Planting Shade Trees Research Articles

Penerapan Pertanian Regeneratif pada Perkebunan Kopi

Agronomy not only studies cultivation technology and agricultural production, but also examines the application of agricultural concepts and systems that continue to develop. The rapid and fundamental transformation of the agricultural system called the green revolution is based on the use of high inputs to increase agricultural production. The use of inputs that are not environmentally friendly and the emergence of environmental awareness encourages the transformation of agricultural systems into environmentally friendly agriculture such as ecofarming, organic farming, alternative farming, sustainable agriculture and regenerative agriculture. This article reviews the concepts of sustainable agriculture, degenerative agriculture, regenerative agriculture and the practice of implementing regenerative agriculture on coffee plantations. Degenerative agriculture is an agricultural practice that causes productivity to continue to decline as a result of a decrease in the carrying capacity of the agroecosystem, including soil, plants and other flora, fauna, microbes, climate and society. Sustainable agriculture aims to maintain a desired or improved level of ecosystem function, while regenerative agriculture aims to regenerate, renew, and further improve soil function and ecosystem capabilities in an ever-increasing process. The ecological pillars of regenerative agriculture include (1) soil health, (2) biodiversity, and (3) livestock-crop integration. Regenerative coffee plantation practices include the use of superior clones or varieties, grafting, planting shade trees and mixed crops, and livestock integration.Keywords : Biodiversity, degenerative, integrated, sustainable, regenerative agriculture

The Impacts of Climate Change on Rural Areas of Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Review

In Asia, Afghanistan is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with frequent droughts and floods. The agricultural sector, drinking water, health, food security, hunger, and soil quality and organic matter are all negatively affected by climate change. Examining how farms are responding to variations in precipitation and temperature and the effects of climate change are the primary goals of present paper. According to recent studies, Afghani farmers use a range of adaptation techniques to cope with the impacts of climate change. These techniques include altering the type of fertilizers used, crop variety, pesticides, quality of seeds, water conservation, diversifying their farms, planting shade trees, using different methods of irrigation, moving permanently or temporarily, and selling resources. Additionally, studies conducted in the literature revealed that farmers in wetland areas felt less variation in the climate than those in dry areas. In this review, we have found severe influences of climate change on agriculture, poverty and health conditions in rural areas of Afghanistan, therefore it is important for the responsible authorities to take immediate action for climate change adaptation to overcome the severe impacts of climate change in rural areas of Afghanistan.

Climate change and its impacts in rural areas of Pakistan: a Literature review

Pakistan, which is located in Southeast Asia, is one of the nations that is most susceptible to the effects of climate change, as seen by the increased frequency of floods and droughts. Variations in climate have a negative impact on a number of areas, such as the agricultural industry, groundwater levels, dietary resources, soil quality and organic matter content, public health, and poverty rates. This study's main goal is to evaluate the impact of climate change and the adaptations farms have made in response to variations in precipitation and temperature. Pakistani farmers have responded to climate change by implementing a variety of adaptive techniques. These tactics include changing the way that fertilizer is used, changing crop varieties, using pesticides, improving seed quality, diversifying the farm, planting shade trees, changing irrigation techniques, engaging in off-farm activities, and migrating both permanently and temporarily. As an additional adaptive step, some farmers have turned to asset sales. Additionally, research indicates that agricultural households in wetland areas experience less volatility in climate than those in arid regions.

Knowledge and Practice of Sustainable Land Management of Coffee Agroforestry in Community Forest Areas, West Lampung Regency

This study aims to identify knowledge and practices of sustainable land management in coffee agroforestry in community forest areas. The research was conducted from November to December 2021 in a community forest area in Air Hitam District, West Lampung Regency. The respondents are 40 coffee farmers who cultivate coffee in the community forest area. The study used the Knowledge, Attitude, and practice framework to identify knowledge and practices of sustainable land management in coffee agroforestry and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The study results show that coffee farmers’ knowledge of sustainable land management is in the fairly high category. Farmers understand that sustainable land management supports forest sustainability and increases coffee productivity. Sustainable land management practices that coffee farmers have implemented include the use of organic fertilizers from livestock, the use of coffee shells as natural compost, planting shade trees to prevent erosion and increase soil fertility, and soil conservation techniques using the Rorak method (making holes for water absorption, accommodate soil sediments and sources of organic matter). The practice of sustainable land management by coffee farmers is in line with the objectives of social forestry, namely the use of forests to improve welfare without neglecting forest sustainability.

