SFE-CO2 Extracts Research Articles

Isolation of valuable substances from berry seeds and pomace by the green high-pressure methods, their evaluation and application in cosmetic creams

Berry seeds and pomace generated as a by-product of fruit processing contain valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds; however, nowadays it is inefficiently recycled or even discarded as a waste. Valorisation of such by-products for the development of higher value ingredients would substantially increase the sustainability of the sector. For this purpose, green extraction methods with supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) and pressurized liquid (PLE) extraction with hydro-ethanol were consecutively applied to strawberry, blackberry and elderberry seeds and rowanberry pomace for the isolation of lipophilic and higher polarity substances. SFE-CO2 extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, 10.76 − 23.25 %; linoleic, 39.11 −59.74 %; linolenic, 1.32 − 43.83 %), tocopherols (31 – 637 μg/g), phytosterols (1992 – 3775 μg/g), carotenoids (65.06 – 2147 μg β-carotene/g) and chlorophylls (27.95 – 130.4 μg/g). Anthocyanins (22.7 – 697.6 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents/100 g), flavonoids (2.75 – 7.43 mg quercetin eqv./g), proanthocyanidins (122.2 – 199.4 catechin monohydrate eqv./g), antioxidant and antibacterial properties were evaluated for the PLE extracts. The extracts were tested in cosmetic creams at 2 % concentrations and strawberry seed extracts were selected for the evaluation of cream properties. In general, PLE extract addition had slight effect on antioxidant properties and sun protection factor of creams. However, considering the presence of high value constituents both in the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts and the studies showing the benefits of the use of these constituents in cosmetic products, it may be expected that the extracts may be promising ingredients in developing new natural cosmetic products, including cosmeceuticals. In addition, the extracts may be promising ingredients in the formulation of nutraceuticals.

Supercritical fluid extraction of ginger herbal dust bioactives with an estimation of pharmacological potential using in silico and in vitro analysis

Extensive filter tea production in the last decade has increased the amount of generated waste. Due to the particle size (less than 0.315 mm), this material, also known as herbal dust, cannot be packed into the filter tea bags. According to previous studies, valuable bioactive compounds have been recovered from herbal dusts. Therefore, this study is focused on the valorization of ginger (Zingiber officinale) herbal dust, which is commonly used for the treatment of digestive disorders, colds, and various health issues. To obtain highly valuable extracts rich in non-polar and low-polar bioactive compounds novel Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) extraction was applied. As a reference technique, Soxhlet extraction (methylene chloride) was employed. The chemical profiles of all extracts were determined by GC-MS. The most dominant compounds, according to the results, were hydrocarbon sesquiterpene zingiberene (7.51%–14.28%), sesquiterpenes β-sesquiphellandrene (3.70%–7.34%), β-bisabolene (3.54%–6.93%), ar-curcumene (3.02%–6.19%) and non-volatile phenolic compounds 6-gingerol (25.33%–31.11%), 6- shogaol (12.21%–14.91%). Based on the chemical profile of the extracts, the in silico study was carried out where the effects of ginger compounds with a focus on diabetes were specified. Besides, the most potential SFE-CO2 extract was selected for the investigation of effects on short- and long-term cell viability on liver cancer cells.

The potential of almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts SFE-CO2 extracts as sources of bread flavouring ingredients.

Nuts have been part of the human diet since our early ancestors, and their use goes beyond nutritional purposes, for example, as aromatic sources for dairy products. This work explores the potential of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb), hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and walnut (Juglans regia L.) extracts as sources of food flavouring agents, suggesting a new added-value application for lower quality or excess production fruits. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and characterized by: quantification of the volatile fraction by HS-SPME GC-MS; sensory perception and description; and cytotoxicity against Vero cells. All extracts revealed potential as flavouring ingredients due to terpene abundance. No significant differences were observed for the minimal sensory perception, in which the odour threshold values ranged from 8.3×10-4 to 6.9×10-3 μg·mL-1 for walnuts and almonds extracts, respectively. In contrast, the cytotoxic potential differed significantly among the extracts, and P. dulcis extract presented lower cytotoxicity. Notes as woody, fresh, and green were identified in the volatile intensifiers obtained from the P. dulcis extract. Thus, almond extract was identified as the most promising ingredient to increase the sensory value of food products, namely bread. This potential was verified by an increase in the odour perception of bread after adding 4μL of extract to each 100g of bread dough. The quantified eucalyptol and d-limonene terpenes - found in the P. dulcis extract - have improved the release of the pleasant and natural volatile compounds from bread crust and crumb compared to the control bread chemical and sensory profiles.

