Sex Status Research Articles

Investigation on sexual function in young breast cancer patients during endocrine therapy: a latent class analysis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sexual function status of young breast cancer patients during endocrine therapy, identify potential categories of sexual function status, and analyze the factors affecting the potential categories of sexual function status during endocrine therapy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 189 young breast cancer patients who underwent postoperative adjuvant endocrine therapy in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. The latent class analysis was used to identify potential categories of patient sexual function characteristics with respect to the FSFI sex health measures. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors for the high risk latent class groups. A nomogram prognostic model were then established to identify high risk patients for female sexual dysfunction (FSD), and C-index was used to determine the prognostic accuracy. Patients were divided into a "high dysfunction-low satisfaction" group and a "low dysfunction-high satisfaction" group depending on the latent class analysis, accounting for 69.3% and 30.7%, respectively. Patients who received aromatase inhibitors (AI) combined with ovarian function suppression (OFS) treatment (p = 0.027), had poor body-image after surgery (p = 0.007), beared heavy medical economy burden(p < 0.001), and had a delayed recovery of sexual function after surgery (p = 0.001) were more likely to be classified into the "high dysfunction-low satisfaction" group, and then conducted into the nomogram. The C-index value of the nomogram for predicting FSD was 0.782. The study revealed the heterogeneity of sexual function status among young breast cancer patients during endocrine therapy, which may help identify high-risk patients and provide early intervention.

Women's motivation towards Pap smear screening based on sexual and screening status: A cross-sectional study using protection motivation theory.

Cervical cancer remains a reproductive health burden. Pap smear (PS) screening can detect cervical cancer early but is underused despite being subsidized. Motivational factors play a role in promoting PS screening. This study aimed to determine the women's motivation toward PS screening based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), which mainly focused on sexual and screening status. The study was conducted electronically throughout Malaysia from January to February 2022 by disseminating Google Form (https://forms.gle/cD7fkUKYR4Cq6kZC8) via multiple WhatsApp groups to reach 526 women aged 21-65 years. The questionnaire consists of 24 items based on seven PMT constructs [perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, fear (threat appraisal), response costs (coping appraisal), and protection motivation]. The descriptive statistics and independent t-test was used to analyze data using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25. Most respondents were sexually active [80.6% (n = 424)] and have heard of PS screening [95.8% (n = 504)]. More than half of respondents did not have PS screening in the last three years [59.3% (n = 312)]. Sexually active women have heard and have undergone PS screening feel less threatened with low coping appraisals. Undergoing PS screening made women perceived more response efficacy (P =. 011), more self-efficacy (P <. 001), and higher protection motivation (P <. 001) toward PS screening. Women's motivation related to PS screening needs to be highlighted. Future development of health education strategy should include motivation focused in emphasizing the threat and coping appraisal into educational plan to ensure women come forward for screening.

Percepção e experiências da PrEP de homens gays e bissexuais jovens e adolescentes: uma análise interseccional

Studies indicate gaps in knowledge about the barriers to access and adhere to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adolescents. In this article, we explore the perceptions and experiences of young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YGBMSM) of the search, use and adherence to PrEP, considering their positions according to social markers of difference such as race/skin color, gender, sexuality, and social status. Intersectionality provides theoretical and methodological tools to interpret how the interlinking of these social markers of difference constitutes barriers and facilitators in the PrEP care continuum. The analyzed material is part of the PrEP1519 study and is comprised of 35 semi-structured interviews with YGBMSM from two Brazilian capitals (Salvador and São Paulo). The analyses suggest connections between social markers of difference, sexual cultures, and the social meanings of PrEP. Subjective, relational and symbolic aspects permeate the awareness of PrEP in the range of prevention tools. Willingness to use and adhere to PrEP is part of a learning process, production of meaning, and negotiation in the face of getting HIV and other sexually transmittable infections and the possibilities of pleasure. Thus, accessing and using PrEP makes several adolescents more informed about their vulnerabilities, leading to more informed decision-making. Interlinking the PrEP continuum of care among YGBMSM with the intersections of the social markers of difference may provide a conceptual framework to problematize the conditions and effects of implementing this prevention strategy, which could bring advantages to HIV prevention programs.

Post-COVID-19 impacts on male sexual and reproductive functions

Background: Assessment of the male sexual and reproductive health status with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2infected COVID19 disease could create awareness about the lateral impact of those patients recovered from COVID19 infection. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the main focus of the current study was to determine the postCOVID19 infection on male sexual and reproductive functions. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional study by involving two groups of the study individuals namely: Group 1: age and sexmatched normal healthy control human individuals. Group 2: postCOVIDtreated patients, at least 912 months after treatment success. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a questionnaire developed by Rosen et al. to question on sexual functions has been used in the present study. Results: Based on analysis of the 15point International Index of Erectile Function analysis, it was found that overall there was a statistically significant difference in (P &lt; 0.05) in sexual behaviors in both the groups. It was also found that marital status, place of living, and vaccination status are statistically significant associated with sexual behaviors, whereas occupation, religion, and education are statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The current study showed significant differences after the COVID19 infection and treatment in male fertility from a single tertiary care hospitalbased study in Western Uttar Pradesh. However, involving a large population from different parts of the country could pave the way to show what needs to be done by the scientific and clinical community to tackle our limited understanding of the disease. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, International Index of Erectile Function, male sexual and reproductive functions, postCOVID19.

