Color Shade Research Articles

Color Cherenkov imaging of clinical radiation therapy

Color vision is used throughout medicine to interpret the health and status of tissue. Ionizing radiation used in radiation therapy produces broadband white light inside tissue through the Cherenkov effect, and this light is attenuated by tissue features as it leaves the body. In this study, a novel time-gated three-channel camera was developed for the first time and was used to image color Cherenkov emission coming from patients during treatment. The spectral content was interpreted by comparison with imaging calibrated tissue phantoms. Color shades of Cherenkov emission in radiotherapy can be used to interpret tissue blood volume, oxygen saturation and major vessels within the body.

Optical Sensing System for Real-Time Physical Quality Evaluation of Hand Reeled Silk Yarn

Hand reeled Thai silk yarns can be classified based on its physical quality such as diameter, color and weight. In general, certified inspectors are randomly select parts of the silk yarn and evaluate the uniformity of diameter and color by their naked eyes. This process is laborious, and sometimes gives uncertain results due to the experience of inspectors, which affects the price of the silk yarn. To overcome these difficulties, we propose and implement an optical sensing system called “Silk Check” for classification of the hand reeled Thai silk yarn. It can determine in real time the length and the linear mass density of the silk yarn, and correctly classify into the corresponding grade under the Thai Agricultural Standard. Field test operation for 34 silk yarns shows that our “Silk Check” can precisely classify 24 silk yarns of the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> class into the premium, the first, and the second grades. It also can separate 10 silk yarns of the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> class into the first and second grades. Additional important parameters such as the color shade and Ratio <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">xy</sub> of silk are also determined by our “Silk Check.” These results indicate that our optical sensing system can benefit to the sericulture industry 4.0.

Research on double-faced jacquard fabric with compound full-backed structure of three wefts

Weft-backed structures with compound weft colours can express the mixed colour effect. However, this structure is not suitable for jacquard fabrics with a double-faced shading effect in the traditional single layer design mode. Taking twenty-thread sateen with a step number (S) of 7 as an example, this paper investigates a design method for compound full-backed structure with three shaded-weave databases (SWDs) by selecting the primary weaves (PWs), designing the compound full-backed technical points and establishing the compound structure database with three SWDs. With this design method, a double-faced shading effect in combination with non-backed and full-backed effects on different sides of the jacquard fabric at the same position is generated. The fabric colour card was produced with three SWDs and three sets of different coloured wefts, and their colour values were measured, followed by an analysis of the compound structures on the reverse side, lightness, colour purity and colour difference (DE*ab) of the specimens. The results showed that the three covering effects on the reverse side, partly covered, critical position and totally covered, could be adjusted by controlling the step number and the transition direction of PW-C. For the specimens on the edges of the fabric colour card, their lightness and colour purity values showed a uniform transition effect along with the shading process; their colour differences ranged from 1.23 to 3.69, both in the range of 2–5, and showed a trace or slight colour difference between two adjacent fabric specimens, indicating that the colour shading effect with the three SWDs is stable.

Reference-guided structure-aware deep sketch colorization for cartoons

Digital cartoon production requires extensive manual labor to colorize sketches with visually pleasant color composition and color shading. During colorization, the artist usually takes an existing cartoon image as color guidance, particularly when colorizing related characters or an animation sequence. Reference-guided colorization is more intuitive than colorization with other hints, such as color points or scribbles, or text-based hints. Unfortunately, reference-guided colorization is challenging since the style of the colorized image should match the style of the reference image in terms of both global color composition and local color shading. In this paper, we propose a novel learning-based framework which colorizes a sketch based on a color style feature extracted from a reference color image. Our framework contains a color style extractor to extract the color feature from a color image, a colorization network to generate multi-scale output images by combining a sketch and a color feature, and a multi-scale discriminator to improve the reality of the output image. Extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations show that our method outperforms existing methods, providing both superior visual quality and style reference consistency in the task of reference-based colorization.