Moringa oleifera L. Screening: SFE-CO2 Optimisation and Chemical Composition of Seed, Leaf, and Root Extracts as Potential Cosmetic Ingredients

Moringa oleifera L. tree (Mo) has emerged as a rich alternative source of bioactive compounds to design cosmetic formulations. Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) was successfully applied on the screening of Mo seed, leaf, and root extracts. The extraction yield was evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM), for pressure and temperature ranges of 117–273 bar and 41–60 °C, respectively, using a design of experiments (DOE). The pressure significantly affected the results (α=0.05), with the highest extraction efficiency obtained at conditions above 195 bar. The extracts’ composition, evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), revealed an increasing correlation between the pressure, total extract solubility, and mass of extract at a constant temperature, due to the higher extraction yield. Seed extracts presented more than 80% of oleic acid in relative composition (8.04 mgcompound∙gplantpart−1). Leaf extracts performed well for the obtainment of linolenic acid (>20%; 3.10 mg∙g−1), nonacosane (>22%; 0.46 mg∙g−1), and α-tocopherol (>20%; 0.21 mg∙g−1). Mo root resulted in higher relative composition for sterol molecules, despite its very low affinity with CO2. The most promising bioactive compounds, oleic acid and α-tocopherol, were more abundant when operating at 250 bar at 45 °C and 195 bar at 55 °C, for Mo seed and leaf SFE-CO2 extracts, respectively.

Optimization of Triterpenoid Extracted from Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum via Supercritical Extraction Method and Biological Tests

ABSTRACT Herein, supercritical CO2 (SC–CO2) technique has been utilized to extract triterpenoid from Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). Box–Behnken design was utilized to study the simultaneous effects between factors on triterpenoid content including extraction pressure, extraction time, and extraction temperature. Triterpenoid content was analyzed by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector, using Pursuit XRs C18 reversed-phase column, the highest triterpenoid content was quantitatively analyzed for 2.735 ± 0.007 mg/g dry weight of material under optimal extraction conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of various compounds such as fatty acids and squalene in the ethanol extract of G. lucidum. Also, scanning electron microscopy images were used to evaluate material surfaces before and after extraction, thus proving the proposed mechanism of the extraction process by SC-CO2. The presence of triterpenoid and its derivatives were validated by the result of Fourier transform infrared spectra. SFE-CO2 extract has strong antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer properties. As a result, SC–CO2 may be considered as a viable technique for triterpenoid extraction from G. lucidum.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Narcissus poeticus L. Flowers for the Isolation of Volatile Fragrance Compounds.

The flowers of Narcissus poeticus are used for the isolation of valuable fragrance substances. So far, as the majority of these substances consist of volatile and sensitive to heat compounds, there is a need of developing effective methods for their recovery. In this study, freeze-dried N. poeticus inflorescences were extracted with pure supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) and its mixture with 5% co-solvent ethanol (EtOH) at 40 °C. Extract yields varied from 1.63% (12 MPa) to 3.12% (48 MPa, 5% EtOH). In total, 116 volatile compounds were identified by GC-TOF/MS in the extracts, which were divided into 20 different groups. Benzyl benzoate (9.44–10.22%), benzyl linoleate (1.72–2.17%) and benzyl alcohol (0.18–1.00%) were the major volatiles among aromatic compounds. The amount of the recovered benzyl benzoate in N. poeticus SFE-CO2 extracts varied from 58.98 ± 2.61 (24 MPa) to 91.52 ± 1.36 (48 MPa) mg/kg plant dry weight (pdw). α-Terpineol dominated among oxygenated monoterpenes (1.08–3.42%); its yield was from 9.25 ± 0.63 (12 MPa) to 29.88 ± 1.25 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw. Limonene was the major monoterpene hydrocarbon; (3E)-hexenol and heneicosanol dominated among alcohols and phenols; dihydroactinidiolide and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide were the most abundant lactones; heptanal, nonanal, (2E,4E)-decadienal and octadecanal were the most abundant aldehydes. The most important prenol lipids were triterpenoid squalene, from 0.86 ± 0.10 (24 MPa) to 7.73 ± 0.18 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw and D-α-tocopherol, from 1.20 ± 0.04 (12 MPa) to 15.39 ± 0.31 (48 MPa/EtOH) mg/kg pdw. Aliphatic hydrocarbons (waxes) constituted the main part (41.47 to 54.93%) in the extracts; while in case of a 5% EtOH the percentage of alkanes was the lowest. The fraction of waxes may be removed for the separation of higher value fragrance materials. In general, the results obtained are promising for a wider application of SFE-CO2 for the recovery of fragrance substances from N. poeticus flowers.