Queer Constellations in the Big Easy: Making Space in New Orleans

This article explores LGBTQ+ space-making practices and spaces in New Orleans, Louisiana. It analyzes spaces to understand why, how, and for whom they were made. I conducted interviews with LGBTQ+ New Orleanians and utilized queer geographical theory, to present LGBTQ+ spaces across New Orleans as "queer constellations" of time and space on the map of the city marking places of importance to individuals and/or the broader LGBTQ+ community. To differentiate between the various types of spaces found, I divided them into four categories: lost space, transient space, explicitly queer space, and non-explicitly queer space. Through an intersectional lens of gender, race, sexuality, and socioeconomic status, this article attempts to examine whether the diversity and globality of the city were reflected in its queer spaces.

Female choice of mates in the aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): the effect of male age, sexual status and familiarity

Mating involves the transfer of sperm to females. Female reproductive investment is based on gamete numbers as well as gamete size. Females are more selective than males and this selection is based on numerous factors, like a male’s age, sexual status and familiarity. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of many insect pests such as aphids, psyllids, whiteflies and mealybugs in many countries. We investigated female mate choice in Hippodamia variegate caging females with: (i) a young and a middle-aged male, (ii) a virgin and mated male and (iii) a novel and a familiar male. Time to and duration of copulation were recorded. Females preferred to mate with middle-aged and familiar males and did not differentiate between previously mated and virgin males. Females copulated quicker and for longer with young or familiar males.

Evaluation of sexual functional status and consistency of scales in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism before and after testosterone replacement therapy: a single-center experience.

This study aimed to investigate the frequency of sexual dysfunction and the effect of short-term testosterone replacement therapy on sexual functions in congenital hypogonadism patients. Furthermore, we sought to reveal the consistency of the self-report scales used for the diagnosis of sexual dysfunction and the relationship between biochemical parameters. The study was conducted on 47 young male patients aged above 18 years who were diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Short (IIEF-5) and long (IIEF-15) forms of the International Index of Erectile Function and Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) were applied before treatment under the supervision of a physician. The patients' blood pressure, height, and weight were measured, and their luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, and total testosterone levels were recorded. Patients who started their treatments were called for a follow-up checkup after 6 months. Their blood pressure, height, and weight were measured by reapplying the ASEX, IIEF-5, and IIEF-15. In addition, their LH, FSH, and total testosterone levels in the biochemical tests were rerecorded. In this study, the sexual dysfunction status of patients diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism before and after treatment was evaluated using the ASEX, IIEF-15, and IIEF-5 scales. A decrease in sexual dysfunction was observed in all three scales after treatment compared with that before treatment. The IIEF-5 and IIEF-15 scales were found to be uncorrelated in terms of the pretreatment values but were correlated in terms of the post-treatment values. Although a correlation was observed between ASEX and IIEF- 5 before treatment, no correlation was detected between ASEX and IIEF-15. After the treatment, ASEX was found to be correlated with both IIEF-5 and IIEF-15. The results of the scales indicated the correlation in all categories, except the pretreatment results of the IIEF-15 scale. The results of the current study demonstrated a significant improvement in the sexual function of hypogonadism patients undergoing short-term testosterone therapy. The ASEX, IIEF-5, and IIEF-15 scales used in the diagnosis and follow-up of sexual dysfunction were useful for evaluating sexual functions in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients.

Review: Women, Islam, and the Abbasid Identity, by Nadia Maria El Cheikh

Review: <i>Women, Islam, and the Abbasid Identity</i>, by Nadia Maria El Cheikh

IBC-Ox34 Transit bipartition improves serum total testosterone levels in overweight and obese type-2 diabetic men and cures erectile dysfunction: short-term preliminary results

Abstract Introduction In males, erectile dysfunction (ED) secondary to obesity is one of the most common cause of male sexual dysfunction, in our study we investigated the effect of bariatric surgery on male sex hormone, testosterone and sexual status of 99 overweight and obese men with type II diabetes who underwent a laparoscopic transit bipartition. Methods Ninety-nine patients with type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity who underwent transit bipartition in Hospital X were prospectively evaluated before and 6 months after the surgery for the serum total testosterone levels. Also, the erectile dysfunction was evaluated by using International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scoring system. In addition, all the patients had been evaluated in BMI categories of overweight (BMI 25-29), Class 1 Obese (30-35), Class 2 Obese (35-40) and morbidly obese (&amp;gt;40 kg/m2). Results Serum total testosterone (T) levels were assessed before and 6 months after TB in 99 male patients. Mean age was 45.7 and median serum total testosterone (T) levels before and after 6 months were 3.03 nmol/L (range: 0.38-8.44) and, 4.43 nmol/L (range 0.34-9.70) (min-max) respectively. Also, the patient's pre-operative and post-operative testosterone values and IIEF scores were calculated in every category of obesity (Table 1). Before and after bariatric surgery serum T levels were statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.005). Conclusion In conclusion serum T levels and IIEF scores significantly improved after 6 months following bariatric surgery. This condition may explain improvement of erectile dysfunction following bariatric surgery. Larger and long-term studies are required to investigate these beneficial effects of surgery in patients with obesity and T2DM.

