occasionally interspersed with poems by Leo). Lucy and Ed are a wonderfully matched and misunderstood pair, and their journey from mutual dislike and disappointment to interest and affection is well constructed and moving. The problems they struggle with—particularly Ed's financial woes and uncertain future—give the narrative a grittiness that makes its sweetness all the more powerful. From the magic of late-night escapades, to the skilled use of the tried-and-true secret-identity love triangle that's not actually a triangle, to the host of engaging secondary characters, this is a love story with something for everyone. Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Shadow Economy and Work in the Shadow: What Do We (Not) Know?

The Shadow Economy and Work in the Shadow: What Do We (Not) Know?

Evaluating the magnitude of the shadow economy: a direct survey approach

PurposeUntil now, in the absence of direct survey data, economists have had to rely on indirect methods that employ proxy indicators to evaluate the size of the shadow economy. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the first direct survey of business perceptions of the magnitude of the shadow economy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports the results of a UK survey of business perceptions about the prevalence of the shadow economy in their sector, namely the Small Business Service's 2004/2005 Small Business Survey of 7,505 small businesses.FindingsSome 14 per cent of UK small businesses report that they are negatively affected by the shadow economy, with the average size of shadow work being estimated as 8 per cent of trade in their sector. The sectors identified as most affected by the shadow economy are land transport, construction, the motor vehicle trade, and hotels and restaurants, with new businesses and peripheral regions most affected.Research limitations/implicationsThis survey is based on business perceptions of its magnitude in their sector rather than first‐hand accounts of the amount of shadow work that businesses conduct.Practical implicationsThese results display that it is wholly possible to conduct more direct surveys on the magnitude of the shadow economy so as to facilitate targeted public policy action.Originality/valueThis is the first direct survey in the advanced economies of business perceptions regarding the magnitude of the shadow economy.

Shadow work in midwifery: Unseen and unrecognised emotional labour

Ethnographic observation and in depth interviews were used to explore the interactions between ten women and their midwives on a delivery suite in a low risk obstetric unit in Wales. There was evidence that for midwives a dichotomy of emotions existed, some of which were ‘natural’ and others ‘professional’, as biological feelings were controlled using emotion management techniques. This shadow labour forms part of the unseen work undertaken by midwives. Although mothers valued the feelings of safety provided because midwives maintained a normal environment, they often failed to recognise it as work. This unseen component in the work of midwives, together with inadequate support mechanisms, could go some way to explaining recent retention and recruitment problems within the profession.

Psychology, Pedagogy, and Creative Expression in a Course on Evil

In this article, I describe my Psychology of Evil course, in which a majority of students chose to do creative projects rather than research papers or reports on readings. I explore the impact of the interdisciplinarity demanded by the topic and the texts, modeled by the professor, and brought to the course by the students. In addition, I discuss the effects of classroom environment, personality, intelligence, and especially shadow work (the repressed, feared, unwanted part of our personalities) on students' creative productions.

Manufacturing Motherhood: The Shadow Work of Nannies and Au Pairs

This paper explores how working mothers and paid child care providers interpret the division of mothering labor in the context of in-home care. The nannies, au pairs, and working mothers interviewed for this study make sense of their shared “mother-work” in the context of a dominant belief system that values “intensive mothering.” Consequently, in addition to negotiating the allocation of mothering tasks, they must also negotiate the meanings assigned to these tasks: specifically, they manufacture an image of shared mothering that contradicts their day-to-day practice.

Telework, Shadow Work: The privatization of work in the new digital economy

For many, privatization means the transfer of assets from the state to private corporations: either through the collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union; I through debt-related restructuring schemes as in, for instance, South America; or through the sale of crown corporations in energy and telecommunications, under the banner of deregulation and government downsizing, in Canada and around the world. However, the microstructures of the new digital economy are facilitating two other forms of privatization which merit discussion.

`Homeless in Chinatown': Deviance and Social Control in Cardboard City

Street homelessness (and associated activities such as begging) has become a prominent issue in recent years. This article provides a critical commentary on this phenomenon, informed both by theoretical debates concerning social space, and the author's own fieldwork with street homeless people in Manchester (England). An analysis is provided of temporal and spatial ordering of the homelessness circuit; of survival strategies such as shadow work and sleeping rough engaged in by people living in Cardboard City; and of policing responses to street homelessness and begging.