Resilience against climate variability: The application of nature based solutions by cocoa farmers in Ghana

This study delves into the crucial intersection of climate resilience and sustainable agriculture by investigating the application of nature-based solutions (NBS) as adaptive strategies employed by cocoa farmers in Ghana. A total sample of 381 cocoa farmers were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. Farmers perceive notable changes (increase) in amount of rainfall, degree of temperature and number of rainy days. While the planting of shade trees is adopted by majority of the cocoa farmers to fight climate variability, they also perceive it to be the most effective. Factors that influence cocoa farmers' extent of adopting nature-based solutions are religion, age, years of formal education, land ownership, access to climate information, farm size and income. Climate variability (temperature, rainfall, wind) makes cocoa farmers vulnerable by affecting their social, financial and physical capitals. Nature based solutions (planting shade trees, climate-resilient varieties, early warning systems, knowledge sharing and efficient water management) increase cocoa farmers' resilience against climate variability. Ultimately, the study's outcomes hold implications for both local and global efforts to enhance agricultural resilience and secure livelihoods in an era of climate uncertainty.

Evaluasi Kenyamanan Termal pada Lanskap Jalan Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra, Bali

Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra Streetscape, Bali. Vegetation hold an important role in a streetscape, one of which is the amelioration of the microclimate which afffect the user comfort, especially human thermal comfort on the streetscape. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra street has several different parts when viewed from the variation of the shade trees used. This study sought to determine the best fit composition of the shade trees to increase human thermal comfort in Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra street. Six sample of streetscape will be studied in three different composition of shade trees type. On these street, air temperature and humidity will be measured to calculate the level of human thermal comfort using Thermal Humidity Index (THI). The results showed that streetscapes with three rows of shade trees had a lower THI value compared to streetscapes with only one row of shade trees, and the streetscapes planted with spreading crowns shade trees had lower THI values than streetscapes planted with rounded crowns trees. Based on this, it is recommended to plant shade trees on the median and both sides of the road with trees that have dense leaf mass and can give a unique impression if planted in mass.

Sustainable specialty coffee production: An agronomy perspective (A review)

Indonesia has several specialty coffee that have been marketed domestically and exported to foreign countries. The current focus of specialty coffee development is increasing production and quality of domestic coffee by paying attention to aspects of local wisdom. This review article was aimed to discuss several agronomical measures should be applied by coffee farmers in Indonesia. It is hoped that this effort will enrich the variety of high-value specialty coffees from various regions. To obtain specialty coffee products with good quality, coffee cultivation techniques that are in accordance with good agricultural practices (GAP), environmentally friendly, as well as adaptive to climate change, need to be supported. Therefore, it is necessary to apply sustainable coffee cultivation by 1) replanting and rejuvenating of coffee plantations using novel resilient cultivars, 2) planting shade trees, 3) pruning, 4) using organic fertilizer and biofertilizer, 5) rainwater harvesting and irrigation systems, 6) integrated pest, desease, and weed management, and 7) selective cherry harvest.

