Sha Tin Research Articles

Pilot testing of manganese oxidation in a high‐rate sedimentation process for the reprovisioning of the Sha Tin water treatment works, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

AbstractThe Sha Tin water treatment works (STWTW), Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, was commissioned in 1964 with an initial treatment capacity of 364 million litres per day (MLD). Since then it has undergone three stages of expansion to reach the current nominal capacity of 1227 MLD. The plant is in need of an in situ reprovisioning. The challenge is to complete the reprovisioning while maintaining a minimum output of 900 MLD, with any shutdown to be limited to 8 h generally. With the site already fully utilised, the key to success is to first replace the conventional low‐rate sedimentation process with high‐rate robust processes to free up the much needed space. Among other requirements, the chosen process must also be capable of treating water with variable turbidity and removing spikes of manganese effectively. The project team conducted a 4‐month pilot testing programme with an Actiflo® high‐rate pilot plant and the key results are described.

The impact of sea water flushing on biological nitrification-denitrification activated sludge sewage treatment process

The process performance of the two largest activated sludge processes in Hong Kong, the Sha Tin and the Tai Po Sewage Treatment Works (STW), deteriorated in the initial period after the introduction of seawater flushing in 1995 and 1996, respectively. High effluent ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total suspended solids (TSS) in excess of the discharge standards resulted from incomplete nitrification and changes in floc characteristics. A desktop study on the inhibitory effects of salinity, particularly on nitrification, was subsequently conducted using the Tai Po STW operating data. To assist the upgrade of the Sha Tin STW a five-month extensive bench-scale investigation on a simple but flexible modified Ludzack-Ettinger configuration with bio-selector was conducted to quantify the inhibitory effects due to the saline concentration. The Sha Tin STW upgrade consists of restoration of its original design capacity (conventional process) of 205,000 m3/day from its currently much reduced capacity as a Bardenpho process. Only the volume of the existing biological process and clarifier is to be utilized. The saline concentration ranges from 3,500 up to 6,500 mg Cl-/L, both daily and seasonally. High and greatly fluctuating saline concentrations have been known to inhibit nitrification. Design consideration should also be given to the peak daily and seasonal TKN loading of up to three times the average. Although the nitrifiers maximum specific growth rate was significantly reduced to a low 0.25 day(-1), the inhibition was considered to be tolerable with effluent NH4-N and NO3-N consistently at < 1 and < 6 mg/L. The bio-selector was demonstrated to be efficient in control of sludge foaming and bulking with SVI consistently < or = 125 mL/g. Results from the IAWO Model No. 1 and the hydraulic model of the secondary clarifiers allowed overall process capacity maximization. With an anoxic mass fraction of 25-30%, operating sludge age of 9-14 days and SVI < or = 125 mL/g, both the design requirements and the effluent discharge standards could be met. Without these investigations, an unnecessarily large reaction basin and secondary clarifier volume, and hence capital investment, would have resulted.

Family health: the perspective of bereaved children

53 IUHPE – PROMOTION & EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT 1. 2002 ❚ The Baptist (Sha Tin Wai) Lui Ming Choi Primary School has integrated a health promotion programme into its work plan since 2000. This year, an independent committee called “Life Education” has been established, which is responsible for launching, implementing and evaluating school health policy. The Committee discusses health policy in consultation with different parties such as teachers and professionals so that the policy meets the needs of different members of the school. The Committee conducts evaluation after each activity or at the end of each semester so as to gather necessary information for improvement.

