Abstract
The processing of sea buckthorn generates a significant amount of pomace, seeds and skin considered valuable sources of health-promoting macromolecules, such as carotenoids, pectin, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols. In this study, the bioactives from sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2), at different temperatures and pressures, allowing for obtaining four fractions according to separators (S40 and S45). The highest carotenoid content of 396.12 ± 1.02 mg/g D.W. was found in the S40 fraction, at extraction parameters of 35 °C/45 MPa, yielding an antioxidant activity of 32.10 ± 0.17 mMol TEAC/g D.W. The representative carotenoids in the extract were zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, whereas all enriched SFE-CO2 extracts contained α-, β- and δ-tocopherol, with α-tocopherol representing around 82% of all fractions. β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the fractions derived from S45. All fractions contained significant fatty acids, with a predominance of linoleic acid. Remarkably, the enriched extracts showed a significant palmitoleic acid content, ranging from 53 to 65 µg/g. S40 extracts showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, whereas S45 extracts showed a growth inhibition rate of 100% against Aspergillus niger after three days of growth. Our results are valuable, and they allow identifying the different profiles of extracts with many different applications in food, pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
Highlights
Introduction iationsSignificant health consequences associated with an increase in obesity and chronic ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, are determined by major shifts in humans’ dietary patterns accompanying rapid nutritional transitions [1]
The air in the system was removed by flushing the system with CO2, and the extractor was pressurized with CO2 (99,999% purity supplied by Messer S.A., Bucharest, Romania) using a high-pressure CO2 pump
Sea buckthorn is a multi-purpose plant and is processed in a wide variety of food products and alcohols from berries, whereas it can be used as herbal leaf teas to provide high access to flavonoids with detoxifying properties, fuel as firewood, food supplements, etc. [21]
Summary
Significant health consequences associated with an increase in obesity and chronic ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, are determined by major shifts in humans’ dietary patterns accompanying rapid nutritional transitions [1]. An important aspect in circumventing the detrimental effects of nutritional transitions is developing and promoting functional foods, especially food enriched with biologically active compounds, with high nutraceutical and functional characteristics, positively impacting human health and disease prevention [2]. Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) belongs to the Elaeagnaceae family, with small oval-shaped berries, mostly orange-yellow or orange-red [3]. The berries are rich sources of nutrients and bioactives, including vitamins, carotenoids (β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, etc.), polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, pectin, carbohydrates, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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