CO2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace: Evidence of Advanced Bioactive Profile and Selected Functionality.

The processing of sea buckthorn generates a significant amount of pomace, seeds and skin considered valuable sources of health-promoting macromolecules, such as carotenoids, pectin, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols. In this study, the bioactives from sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2), at different temperatures and pressures, allowing for obtaining four fractions according to separators (S40 and S45). The highest carotenoid content of 396.12 ± 1.02 mg/g D.W. was found in the S40 fraction, at extraction parameters of 35 °C/45 MPa, yielding an antioxidant activity of 32.10 ± 0.17 mMol TEAC/g D.W. The representative carotenoids in the extract were zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, whereas all enriched SFE-CO2 extracts contained α-, β- and δ-tocopherol, with α-tocopherol representing around 82% of all fractions. β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the fractions derived from S45. All fractions contained significant fatty acids, with a predominance of linoleic acid. Remarkably, the enriched extracts showed a significant palmitoleic acid content, ranging from 53 to 65 µg/g. S40 extracts showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, whereas S45 extracts showed a growth inhibition rate of 100% against Aspergillus niger after three days of growth. Our results are valuable, and they allow identifying the different profiles of extracts with many different applications in food, pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extracts from yarrow and rose hip herbal dust as valuable source of aromatic and lipophilic compounds

The present study was designed to demonstrate the potential of supercritical extracts from Achillea millefolium and Rosa canina herbal dust, and their mixtures, as a source of valuable aromatic and lipophilic compounds. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2) was performed at the pressures from 10-30 MPa, providing the total extraction yields (EY) in the range from 0.12 to 10.57%, being the highest when pure R. canina herbal dust was extracted using SFE-CO2 at 30 MPa for 5 h. Chemical profiles of SFE-CO2 extracts were determined by GC-MS and GC-FID. Oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were among the most abundant compounds in the extracts produced from A. millefolium and mixtures with a higher share of A. millefolium herbal dust. In the same mixtures, at the pressure of 10 MPa, a cosolvent effect was observed, which provided enhanced extraction of eucalyptol. The major tocol in A. millefolium and R. canina mixtures was α-tocopherol (589.49 mg/L). By investigating the influence of extraction pressure, it has been determined that higher compound recoveries could be obtained at lower pressures. The results clearly demonstrate that SFE-CO2 extracts of the A. millefolium and R. canina and their herbal dust mixtures are a promising source of valuable compounds to be used in pharmaceutical formulations.

Optimized Supercritical CO2 Extraction Enhances the Recovery of Valuable Lipophilic Antioxidants and Other Constituents from Dual-Purpose Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Variety Ella.

The article presents the optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE-CO2) parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) in order to produce single variety hop (cv. Ella) extracts with high yield and strong in vitro antioxidant properties. Optimized SFE-CO2 (37 MPa, 43 °C, 80 min) yielded 26.3 g/100 g pellets of lipophilic fraction. This extract was rich in biologically active α- and β-bitter acids (522.8 and 345.0 mg/g extract, respectively), and exerted 1481 mg TE/g extract in vitro oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Up to ~3-fold higher extraction yield, antioxidant recovery (389.8 mg TE/g pellets) and exhaustive bitter acid extraction (228.4 mg/g pellets) were achieved under the significantly shorter time compared to the commercially used one-stage SFE-CO2 at 10–15 MPa and 40 °C. Total carotenoid and chlorophyll content was negligible, amounting to <0.04% of the total extract mass. Fruity, herbal, spicy and woody odor of extracts could be attributed to the major identified volatiles, namely β-pinene, β-myrcene, β-humulene, α-humulene, α-selinene and methyl-4-decenoate. Rich in valuable bioactive constituents and flavor compounds, cv. Ella hop SFE-CO2 extracts could find multipurpose applications in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetics industries.

Supercritical fluid extraction of four aromatic herbs and assessment of the volatile compositions, bioactive compounds, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activity.