Toxicity evaluation of sewage sludges in Hong Kong

Anaerobically digested sewage sludges collected from four wastewater treatment plants located in Sha Tin, Tai Po, Yuen Long, and Shek Wu Hui in Hong Kong were subjected to chemical characterization and toxicity testing to provide preliminary assessment of their suitability for land application. All sewage sludges were slightly alkaline with pH range of 8.3–8.7. Electrical conductivity (EC; 0.69 dS m −1) and soluble NH 4-N content (996 mg kg −1) of sewage sludge from Yuen Long were lower than that of other plants. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined as total, extractable, and water-soluble fraction using mixed acid digestion, DTPA (pH 7.3), and distilled water, respectively. Yuen Long sludge was most polluted with Zn and Cr higher than the pollutant concentration limits listed in Part 503 of USEPA, owing to the effluent coming from the tannery industry. High concentration of Ni was found in sludge from Sha Tin that originated mainly from the electroplating industry. DTPA-extractable Zn contents were high in sludges from Yuen Long (1247 mg kg −1) and Shek Wu Hui (892 mg kg −1), while 3.7 mg kg −1 of DTPA-extractable Cr was found in Yuen Long sludge. Metal speciation of sludges showed that Pb was major in residual phase while Cu, Cr, and Ni in organic and residual phases, and Zn did not show any dominant chemical phase. The sludge extracts did not exert significant adverse effect on seed germination of Brassica chinensis (Chinese cabbage), but Yuen Long sludge caused a reduction in root growth. In view of its lower EC and soluble ammonia contents, the high concentration of Zn and Cr in Yuen Long sludge would likely be responsible for this adverse effect on root growth. Therefore, Yuen Long sludge would likely have a more serious impact on soil quality and plant growth as compared to other sludges. This would require further verification from greenhouse and field experiments.

Indoor/outdoor air quality correlation and questionnaire survey at two staff quarters in Hong Kong

The indoor and outdoor air quality at two staff quarters of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU) were investigated during January and February 1996. The air pollutants measured were NO k, NO, NO 2, SO 2, CO, and O 3. All indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations did not exceed the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) standards. Significant differences in the pollutant concentrations were observed for samples collected on weekdays when compared with those collected on Sundays (P-value < 0.05). The average indoor and outdoor pollutant levels at the Tsim Sha Tsui East (TSTE) quarter were higher than those at the Shatin (ST) quarter except for O 3. All O 3 levels were found to be lower at the TSTE quarter than at the ST quarter, and TSTE/ST O 3 concentration ratios were 0.72 for the outdoors and 0.79 for the indoors, respectively. Lower O 3 levels at the TSTE quarter were due to the NO titration reaction. All indoor pollutant levels were lower than those at the outdoors except for CO, which indicates the presence of indoor CO sources. A questionnaire survey was used to study the relationship between prevalence of illnesses and risk factors.

Comparison of indoor and outdoor air quality at two staff quarters in Hong Kong

The indoor and outdoor air quality of two staff quarters of Hong Kong Polytechnic University at Tsim Sha Tsui East (TSTE) and Shatin (ST) were investigated. The air sampling was carried out in winter for about two months starting from January to February of 1996. Fifteen flats from each staff quarter were randomly selected for indoor/outdoor air pollutant measurements. The pollutants measured were NO x, NO, NO 2, SO 2, CO, and O 3. The variations of pollutant concentrations between indoor and outdoor air were investigated on weekday mornings, weekday evenings, weekend mornings, and weekend evenings. All indoor/outdoor pollutant concentrations measured did not exceed the ASHRAE/NAAQS standard. The carbon monoxide concentrations indoors were systemically higher than those outdoors at the TSTE and the ST quarters, both on weekdays and Sunday, which indicates there are CO sources indoors. Except for CO, the indoor levels of other pollutants (NO x, NO, NO 2, SO 2, and O 3) are lower than those outdoors. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between indoor and outdoor concentrations for SO 2 and O 3 at both the TSTE and the ST quarters. Except for O 3, the mean concentrations of all the pollutants in the TSTE quarters, both indoor and outdoor, were higher than that of the ST quarters in all sampling periods. All indoor and outdoor O 3 levels were lower at the TSTE quarters than those at the ST quarters. The O 3 ratios of TSTE/ST were 0.72 outdoor and 0.79 indoor. This can be explained by the NO titration reaction through NO conversion to NO 2.