Women and the Cooperative Provision of Care: The Example of the 'Fukushi Club' in Japan

The provision of personal care has become a critical problem for industrial countries. The care crisis particularly affects women as the main providers of care and the main receivers of care among the elderly. This paper looks at a model of cooperative care provided by the Fukushi Club, set up by the Seikatsu Club Consumers' Cooperative in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It asks whether the Fukushi Club is successful in its aims of empowering both care receiver and care provider; recognizing the 'shadow work' of women in the provision of care; and establishing a sustainable model of cooperative care.

Shadow Work: Women in the Marketplace in Ladakh, India

Shadow Work: Women in the Marketplace in Ladakh, India

Representation and Power

Representation and Power STEVEN LUBAR The problem of descending from the world of thoughts to the actual world is turned into the prob­ lem of descending from language to life. [Marx and Engels, The German Ideology} No ideas but in things. [William Carlos Williams] In 1492 Elio Antonio de Nebrija approached Queen Isabella of Spain to ask for her support for the first grammar of the Castilian language. Ivan Illich tells the story: “But unlike the request of Colum­ bus, who wanted resources to establish a new route to the China of Marco Polo, [the request] of Nebrija urges the Queen to invade a new domain at home. He offers Isabella a tool to colonize the lan­ guage spoken by her own subjects; he wants her to replace the peo­ ple’s speech by the imposition of the queen’s lengua—her language, her tongue.” Nebrija’s argument went thus: “My illustrious Queen. Whenever I ponder over the tokens of the past that have been pre­ served in writing, I am forced to the very same conclusion. Language has always been the consort of empire, and forever shall remain its mate. Together, they come into being, together they grow and flower, and together they decline.” Without a grammar, Nebrija continued, the people’s unbound and ungoverned speech was a challenge to the crown. Grammar would impose rules on speech and writing and thus help bring the people’s thoughts under the control of central au­ thority.1 Just as grammars were the consort of modern empire, so, I will argue in this article, are technological representations the consort of modern technological bureaucracy. By technological representations Dr. Lubar, curator at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History, is spending this year as visiting professor in the Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania. He thanks Jack Brown, Joe Corn, Robert Friedel, Nina Lerman, Ruth Oldenziel, Susan Smulyan, Carlene Stephens, Deb­ orah Warner, and a Technology and Culture referee for their comments on this article. 'Ivan Illich, Shadow Work (Boston, 1981), p. 34.© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/3602-0010$01.00 S54 Representation and Power S55 I mean the plans, blueprints, gauges, rulebooks, instruction manuals, and models—the marks on paper, wood, and steel—that describe and abstract technology. Technological representations, I argue, make it easier to bring technological actions under the control of authority. Thus, technological representations allow and encourage the situat­ ing of technological knowledge into a managerial context. With the rise of industrial capitalism, technological representations became es­ sential to the control of work. They bound together the engineers, managers, and workers of industrial society. They made possible technological systems, the coordinated use of technology by groups of people. New ways of creating, manipulating, and enforcing the use of technological representations played a vital role in modern technology’s enormous cultural and economic success. Historiography These representations are also enormously useful to the historian, for they are an expression of the social nature of technological knowl­ edge, an expression of the social relations of technology that are a necessary infrastructure for industrial society. This article uses these aspects of technological representation to draw together two major themes in the recent historiography of technology, technology as vi­ sual thinking and technology as social process. The insight that technology is a form of knowledge and, more particularly, that it is a very special sort of knowledge based on a unique, three-dimensional, visual thought, is the central concept in the visual-thinking historiographic theme. In the history of technol­ ogy, this idea goes back at least to Sigfried Giedion, who suggested the importance of the “graphical representation of movement”; it goes back much further among practitioners of technology, of course.2 It was encouraged by scientific work on left- and right-brain specialization in the 1970s. The seminal modern writings are Eugene Ferguson’s “The Mind’s Eye” (1977) and Brooke Hindle’s Emulation 2Sigfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (1948; reprint, New York, 1969), p. 16. For an indication of the value that engineers and technologists placed on graphic representation...