Artemisia arborescens, Artemisia abyssinica, Pulicaria jaubertii, and Pulicaria petiolaris are fragrant herbs traditionally used in medication and as a food seasoning. To date, there are no studies on the use of supercritical fluids extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) on these plants. This study evaluates and compares total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity by DPPH• and ABTS•+, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities of SFE-CO2 extracts. Extraction was done by SFE-CO2 with 10% ethanol as a co-solvent. A. abyssinica extract had the highest extraction yield (8.9% ± 0.41). The GC/MS analysis of volatile compounds identified 307, 265, 213, and 201compounds in A. abyssinica, A. arborescens, P. jaubertii, and P. petiolaris, respectively. The P. jaubertii extract had the highest TPC (662.46 ± 50.93mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract), antioxidant activity (58.98% ± 0.20), and antioxidant capacity (71.78 ± 1.84mg Trolox equivalent/g dry extract). The A. abyssinica and P. jaubertii extracts had significantly higher antimicrobial activity and were more effective against Gram-positive bacteria. B. subtilis was the most sensitive bacterium. P. aeruginosa was the most resistant bacterium. P. jaubertii extract had the optimum MIC and MBC (0.4mg/ml) against B. subtilis. All SFE-CO2 extracts were effective as an anti-biofilm formation for all tested bacteria at 1/2 MIC. Meanwhile, P. jaubertii and P. petiolaris extracts were effective anti-biofilm for most tested bacteria at 1/16 MIC. Overall, the results indicated that the SFE-CO2 extracts of these plants are good sources of TPC, antioxidants, and antibacterial, and they have promising applications in the industrial fields.

Evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of Pulicaria jaubertii extract obtained by supercritical and conventional methods

Pulicaria jaubertii (PJ) is a fragrant herb traditionally used in medication and as a food seasoning. To date, there are no studies on the use of supercritical fluids extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) on PJ. This study evaluates and compares the Total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant activity by DPPH·, antioxidant capacity by ABTS·+, and antibacterial activities of the PJ extract. Extraction was done by using two different methods namely, SFE-CO2 with 10% ethanol (EtOH) as a co-solvent and conventional extraction by Shaking (Sh) with two solvents (EtOH and water) with different concentrations (100, 70, 50, 30 and 0% v/v). The highest extraction yield and antioxidant capacity were obtained by Sh-EtOH 50% [13.9% and 91.24 Trolox equivalents per g dry extract (mg TE/g DE)] respectively. The extract obtained by Sh-EtOH 70% represented the highest TPC and antioxidant inhibition values (899.02 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DE and 76.93%) respectively. The SFE-CO2 extract has significantly greater antimicrobial activity and is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria. The most sensitive bacterium was B. subtilis, while the most resistant bacterium was P. aeruginosa. The optimum values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against B. subtilis were noticed in SFE-CO2 extract (0.4 mg/ml) for both. Overall, the results of this study indicated that PJ is a good source of TPC, antioxidants, and antibacterial compounds.

Chemical Composition of a Supercritical Fluid (Sfe-CO2) Extract from Baeckea frutescens L. Leaves and Its Bioactivity Against Two Pathogenic Fungi Isolated from the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze).

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis are the two most important tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) pathogenic fungi. Interest in natural plant extracts as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides to control plant pathogens is growing. In this study, the volatile fraction of Baeckea frutescens L. was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-CO2), and its chemical composition was analyzed, and investigated for its antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides and P. camelliae. The major constituents of the volatile fraction were β-caryophyllene (28.05%), α-caryophyllene (24.02%), δ-cadinene (6.29%) and eucalyptol (5.46%) in B. frutescens SFE-CO2 extracts. The terpineol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol and eucalyptol showed strong contact antifungal activity against P. camelliae and C. gloeosporioides with median inhibitory concentration (MIC50) in the range of 0.69 μL/mL to 2.79 μL/mL and 0.62 μL/mL to 2.18 μL/mL, respectively. Additionally, the volatile fraction had high fumigation antifungal activity against P. camelliae and C. gloeosporioides with an inhibition rate between 20.87% and 92.91%. Terpineol presented the highest antifungal activity in the contact and fumigation toxicity assays. Terpineol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol and eucalyptol were associated with the most active chemical compounds in the volatile fraction against the fungi. The results suggest that B. frutescens SFE-CO2 extracts are potential ingredients to develop a natural fungicide for control of tea plant pathogens.