Development of Eco-friendly Dyeing Process Based on Caesalpinia sappan L. Bark, Cocos nucifera Fiber and Leucaena leucocephala Leaves

Natural dyes have begun to regain attention due to biodegradable nature and low negative impact on human health and the environment. Besides, the continuous development of color shades variants from several natural sources of newly available abundant natural dyes and their ability to produce high color intensity and high wash fastness has become a major consideration of their use in textile dyeing. This study has evaluated the potential utilization of <em>Caesalpinia sappan</em> L bark, <em>Cocos nucifera</em> fiber, and <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> leaf as a single and combination natural dye material. In particular, the extracts of these natural dye materials are used to dye the cotton fibers by involving mordanting stages using alum and fixation using iron (II) sulfate, alum, and calcium oxide compounds. The quality of the resulting dyeing was evaluated by the intensity of the color and wash fastness against wet washing. The dyeing results showed the appearance of varied shades of color with the dominance of the typical reddish color of <em>Caesalpinia sappan</em> L. While the results of the analysis using <em>Diffuse Reflectance Ultraviolet</em> (DRUV) and the wash fastness using the staining scale method showed high color dyeing with the color intensity in the range 53.55% - 94.34% with wash fastness in the staining scale range 2 (less) – 4 (good). Specifically, in contrast to the behavior of dye AB, the AC staining scale increases with increasing dye C added (up to 50%) and decreases when dye C added increases to 75% (dye AC3).

Vital Pulp Therapy in Aesthetic Zone-Identifying the Biomaterial That Reduces the Risk of Tooth Discolouration.

Calcium silicate-based cements are biocompatible materials for vital pulp therapy. However, they discolour the tooth tissue, which is important for the aesthetics of the anterior teeth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium silicate-based cements on tooth discolouration. The study included 70 extracted bovine incisors. The crown of the tooth was cut off from the root, 2 mm below the cement-enamel junction. The pulp tissue was removed via a cervical cut with a barbed broach. The teeth were randomly divided into five experimental, one positive, and one negative control groups. The evaluated materials included Biodentine, Ortho MTA, Retro MTA, MTA Plus, MTA Repair HP, and in the positive group, ProRoot MTA. A VITA Easyshade Compact 5.0 spectrophotometer was used before the application, after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The significance levels were set at p < 0.05. All materials significantly changed the teeth colour (p < 0.05). However, Ortho MTA, ProRoot MTA, MTA Plus, and Biodentine (ΔE > 6) caused maximum colour change after 6 months. While the ProRoot MTA, Ortho MTA, and MTA Plus caused grey discolouration, Biodentine darkened the shade of the base colour. Thus, Retro MTA and MTA Repair HP can be safely used in the aesthetic dentition zone. According to these clinical results, the possibility of using Biodentine, due to its lack of gray discoloration, can be considered.

Effects of Colored Shade Nets on Grapes and Leaves of Shine Muscat Grown under Greenhouse Conditions

Greenhouse grapes are often ripened at very high temperatures in the south of China, however, high temperatures are detrimental to their ripening. To moderate the strong light and high temperature conditions of the growing environment, different colored shade nets (green, blue, and black) were used to cover Shine Muscat (<i>Vitis labruscana</i> L.H. Bailey × <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) grapes during the ripening period. Differences in the cooling effect, fruit appearance and taste, and leaf photosynthetic performance were analyzed. It was found that the shading treatment exerted a significant cooling effect, and the light transmittance of blue and green shade nets was significantly higher than that of the black shade net. Shine Muscat grapes grown under shading treatment conditions were found to have more consistent total soluble solids content and coloring. Shading was found to affect the aroma of grapes, but the effect of the green shade net treatment was lower. The shading treatments slightly alleviated the senescence of old leaves. The shading treatments were found to improve the consistency of Shine Muscat grape berries. Of the shading treatments, the green and blue shade nets were found to be most effective and can be used to cultivate high quality grapes.

Adsorption kinetics of lac dye on eri silk yarn

The use of natural dyes for the dyeing of naturally-derived fibres is of economic and cultural importance in many countries and there is thus ongoing research interest in this area. In the current work, the dyeing of eri silk yarn with lac dye was investigated, with both components being accessed in Thailand. While some qualitative studies of this particular dye-yarn combination have been reported, more quantitative aspects, which could give a deeper molecular understanding of the process, have not been described. The aim of the current research was thus to obtain quantitative details on the kinetics of lac dye adsorption on eri silk yarn which then might also underpin better village-based dyeing procedures. The adsorption kinetics of lac dye on village-produced yarn revealed an increase in the adsorption rate constant and diffusion coefficient with an increase in temperature owing to a diffusion kinetically controlled process. At higher temperatures, a lower affinity and less dye uptake was observed after the equilibrium state had been reached, consistent with an exothermic adsorption process. The effect of a mordant on the dyed eri silk yarn was also assessed. Different shades of colour could be obtained on the silk yarn by changing the mordant used. In addition, post-mordanting with different mordants significantly improved wash and light fastness properties.

Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach (Asteraceae)- a new fabric dye with potential antibacterial properties

The paper elucidates first ever report on Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach as a new dyeing agent with high antibacterial activity. Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach which is also known as Garland/Crown Daisy belonging to the flowering plant family Asteraceae has been identified as a new precursor/candidate to produce highly efficient natural textile dye and a potential antibacterial agent. Natural dye from garland daisy was extracted from the dried petals using DCM and MeOH solvent system. Change in mordants yielded 12 different shades of colours. Spectroscopic analysis of these extracts revealed the presence of carotenoids and flavonoids pigments and hence giving varied shades of yellow, greenish yellow colours (Code No. is assigned to each colour). Alum and stannous chloride have been found to give bright colours while ferrous sulphate gave dark shades of colour. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was studied against non-pathogenic bacteria's, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and for the first time for Aeromonas sp. (Gram-negative bacteria). Two different concentrations of 10 ​mg/ml DCM and methanol extracts using methanol as solvent were tested. Both DCM and methanol extracts have shown inhibition in Aeromonas sp. while only DCM extract was inhibiting S. aureus. The flower extracts has not been evaluated till date for its dyeing properties with different mordants along with their bactericidal activity. Therefore, our present work was to extract natural dye from the flowers of Glebionis Coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach. and to do a detailed study.

Participation in nature and the human world as the basis of concepts within the framework of the socio-cultural space of China. Concepts "Water" and "Sky"

Chinese cultural concepts containing participation in the natural world are distributed as follows. Concept "Nature" — 2 CCF. Concept "Peace" — 3 CCF. Concept "Earth" — 13 CCF. Concept "Water Resources" — 24 CCF. Concept "Sky" - 25 CCF. Concept "Void, hole" — 7 CCF. Concept "Mountains" — 15 CCF. Concept "Precious stones" — 6 CCF. Concept "Sides of the World" —5 CCF. Concept "Way" - 7 CCF. Concept "Color" — 23 CCF. Concept "Shadow" - 5 CCF. Concept “Time. Change of day and night" — 7 CCF. Concept "Seasons" — 8 CCF. Concept "Temperature" — 7 CCF. Concept "Wind" — 29 CCF. Concept "Sound" — 2 CCF. Concept "Fire" — 9 CCF. Concept "Plants" — 35 CCF. Concept "Animals" — 65 CCF. Concept "Birds" — 17 CCF. Concept "Insects, fish, reptiles" — 14 CCF. Large numerical indicators of the concepts "Water resources", "Earth", "Sky", "Color", "Animals" and "Insects, fish, reptiles" are formed by the principle of adding several smaller sub-concepts at once (varieties of water resources, varieties of celestial bodies, various color shades, species of animals, plants, fish and reptiles).

Utilization of atmospheric Dielectric barrier discharge plasma for nano-particles synthesis and immobilization on cotton fabric

Abstract: In this work nano-particles were in-situ synthesized on cotton fabric by dipping the Air/ Dielectric barrier discharge plasma pretreated fabric in the corresponding metal salts solution followed by exposure to Ar/ plasma at atmospheric pressure. The size of the synthesized nano-particles was ranged from 7 to 30 nm with spherical shape. The immobilized nano-particles confer the fabric with multifunctional properties such as UV blocking and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the nano-particles could act as an alternative to the traditional organic dyes for dying cotton fabric with excellent color properties. Cotton fabric immobilized nano-particle was subsequently printed with three different reactive dyes to express the availability of their printing and obtaining different color shading.

Color Schemes for Training Artists

The aim of the didactics of color is to create a connection, a state of harmony between the observable color and color which is created. This objective unfolds in the teaching methods employed. On one hand, analytical observation must be taught, allowing the gaze to distinguish different shades of color, to organize hierarchically levels of light and darkness and to evaluate subtleties in the saturation of hues. On the other hand, rigorous instruction in color mixing must ensure that the observable color, that is, the desired color, can be approached in an intuitive and precise way. In this article, the authors discuss the difficulties faced teaching color to student artists and how digital tools can be used for training the concept of observation and the analysis of color. These tools allow color schemes to be created. Here the authors discuss how these tools can be applied, based on the experience obtained in introductory painting classes involving students from the University of Salamanca.