Agronomic assessment of corn utilization as cocoa intercrop under coconut stands

Cocoa is known as shade-loving plants, i.e. plants that suitably grow with shaded conditions. Therefore, particular cultivation techniques are needed, such as planting shade trees to cover cocoa trees from direct sunlight exposure. The utilization of shade-loving plants from annual and seasonal crops, such as coconut and corn, can provide several benefits for farmers, including optimal early growth of cocoa seedlings, and the byproduct of shade-loving plants can provide short-term economic benefits for farmers. Corn plants in sustainable cocoa farm management are grouped as pioneer plants that can provide temporary shade so that cocoa plants can be protected from direct sunlight because cocoa is known as a shade-loving plant. One of the efforts to get short-term income for farmers is to utilize corn as an intercrop while allowing for the generative phase of cocoa plants. This research aimed to find the growth and production of several corn varieties and their effect on cocoa growth under shade. It was conducted in a farmer’s field in Bualo Village, Paguyaman subdistrict, Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province from June to November 2022. This research employed a Randomized Group Design consisting of four treatments of corn varieties, namely: BISI 18 (V1), BISI 99 (V2), NASA 29 (V3); and NK 6172, repeated 4 times with 16 experimental units. The results explained that all varieties of corn were able to adapt and tolerate conditions under coconut trees as shades, while the BISI 18 variety showed the highest production yield. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between the use of corn as an intercrop with the vegetative growth of cocoa plants.

Prevensi Gerakan Tanah Jenis Longsor Lereng di Dusun Riang Negeri Tawiri Kecamatan Teluk Ambon, Kota Ambon

Disaster prevention is carried out to prevent and minimize the occurrence of natural disasters such as landslides. Prevention is at the heart of natural disasters and must be supported by community knowledge about disaster management in the form of pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster views from a scientific and technical perspective. Inadequate knowledge will have an impact on less-than-optimal responses in disaster prevention and mitigation. One of the efforts to increase the community's role in preventing natural disasters is through Community Service (PKM) activities using the geo-forestry method by planting shade trees at the location of former landslides and the potential for landslides in RT.02/RW.07 Riang, Tawiri Village, Teluk Ambon District. This activity is carried out through the transfer of knowledge about, Land Movement Physics, Environmental Geophysics, and Disaster Mitigation. Service activities are expected to reach the Disaster Volunteer Team in Riang, Tawiri Village, namely by increasing the network of cooperation with Disaster Volunteers and establishing synergies with Geoscience Volunteers and the Unpatti Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

The dynamic of shade trees in cocoa agrosystems

Cocoa agrosystems can provide available habitats for wildlife species, due to the structure and diversity of established shade trees in plantations. The objective of this research is to calculate the index of importance and forest value of shade trees used in cocoa agrosystems in the region of Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico. Field sampling was carried out to collect data on breast height diameter, canopy diameter and canopy height, these variables were used to estimate the importance value index and the forest value index. The trees with the best indexes of importance and forest value are Erythrina americana (IVI = 62.34 and FVI = 50.94), Bursera simaruba (IVI = 62.53 and FVI = 66.99) and Samanea saman (IVI = 56, 85 and FVI = 42.93). The dynamic of shade trees in cocoa agrosystems is important since it could be used as an input variable to evaluate and predict, through an ecological niche model, the quality of the available habitat for the conservation of wildlife such as birds, reptiles and arboreal mammals.

Confronting climate change and livelihood: smallholder farmers’ perceptions and adaptation strategies in northeastern Burundi

Rain-fed agriculture is the main source of livelihood for most of Burundi’s population, especially in the northeastern part of the country. This research is aimed at examining how smallholder farmers in the Northeastern region of Burundi perceive climate change and variability and at identifying the methods that are used to adapt, based on data from 200 small farmers and on actual weather data recorded between 1986 and 2017. We find that the majority of farmers (54%) perceive significant increases in temperature and unpredictability of rainfall duration and intensity and are making adjustments to adapt their agriculture in response to changes in climate. Over 80% of farmers have implemented at least one adaptation strategy among the nine evaluated. Changing crop varieties, changing fertilizers, and planting shade trees are the main adaptation strategies that were being implemented by farmers across the study area. The results of a binary regression model showed that the agricultural education and experience of farmers, as well as farm and family size, livestock ownership, climate information access, credit access, and farm income, strongly influence smallholder farmers’ decisions to adapt to climate change. The main obstacles are the lack of information on climate and adaptation strategies, and poverty, which makes it difficult to cope with the increased costs of farming. Understanding farmers’ perceptions of climate change and variability on a local level would provide information on how to develop adaptation strategies. The present study suggests the need for strengthening farmers’ capacities and improving the policy framework for adaptation to climate change in order to improve farmers’ livelihoods. Implications for policymakers will, therefore, include making flexible credit facilities, and investing in training extension agents on both climate change outreach and coping strategies.