Chemical study, antioxidant activity, and genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of Ruellia angustiflora

Ruellia angustiflora (Acanthaceae) is known as flower-of-fire, and its leaves are traditionally employed to promote wound healing. This study was aimed at extracting and characterizing the chemical constituents of the extracts of R. angustiflora obtained by ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extractions, and subsequently investigate their antioxidant potential and cyto-genotoxicity. The extract obtained by ultrasound (UAE-EtOH) was characterized by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), and the extract obtained via supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2) by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The antioxidant potential was verified by the antiradical activity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and the cyto-genotoxicity evaluation to test cell viability and DNA damage was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultures. The SFE-CO2 extract presented some fatty acids, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, tocopherols and phytosterols. The UAE-EtOH extract contained phenolic acids and flavonoids, and showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Neither extract was genotoxic or cytotoxic at the tested concentrations.

Comparative analysis on bioactivity against three stored insects of Ligusticum pteridophyllum Franch. rhizomes essential oil and supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2) extract.

In order to develop more environmentally benignant insecticides, the Ligusticum pteridophyllum Franch. rhizomes essential oil and supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2) extract were obtained by two published techniques, hydrodistillation and SFE-CO2. The chemical components of this two tested samples were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Repellent activity and contact toxicity of the obtained samples and myristicin against the adults of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) were compared. Nineteen components were identified in the SFE-CO2 extract. Twelve components were identified in the L. pteridophyllum rhizomes essential oil. SFE-CO2 extract exhibited higher contact toxicity against T. castaneum, L. serricorne, and L. bostrychophila (LD50 = 69.60μg/adult, 14.58μg/adult, and 1.69μg/cm2, respectively) than that of L. pteridophyllum rhizomes essential oil (LD50 = 87.99μg/adult, 89.82μg/adult, and 7.87μg/cm2, respectively). Besides, myristicin (LD50 = 36.46μg/adult) showed superior contact toxicity against T. castaneum than that of the L. pteridophyllum rhizomes essential oil and SFE-CO2 extract. It possessed potentially practical significance to develop L. pteridophyllum rhizomes into plant pesticide or repellent agent for these stored insect controls. Graphical abstract .

Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling: a study involving extraction, chemical profiling, antioxidant and biological activity

Hesperozygis ringens is a plant of the Lamiaceae family which is restricted to the Southern region of Brazil. It is popularly used as an insecticide, but knowledge on it is very scarce. This study aimed to determine the chemical markers of H. ringens extracts obtained via ultrasound-assisted (UAE-EtOH) and supercritical fluid (SFE-CO2) extractions. UAE-EtOH and SFE-CO2 extracts were characterised by UPLC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. Both products had their antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluated. Twelve compounds were found in the UAE-EtOH extract, including phenolic acids and flavonoids; the SFE-CO2 extract contained terpenes and phytosterols. The UAE-EtOH extract showed a greater antioxidant activity. Neither extract presented cytotoxicity or genotoxicity against human mononuclear blood cells.

Supercritical CO2 extracts and essential oils from Teucrium polium L. growing in Algeria: chemical composition and antioxidant activity

ABSTRACTIn this work, we studied the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation and lipophilic fractions extrated by carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-CO2) from Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae). EOs and SFE-CO2 extracts were analyzed by GC and GC-TOFMS. EOs showed qualitative differences compared with SFE-CO2 extracts, though in both products germacrene D was the most abundant component. Notably a new EO chemotype, characterzed by germacrene D, β-eudesmol, shyobunol, and δ-cadinene, was reported. EOs along with SFE-CO2 extracts, plant powder, and solid residue after SFE were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxdiant activity by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays. The raw plant material was the most active, followed by the solid residue after SFE-CO2 extraction. On the other hand, EO and SFE-CO2 extracts displayed weak activity. These results showed that the antioxidant compounds of T. polium are of hydrophilic nature and are not extracted or retained in the plant material after SFE-CO2 extraction.

The anti-inflammation effect of Baige capsule and its principal components mixture in MCAO rats

Background: Baige (BG) is a compound Chinese herbal preparation, constituted of different position extracts (ethanol extracts from Pueraria lobate and SFE-CO2 extracts from Radix Angelicae dahuricae) of P. lobata and A. dahurica to treat the brain injury in patients.Aim: The goal of this study was to identify the neuroprotective properties of BG and its principal component mixture (PCM) and verify whether the material basis for BG is its PCM.Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was operated on male Sprague-Dawley rat for 2 h, different doses of BG or PCM or vehicle were gavaged after 3 h of MCAO. Rats were sacrificed after 30 days treatment. Blood serum inflammation factors and NGF were detected by ELISA.Results: After 30 days of treatment, both BG and PCM interventions reduced the infarct volume, modified neurological severity score (mNSS) in rats, declined IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the serum, increased NGF level in the serum and recovered the number of Nissl body in injured brain.Conclusions: Both BG and PCM exert equivalent levels of recovery effect in MCAO on rats; and PCM is the material foundation of BG. This recovery effect is associated with inflammatory inhibition and NGF production.