Serum and hepatic copper concentrations used to define normal, marginal and deficient copper status in horses.

Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 28, Issue 6 p. 497-499 Serum and hepatic copper concentrations used to define normal, marginal and deficient copper status in horses N. F. SUTTLE, N. F. SUTTLE Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JHSearch for more papers by this authorJ. N. W. SMALL, J. N. W. SMALL Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JHSearch for more papers by this authorE. A. COLLINS, E. A. COLLINS Wellburn, York, YO6 7EWSearch for more papers by this authorD. K. MASON, D. K. MASON Milngavie, Glasgow, G62 6QZ, UKSearch for more papers by this authorK. L. WATKINS, K. L. WATKINS Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, Veterinary Department, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this author N. F. SUTTLE, N. F. SUTTLE Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JHSearch for more papers by this authorJ. N. W. SMALL, J. N. W. SMALL Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JHSearch for more papers by this authorE. A. COLLINS, E. A. COLLINS Wellburn, York, YO6 7EWSearch for more papers by this authorD. K. MASON, D. K. MASON Milngavie, Glasgow, G62 6QZ, UKSearch for more papers by this authorK. L. WATKINS, K. L. WATKINS Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, Veterinary Department, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01624.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume28, Issue6November 1996Pages 497-499 RelatedInformation

Emigration from Hong Kong: Tendencies and Impacts (review)

530 China Review International: Vol. 3, No. 2, Fall 1996 reading. The volume has many selections on these topics that will be useful in the study ofMao's peasant campaigns and China's peasant nationalism. In spite of the recent damning indictment ofMao by his personal physician, it is still a source of great literary satisfaction and pyschocultural challenge to read these earlier works ofMao, not to mention that they are historically important: they are crucial to full understanding ofMao, Maoism, and the Chinese revolution. C. L. Chiou University of Queensland, Australia C. L. Chiou is a reader in politics at the University ofQueensland. He has recently published a book, Democratizing Oriental Despotism. Ronald Skeldon, editor. Emigrationfrom Hong Kong: Tendencies and Impacts . Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1995. xiv, 304 pp. Paperback $23.00, isbn 962-201-684-7. Hong Kong is, literally and figuratively, at a crossroad. In 1841, Britain assumed control over a portion of Chinese territory, the island ofHong Kong. By degrees, the British possession was expanded to include first the tip of the Kowloon peninsula and then the rural backdrop, called the New Territories, which was to be leased for a term of ninety-nine years. It was the occasion of the expiration of the lease that prompted China to seek the return not merely of the leased territories, but also those that were ceded "in perpetuity." June 30, 1997, marks the end of British rule and the return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignly. Hong Kong has changed dramatically since Britain first assumed control over it. The China from which it was detached, the colonial power ofthe British, and the global system ofwhich they are part, have all evolved in extraordinary ways over the past century and a half. Hong Kong's history did not begin in 1841, but the British colony that was established there, however, did change the historical role that the Hong Kong region could play in the 150 years leading up to 1997. The British used Hong Kong as an important station in their China trade. For the first one hundred years after its establishment it was just one part of a y niversi y Droa¿er SyStem that included other foreign-dominated settlements in China; these were established through a series oftreaties concluded with the government of the declining Qing dynasty. These treaties were considered to be "unequal" by the Chinese governments that followed the collapse ofthe Qing, and they were revoked ofHawai'i Press Reviews 531 in 1943—but British Hong Kong did not revert to China. Even after the establishment ofthe People's Republic ofChina, Hong Kong remained a British colony. By 1949. however, British domination ofworld trade had ebbed. By the early 1950s, the entrepôt trade, which had been the raison d'être for the colony at Hong Kong, ceased when Hong Kong "lost" its China hinterland. Instead, it developed a vibrant industrial economy and became the first "NIC" (Newly Industrialized Country), experiencing consistently high rates ofeconomic growth from the mid1950s . China's "open door" policy ofthe late 1970s allowed Hong Kong's economic growth to proceed even faster, and the entrepôt trade was reborn, even as the Chinese government's plan to resume its sovereignty over Hong Kong and yet maintain Hong Kong's distinctiveness gave rise to some uncertainty. The population of Hong Kong grew steadily in the one hundred years up to the Japanese occupation. Hong Kong was linked to the global economy by trading patterns dominated by the British, at least through 1914. In Southeast Asia, the Americas, and even Africa, Oceania, and Australasia, the expansion ofthe capitalist system created a worldwide demand for unskilled labor. China met that demand in part, and Hong Kong was the major point from which Chinese labor fanned out to build the railways ofNorth America, dig the Panama canal, and work in the tin mines ofMalaya and the plantations ofCuba. In the post-World War II period, the population of Hong Kong grew rapidly, as a consequence ofmigration from a China deeply affected by civil war and revolution. Hong Kong industrialized and prospered, and established distinct new links with the...