Cultivation Technology for Drought Stress Mitigation in Tea Plants: A Review

Tea is one of the beverage crops that has a high-value economy and opportunities to increase its production. The yield and quality of the tea plants are strongly affected by environmental conditions. Global warming is followed by climate change, resulting in changes in rainfall patterns and an increase in air temperature. Changes in rainfall patterns affect drought, namely the occurrence of 3 consecutive dry months. The air temperature has increased over the last 100 years. The air temperature on the earth’s surface has increased by an average of 0.74°C. Shifting climatic conditions as a result of climate change can cause the growth and yield of tea plants to be disrupted. Tea plants can suffer from temporary wilting, chronic wilting, leaves falling off, drying shoots and young branches, and the death of twigs, main branches, and stems as a result of prolonged dryness. Drought caused damage to tea plants, resulting in a 53% decrease in yield. To overcome this, cultivation technology can be used in the following ways: (1) planting tolerant clones; (2) fertilization; (3) mulching and planting shade trees; (3) pruning; and (4) rainwater harvesting and irrigation systems.

Pengetahuan dan Adaptasi Petani Kopi terhadap Perubahan Iklim di Kecamatan Air Hitam Kabupaten Lampung

Climate change has caused production declines and crop failures in some agricultural commodities. This study aims to identify the level of knowledge, adaptation practices, and types of protective trees used by coffee farmers in dealing with climate change. The research was carried out in Rigis Jaya Village, West Lampung District from May to July 2021. The number of respondents was 80 coffee farming households. Respondents were determined through a simple random sampling approach. The data collected consists of qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was carried out through the survey method. The results of the study illustrate that coffee farmers have realized that climate change has occurred. 60% of coffee farmers are aware of climate change in the last 1-5 years and 20% of coffee farmers are more than 5 years old. From mitigation practices, 25% of coffee farmers mitigate climate change. Climate change mitigation practices carried out by farmers are through the use of superior coffee varieties, planting shade trees, setting coffee spacing, making vents, and utilizing the remaining coffee husks to increase soil fertility and moisture. There are 14 types of shade trees planted by farmers consisting of legumes and non-legume trees. Petai (Parkia speciosa) is the most widely planted shade tree in coffee plantations with 45% of the total respondents.

Carbon-stock estimation in three types of coal post-mining reclamation at East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan

The success of a reclamation process could be evaluated by calculating the carbon stocks in the area. Carbon stock is an ecosystem service that can be assessed quantitatively. The reclamation process in the coal post-mining area in East Kalimantan needs to be assessed by comparing it to the reference area. The aim of this study was to determine the value of carbon stock in the three types of coal post-mining reclamation areas (Type A: without shade trees, Type B: with one species shade trees, Type C: with more than one species of shade trees), then compared to the natural forest area used as the reference site. The research was carried out by making plots inside the reference site and in the reclamation areas, at the tree, poles, and sapling stages. The results were analyzed descriptively and statistically for each reclamation type refer to the conservation area. The results showed that reclamation type C, with older year plant, had higher carbon stock compared to Type B, or Type A, ie. 51.9 t C/ha, 37.8 t C/ha, and 2.9 t C/ha respectively. However, the carbon stock in the three types of reclamation area is still much lower, than the conservation area which reaches 296.8 t C/ha. Thus, the older and more diverse species planted in a reclamation area plant, the higher carbon stock saved. Moreover, planting shade trees can also help increase the value of carbon stocks in a reclamation area.