Essential oils (EOs), pressurized liquid extracts (PLE) and carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extracts (SFE-CO2) from Algerian Thymus munbyanus as valuable sources of antioxidants to be used on an industrial level

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential of extracts from Algerian Thymus munbyanus as a valuable source of antioxidants for use on an industrial level. To this end, a study was conducted on the composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs), pressurized liquid extracts (PLE) and supercritical fluid extracts (SFE-CO2) obtained from Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus (TMC) and subsp. munbyanus (TMM). EOs and SFE-CO2 extracts were analysed by GC-FID and GC×GC-TOFMS revealing significant differences. A successive extraction of the solid SFE-CO2 residue by PLE extraction with solvents of increasing polarity such as acetone, ethanol and water, was carried out. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content by Folin–Ciocalteu assay, while the antioxidant power was assessed by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays. SFE-CO2 extracts were also analysed for their tocopherol content. The antioxidant activity of PLE extracts was found to be higher than that of SFE-CO2 extracts, and this increased with solvent polarity (water > ethanol > acetone). Overall, these results support the use of T. munbyanus as a valuable source of substances to be used on an industrial level as preservative agents.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of Rosmarinus eriocalyx growing in Algeria: Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts and their solid plant materials

Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) is an eco-friendly, safe and effective extraction technique used on an industrial level to obtain flavour and fragrances as well as bioactive compounds from aromatic plants. In the present work, we investigated the SFE-CO2 extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of Rosmarinus eriocalyx, an aromatic shrub growing in Algeria and used similarly to R. officinalis. The SFE-CO2 extracts were obtained from R. eriocalyx using the following parameters: extraction time 180min (including 30min of static extraction), pressure 45MPa; temperature 70°C. The chemical profiles of SFE-CO2 extracts were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). β-Amyrin and camphor were major compounds in the leaf extract, whereas tetradecenoic and linolenic acids were abundant in the flower extract. The amounts of tocopherols in the SFE-CO2 extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Here, α-tocopherol attained noteworthy concentrations (8839μg/g dw). The antioxidant activity of SFE-CO2 extract, plant powder and residue after SFE-CO2 extraction was assessed using three different methods, namely ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays. The overall activity was as follows: plant powder > residue after SFE-CO2 extraction > SFE-CO2 extracts. Findings showed that R. eriocalyx is a rich source of antioxidant compounds, especially the plant material, and that considerable part of polar bioactive components still remain in the solid residue after SFE-CO2 extraction. Consequently, both lipophilic SFE-CO2 extract and antioxidant-rich extraction residues may be of interest for various industrial applications.

Simultaneous determination of nine phytohormones in seaweed and algae extracts by HPLC-PDA.

An RP-HPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous analysis of 9 compounds deriving from the phytohormones class was developed and optimized, namely indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), phenyleacetic acid (PAA), naphtyleacetic acid (NAA), trans-zeatin (TZ), kinetin (KA), isopentenyladenine (IA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Validation of the method was performed on the SFE-CO2 extract made out of the mixture of Baltic algae. The regression coefficients for plant hormones were in the range from 0.997 to 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were on the levels from 0.05-0.29 and 0.15-0.88mg/L, respectively. Developed method was used for the separation and determination plant hormones in extracts obtained by SFE-CO2 (supercritical fluid extraction) made out of the mixture of Baltic algae, Cladophora glomerata and Spirulina sp. In the extract of Baltic seaweed 2 of tested compounds were present in the concentration of 154,45±20,63μg/g for TZ and 362,47±13,00μg/g for PAA, whereas in Cladophora glomerata extract contained PAA and IAA in the concentration of 229,30±7,90μg/g and 23,91±0,80μg/g, respectively (all values per g of extract). The differences in the hormones levels may occur due to the different scale of extract preparation (laboratory or industrial) and other factors like the place of algae collection, year of collection or the way of biomass preparation.