Accuracy and Reliability of Visual Shade Color Discrimination by Men and Women in Comparison to Digital Shade Selection: A Comparative Study

Accuracy and Reliability of Visual Shade Color Discrimination by Men and Women in Comparison to Digital Shade Selection: A Comparative Study

Development of transitional emitting shades fireworks

ABSTRACT The lighting characteristics of thermoplastic pyrotechnic compositions of various flames are studied. The emission spectrum of the blue flame composition doesn’t depend on the nature of the color-forming component but is associated with copper monochloride formation in the combustion products. It was established that there are emission corresponding only to the emission spectrum of the initial compositions in the mixed compositions emission spectrum. Obtaining different color shades of flame lying on the line connecting the color points of the blue and green flames on the color diagram is possible by mixing the original compositions.

Method for hiding text data in an image

The main problem: The article deals with the issues of hiding text information in a graphic file. A formula for hiding text information in image pixels is proposed. A steganography scheme for embedding secret text in random image pixels has been developed. Random bytes are pre-embedded in each row of pixels in the source image. As a result of the operations performed, a key image is obtained. The text codes are embedded in random bytes of pixels of a given RGB channel. To form a secret message, the characters of the ASCII code table are used. Demo encryption and decryption programs have been developed in the Python 3.5.2 programming language. A graphic file is used as the decryption key. Purpose: To develop an algorithm for embedding text information in random pixels of an image. Methods: Among the methods of hiding information in graphic images, the LSB method of hiding information is widely used, in which the lower bits in the image bytes responsible for color encoding are replaced by the bits of the secret message. Analysis of methods of hiding information in graphic files and modeling of algorithms showed an increase in the level of protection of hidden information from detection. Results and their significance: Using the proposed steganography scheme and the algorithm for embedding bytes of a secret message in a graphic file, protection against detection of hidden information is significantly increased. The advantage of this steganography scheme is that for decryption, a key image is used, in which random bytes are pre-embedded. In addition, the entire pixel bits of the container image are used to display the color shades. It can also be noted that the developed steganography scheme allows not only to transmit secret information, but also to add digital fingerprints or hidden tags to the image.

FORMATION OF THE QUALITY OF UNFORTIFIED WINE MATERIALS OBTAINED FROM BLACK ELDERBERRIES

The use of local non-conventional raw materials will allow significantly enriching unfortified fruit wines with ascorbic acid and phenolic substances and make it possible to obtain products with increased biological value. The paper considers black elderberries grown in the forest steppe zone of Ukraine. It has been determined that they contain 12–13% of soluble solids, 6.9–8.1 of sugars, 0.93–1.2% of titratable acids, 33.4–53.1 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid, and 2331–3888 mg/100 g of phenolic substances. The pressing process and its dependence on the method of treating berries have been studied. It has been proved that juice extraction from black elderberries is the highest when they are pretreated with heat at 98±2°C for 3–5 minutes, with 15% of water added. Depending on the treatment method, juices retain ascorbic acid (15.8–33.4 mg/100 g) and phenolic substances (2538–3888 mg/100 g), which indicates their high biological value. Juices like these can be used to improve the biological composition of blended juices and wines. To ferment high-sugar black elderberry must, active dry yeast was used, namely the yeast races EC-1118 of the genus Saccharomyces bayanus (France) and ENSIS LE-1 or ENSIS LE-5 of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Spain). The musts were fermented for 36–62 days. The period of vigorous fermentation coincides with the period of initial fermentation and ends in 9–10 days, with accumulation of 12–14% of ethanol by volume. Unfortified wine materials obtained from black elderberries contain 22–38.3 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid (its content in wine materials is by 7.8–49.55% lower than in fresh berries) and 1750–3510 mg/100 g of phenolic substances (which is lower by 9.7–39.6%, as compared with fresh elderberries). The active acidity of black elderberry wine materials is 3.90–4.09 pH units, depending on the yeast race. A similar difference has been found for the redox potential (160–176 mV), which indicates that the wine materials from black elderberries are low-oxidised. The intensity of colour of the wine materials obtained from black elderberries (D420 + D520) varied from 3.08 to 3.20, and the colour shade from 0.88 to 0.92, which is typical of young red wines. These wine materials can be used to increase the quality and biological value of blended wines.