Smallholder Coffee Farmer's Multiple Adaptation Response to Climate Change and Variability: Evidence from Mana District, South-Western Ethiopia

Introduction: Currently, global climate change and variability are one of a number of the challenges of agricultural production of smallholder farmers of developing countries including Ethiopia. Coffee is that the major crop that plays a foremost role in earning foreign revenue for Ethiopians. However, it needs an appropriate climate to offer yields properly. Thus, the study aimed to assess smallholder coffee producer’s adaptation strategies to global climate change and variability within the Mana district, South-western Ethiopia. Methodology: Primary data were collected from 377 coffee farmer households employing a simple sampling technique. Descriptive statistics like mean, variance, percent and frequency, and multivariate probit model were used for data analysis. Results: The result indicated that soil conservation, planting shade trees, adjusting harvesting dates, and improved coffee variety were the main climate change adaptation measures households employed within the study area. The outcomes of the model indicated that being male household head, household size, farm size, farming experience, educational level, frequency of extension contact, access to global climate change information, perception to global climate change, farmer-to-farmer extension, access to credit service, and participation of household in nonfarm activities were significant and positively influenced, but the age of household was negatively affected households within the adoption of adaptation options. Conclusion: Generally, a policy that promotes the adoption of planting shade trees, soil conservation, improved coffee variety, and adjusting harvesting dates should be encouraged within the study area.

Climate change, vulnerability, and its impacts in rural Pakistan: a review.

Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries especially in Southeast Asia experiencing floods and droughts as a result of climate change. Variation in climate adversely affects agriculture sector, ground water, nutrition, soil quality and soil organic matter, health conditions, and poverty. The main purpose of this study is to review the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies used at farm level in response to variation in temperature and precipitation. As per literature, Pakistani farmers adopt several adaptation strategies in response to climate change, like change in fertilizer, change in crop variety, pesticide, seed quality, water storage, farm diversification, plant shade trees, irrigation practices, off-farm activities, permanent and temporary migration, and selling of assets. Literature also showed that farmers living wetland area perceived less variation in climate than farm households living in dry area.

Socio-cultural-based coffee management in Karo Regency

Specialty coffee is the one which is referred to specific coffee due to its high quality and its production process which has been certified. The objective of this study was to analyze how far the coffee plant cultivation was redeveloped in Karo Regency, why the Karonese farmers did not grow specialty coffee and what socio-cultural factors influenced it. The result of the research showed that coffee growers in Karo Regency grew coffee because they followed the market trend, the rising price of coffee. However, they still grow coffee traditionally such as preparing seedlings by themselves, not doing fertilizing and trimming, not planting shade trees, selling their coffee in the form of coffee green beans and cherries since they need cash quickly and coffee high price. They do not dry, process, roast, store, and standardize thecoffee powder packaging. It is recommended that the coffee growers in Karo Regency change the pattern of cultivation and post-harvesting to keep coffee productivity and price high and sustainable.

Diversity of soil macro-arthropods correlates to the richness of plant species in traditional agroforestry systems in the humid tropics of Mexico

A change in land use from forest to livestock and agriculture is generally linked to a potentially devastating effect on communities of flora and fauna. Tabasco is a state with the highest deforestation rate in the humid tropics of Mexico; more than 66% of its territory is currently occupied by livestock farming. Here, we evaluated the diversity of soil macro-arthropods and plant species richness in eight different, traditional agroforestry systems (AFS): family garden (FG), shade trees in plantations (ShTP), scattered trees in pastures (ScTP), living fences (LF), alley farming (AF), taungya systems (TG), slash and burn agriculture (SBA) and grazing plantations (GP). First, we recorded the biophysical information of the AFS, age and management of the system, richness of the plant community, and other general characteristics. Then, we collected of macro-arthropods in 49 plots of land in five sub-regions of Tabasco. We established ten pitfall traps in each plot during the dry season (March–May 2009). To compare the diversity of soil macro-arthropods among the AFS, we computed the species accumulation curves and calculated the diversity indexes. We found that the total plant richness varied among the AFS and ordered as FG (108), ShTP (106), ScTP (32), LF (38), AF (30), TG (16), SBA (0) and GP (2). We collected 42,269 individuals of arthropods, belonging to 15 orders in the eight AFS. The most abundant orders were Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, while the least abundant was Dermaptera. The SBA, FG, ShTP, and ScTP systems presented the higher diversity of macro-arthropods as shown by Shannon-Wiener index (H’) values. We also found a significant positive correlation (rs = 0.84) between macro-arthropod order diversity (H’) and plant species richness in the most common AFS. The study showed that the AFS with greater plant species richness are important agricultural production strategies that increase the diversity and conservation of soil macro-arthropods.

KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND SKILLS TO GET BACK THE CHILDREN IN TO THE NATURE

All children need to smile at the sun and feel its warmth. All children deserve to squish mud and splash in puddles. Every child should be able to roll down hills and hide in tall grass. All children deserve to have their sense of wonder sparked by the possibilities of the planet. What do your children experience when they step outside? Are they able to touch dirt? Smell flowers? Find worms? Flowers and seeds? Climb trees? Hug cats and dog?Today’s children are much less connected to the natural world than at another time in history. This natural connection has been replaced in various ways –greater interaction with the digital world, less unstructured outdoor play, and via growing urbanization. This decreased exposure to nature has consequences that we are just beginning to understand. The negative outcomes for children of this nature deficit include sky-rocketing rates of childhood obesity and type-two diabetes, increased psychological stress, all due to diminishing opportunities for children to engage in unstructured, creative play in the out of doors.But doesn’t it take an extensive nature or park for children to make friends with the planet? No! All it takes is someone like you to decide to bring nature into your back yard and allow children to explore. The flowers that pop into the spring. Bring dirt, sand, and water into your yard. Plant shade trees and fruit trees and trees that burst into fragrant bloom. Allow corners of your yard to grow wild. Hang birdhouses for birds. Allow children to take naps outside in the grass.

Quantifying multiple ecosystem services for adaptive management of green infrastructure

AbstractDemands for ecosystem service assessments are growing around the world. However, management applications remain limited in part because we lack measurements linking ecosystem characteristics (ecosystem structure and processes) to final ecosystem services. Policymakers need marginal values, changes in final ecosystem services (direct link to human welfare) relative to additional units of ecosystem characteristics (∆final ecosystem services/∆ecosystem characteristics) to assess tradeoffs. Progress, however, has been slow due to confusion on ecological production functions (EPFs) in ecology. Here, we apply a new interdisciplinary approach to craft EPFs to evaluate four ecosystem services using the Yongding River Green Ecological Corridor as our case study. The Yongding Corridor is Beijing's largest, most expensive green infrastructure project (~ $2.5 billion USD), constructed as a network of seven artificial lakes and wetlands. The Beijing Government wants the Yongding Corridor to improve four ecosystem services: (1) water storage, (2) local climate regulation, (3) water purification, and (4) aesthetics. We first worked with stakeholders to determine final ecosystem service levels and then used the Variable Infiltration Capacity model to estimate key ecosystem processes from the designed lakes and wetlands. We coupled the modeling with ecological field data and social surveys to create EPFs. We evaluated the ecosystem services by calculating shortfalls and then determined synergies and tradeoffs to identify actions for reducing shortfalls. We found the Yongding Corridor is meeting desired levels for aesthetics, but incurred shortfalls on the remaining services. To obtain the desired services, we recommend managers: (1) maintain inflow rates and/or make the lakes deeper to reduce water loss rates; (2) improve water quality—wetlands have high nutrient retention, but nutrient loads must be reduced; and (3) plant shade trees since evaporative cooling from the lakes and wetlands is having no measurable impact on human comfort. Results indicate the absence of ecosystem functions in landscape design led to shortfalls, but solutions require coupling green and built infrastructure to obtain multi‐functionality. Managers found marginal values useful for clarifying connections, which led to adaptive policy changes for improving green infrastructure.