Misoprostol in the management of spontaneous abortion.

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyVolume 102, Issue 10 p. 832-835 Misoprostol in the management of spontaneous abortion T. K. H. Chung, Corresponding Author T. K. H. Chung Senior Lecturer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongCorrespondence: Dr T. K. H. Chung, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hang Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this authorL. P. Cheung, L. P. Cheung Medical Oficer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT. Y. Leung, T. Y. Leung Medical Oficer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorC. J. Haines, C. J. Haines Senior Lecturer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Z. Chang, A. M. Z. Chang Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author T. K. H. Chung, Corresponding Author T. K. H. Chung Senior Lecturer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongCorrespondence: Dr T. K. H. Chung, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hang Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, NT, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this authorL. P. Cheung, L. P. Cheung Medical Oficer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT. Y. Leung, T. Y. Leung Medical Oficer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorC. J. Haines, C. J. Haines Senior Lecturer Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Z. Chang, A. M. Z. Chang Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10852.xCitations: 50Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume102, Issue10October 1995Pages 832-835 RelatedInformation

Characterization of sewage sludge and toxicity evaluation with microalgae

Heavy metal contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) of digested sludge, collected from sewage treatment works (Shatin (ST), Shek Wu Hui (SWH), Tai Po (TP) and Yuen Long (YL)) in 1992, 1993 and 1994, were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after sequential extraction by 1 m KNO 3, 0.5 m KF, 0.1 m Na 4P 2O 7, 0.1 m EDTA and 6 m HNO 3. It was found that the major forms of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were in the sulphide phase, organically-bound phase, adsorbed phase and carbonate phase, respectively. A dinoflagellate ( Dunaliella tertiolecta) and a diatom ( Thalassiosira sp.) were used as bioindicators to test the toxicity of digested sludge samples collected in 1994. Each of the algae were inoculated to elutriates of digested sludge at different concentrations. The toxicities of the four types of sludge, according to 96 h-IC 50s, were ranked as follows: TP > ST > SWH > YL for D. tertiolecta and ST > SWH > TP > YL for Thalassiosira sp. For D. tertiolecta, a significant correlation was found between algal inhibition and ammonium-N, both in sludge ( p<0.05) and elutriates ( p<0.01).

Upgrading the Activated‐Sludge Process for Total Nitrogen Removal in Hong Kong

ABSTRACTIn order to protect the sensitive waters in Tolo harbour (Hong Kong), Sha Tin and Tai Po sewage‐treatment works were first designed to remove 70% of the nitrogen load from the sewage. Since then, due to continuing serious eutrophication problems in the harbour, both plants have been modified to increase the removal efficiency to 90%.The modifications were based on the Bardenpho process. However, the designers of the two plants adopted different approaches to process intensity, complexity and control of bacterial foam. At Sha Tin, the average monthly results have shown an increase of total nitrogen removal from 60–70% to about 80% since its completion. The addition of methanol was found to be ineffective on further enhancement of the denitrification rate due to difficulties in the apportioning of the second anoxic zone. The overall monthly results for Tai Po have also shown an increase in the removal rate to about 80%, even though 90% was achieved for a short period of time. The major problem encountered at the latter plant was that the process design did not provide an effective control on bacterial foaming, which had affected the smooth operation of the process.