Limitations of the CAD-CAM System in the Process of Weaving

Abstract The weaving process is constantly evolving in terms of productivity, quality, and possibilities of fabrication of different fabric structures and shapes. This article covers some issues that have still not been resolved and represents distracting factors in the woven fabrics production. In the development of woven fabric using the CAD technology, it is inevitably a deviation of the virtual image on the computer screen from the woven sample. According to comprehensive industry analyses, the findings of many authors who contributed to the resolution of these problems can be concluded that these problems are still present in the development and production of striped, checkered, and jacquard woven fabrics. In this article, jacquard, multicolor woven fabrics were investigated, with deviations in pattern sizes and shades of color in warp and weft systems compared to virtual simulation on the computer, as well as the tendency of the weft distortion arising from the weaving process leading to the pattern deformation.

Color Detection of RGB Images Using Python and OPENCV

Abstract: This application intent is to accomplish the explicit strategy to recognize the miscellaneous shades of colors precisely. According to study of sciences, a normal healthy human can identify and differentiate nearly one million shades of color. But it is impossible for an individual having “enchroma”. It is indispensable for a painter to recognize different color patterns precisely to make realistic images Keywords: Enchroma, RGB value, OpenCv, pandas

Genetic Background of the Polish Primitive Horse (Konik) Coat Color Variation-New Insight into Dun Dilution Phenotypic Effect.

Only the blue dun coat color, produced by the action of the dun allele on the background of a black base coat, is officially permitted in the Polish primitive horse (PPH, Konik) breed, yet the population is not visually homogenous and various coat color shades occur. Herein, the molecular background of PPH coat color was studied based on genotyping of known causative variants in equine coat color-related genes (ASIP, MC1R, TBX3, SLC36A1, SLC45A2, PMEL17, and RALY). Additionally, screening for the new polymorphisms was conducted for the ASIP gene coding sequence and the TBX3 1.6-kb insert (associated with the dun dilution). We did not observe the champagne, silver, or cream color dilution variants in the PPH breed. A significant association (P < 0.01) was recorded for the genotype in TBX3 gene 1.6 kb in/del and the degree of dun coat dilution, demonstrating that the dominant action of the dun mutation is not fully penetrant. In addition to the effect of the 1.6 kb in/del zygosity, variants within the TBX3 insert were significantly associated with PPH coat color variability (P < 0.01), suggesting the presence of an additional allele at this locus. Finally, we identified a high frequency (35%) of genetically bay dun-colored PPH individuals that are officially recorded as blue (black base coat) duns. We propose that the difficulty in distinguishing these 2 phenotypes visually is due to an independent locus upstream of the ASIP gene, which was recently described as darkening the typical bay pigmentation shade.

A natural yellow colorant from Buddleja officinalis for dyeing hemp fabric

Natural dyes are more eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes. This research focuses on natural dyes and improved dye craft using plants employed by various ethnic groups in Southwestern China. In this study, we assessed the suitability of dried extracts from Buddleja officinalis flowers for dyeing hemp fabric. and valuated indicators including color strength (K/S), color characteristics, and fastness properties in response to washing, rubbing, and perspiration using metallic and natural mordants under pre-, post-, and simultaneous mordanting conditions. Specifically, we investigated the pigment compound crocin by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy analysis before using it to dye hemp fabric. Optimum dyeing conditions including staining temperature, staining duration, and pH have been identified using an orthogonal array experimental design. Optimum results were achieved when dyeing at pH 5, and at 60 °C for 90 min. Hemp fabric dyed without mordant had a shade of yellowness, while fabric mordanted with gum rosin, plant ash, KAl(SO4)2, and Chaenomeles speciosa had a variety of pale to dark yellowness color shades. A darker yellow–green color shade was obtained with FeSO4 mordant. The color change of washing fastness was mostly very poor, while the color stain of washing and perspiration fastness were good to excellent, and rubbing fastness was also good to excellent. The color fastness was kept and improved by the three natural mordants, especially gum rosin and plant ash, but reduced by FeSO4. Those results show that the use of aqueous extract from B. officinalis flowers combined with natural mordants represents a promising approach for textile dyeing, revealing an alternative method that could improve and extend the dyeing properties of this indigenous dye plant. In addition, our findings lay the foundation for further basic studies and demonstrate the utility of preserving natural dye plants, along with the related traditional knowledge of indigenous groups in Yunnan, China.