REMOVAL OF BULKY TISSUE AT LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: REPLY

Australian and New Zealand Journal of SurgeryVolume 63, Issue 9 p. 728-728 REMOVAL OF BULKY TISSUE AT LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: REPLY J. J. T. Tate, J. J. T. Tate Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorW. Y. Lau, W. Y. Lau Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorA. K. C. Li, Corresponding Author A. K. C. Li Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongProfessor A. K. C. Li, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this author J. J. T. Tate, J. J. T. Tate Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorW. Y. Lau, W. Y. Lau Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorA. K. C. Li, Corresponding Author A. K. C. Li Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongProfessor A. K. C. Li, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1993.tb00501.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume63, Issue9September 1993Pages 728-728 RelatedInformation

Tracheal intubation of children in intensive care

AnaesthesiaVolume 48, Issue 2 p. 181-182 Free Access Tracheal intubation of children in intensive care M. O'Meara, M. O'Meara Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin NT, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT.A. Buckley, T.A. Buckley Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin NT, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author M. O'Meara, M. O'Meara Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin NT, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT.A. Buckley, T.A. Buckley Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin NT, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06893.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.

Duplicate markings on an epidural catheter

AnaesthesiaVolume 46, Issue 9 p. 795-796 Free Access Duplicate markings on an epidural catheter G. Yau, G. Yau Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorM.C. Ewart, M.C. Ewart Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT.E. Oh, T.E. Oh Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author G. Yau, G. Yau Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorM.C. Ewart, M.C. Ewart Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this authorT.E. Oh, T.E. Oh Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sha Tin, Hong KongSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09804.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Reference 1 Lee JA. A new catheter for continuous extradural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1962; 17: 248– 50. 2 Doughty A. A precise method of cannulating the lumbar epidural space. Anaesthesia 1974; 29: 63– 5. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue9September 1991Pages 795-796 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Atomistic Society in Sha Tin; Immigrants in a Hong Kong Valley.

Atomistic Society in Sha Tin; Immigrants in a Hong Kong Valley.

The first incrementally launched bridges in Hong Kong

The Hong Kong Government invested HK$1760 million (US$225 million) to build a 24 km trunk road with a dual 3-lane carriageway from Sha Tin to Fanling in the eastern New Territories to serve the new towns and also to cater to the increase in cross-border traffic with China. The section Tai Po Bypass, which is 2.9 km long, required the construction of four viaducts ranging from 116 to 242 m long with columns up to 30 m high. The original design of these bridges adopted precast prestressed concrete beam construction. An alternative design using the incremental launching method to construct these bridges was proposed by the contractor with a saving of HK$10 million in contract costs. Specialist subcontractor and consultants from overseas were involved in the design and construction of these launched bridges, which were the first to be constructed in Hong Kong. With the effort of engineers from four continents, this project was completed ahead of schedule, and the road system was open to traffic in September 1985. Key words: prestressed concrete, alternative design, incremental launching.

Sha Tin to Tai Po coastal road, new territories, Hong Kong: construction

Sha Tin to Tai Po coastal road, new territories, Hong Kong: construction

Sha Tin to Tai Po coastal road, new territories, Hong Kong: design

Sha Tin to Tai Po coastal road, new territories, Hong Kong: design

Economic Man in Sha Tin, Vegetable Gardeners in a Hong Kong Valley.

Economic Man in Sha Tin, Vegetable Gardeners in a Hong Kong Valley.