Native-tissue pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair with perineorrhaphy for level III support results in reduced genital hiatus size and improved quality of life in sexually active and inactive patients

Introduction and hypothesisRecent findings address the importance of Level III defects with increased genital hiatus being associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP), correlated with Level I defects and strongly related to POP recurrence. We hypothesised that concomitant perineorrhaphy in POP repair reduces genital hiatus (gh) and increases perineal body (pb), that gh would be larger with number of vaginal deliveries and that patients’ QOL was not different comparing sexually active vs inactive patients with overall judgement of cure comparable to the literature at evaluation. MethodsRetrospective observational study including consecutive patients with indications for posterior repair and Level III support between 2016 and 2018. Concomitant perineorrhaphy was indicated due to complaints of wide introitus or genital hiatus of ≥ 3.5 cm. Primary objective was to compare pre- and postoperative gh and pb according to POP-Q. Secondary objectives were preoperative gh and pb values by parity, POMs obtained with P-QOL/D comparing sexually active vs inactive patients, and subjective judgement of cure according to EGGS system. ResultsIn n = 121 patients, mean gh value was reduced postoperatively by 29.5 % (31 ± 6 vs 44 ± 10 mm, p < 0.001), mean pb value increased by 25.5 % (47 ± 8 vs 35 ± 8 mm, p < 0.001). Influence of parity on preoperative gh (p = 0.020), but not pb values (p = 0.119) was observed. All P-QOL/D domain scores improved significantly postoperatively without differences seen in sexually active vs inactive patients. EGGS responses indicated partial/full goal achievement in 90 % and cure in 87 %. ConclusionsIn the study cohort, perineorrhaphy as concomitant in POP repair led to Level III support reflected by decreased genital hiatus size. Functional QOL was improved regardless of sexual activity status and the majority of patients reported partial or full cure.

Intersectional Stigma for Autistic People at Work: A Compound Adverse Impact Effect on Labor Force Participation and Experiences of Belonging.

Little research addresses the experiences of autistic people at work, yet employment prospects remain bleak. The extant literature takes a largely remedial perspective and does not focus on harnessing this population's considerable talents. In global organizational practice, several programs purposefully target autistic people for their abilities. However, preliminary evidence suggests that such programs are inadvertently attracting mainly White males, to the exclusion of other demographics. Therefore, stigma surrounding autism at work remains, creating potential compound adverse impacts by marginalizing identities, including gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and socioeconomic status. We explored the intersection of autism with other marginalizing identities in the context of work. The research focused on labor force participation for autistic people and, for those in employment, perceptions of exclusion and inclusion. We compared the aforementioned variables by gender identity, racial identity, sexuality, socioeconomic background, and geographic origin. We undertook a global cross-sectional survey, advertised through various social media platforms and promoted directly to relevant organizations. The survey included a range of validated measures as well as demographic information. We analyzed the data with frequencies, cross tabulations, chi-square tests, and non-parametric, group-wise comparisons. We found preliminary evidence of reduced rates of employment participation by race and geographic location. Females and non-binary people had lower perceptions of inclusion and belonging at work. The perception of accommodation provision had a strong association with inclusion and belonging; more so than incidental provision of flexibility in environment and scheduling not framed as a specific accommodation. The findings highlight the relational aspects of accommodation and a more universal inclusion perspective. We urge practitioners and researchers to monitor employment participation and levels of inclusion/exclusion using intersectional demographic identification. We appeal for cross-cultural collaboration with academic institutions outside the anglosphere to improve our knowledge of global programs and their impact.

Initial Experience With Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy With Pelvic Organ-Preserving and Orthotopic Neobladder Techniques for Bladder Cancer in Female Patients

To present the extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical cystectomy (ELRC) technique, and initial outcomes of organ-preserving and orthotopic neobladder (ONB) techniques for bladder cancer in selected females. Data including patient characteristics, operative time, blood loss, transfusion rate, length of hospital stay, and pathologic outcomes, as well as 30- and 90-day complications were collected between April 2018 and May 2021 from females who underwent ONB after ELRC.. Regular follow-up focused on patients' oncological and functional outcomes, and postoperative sexual function status was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Eleven females with a mean age of 53 years who underwent ELRC with pelvic organ-preservation and ONB were analyzed retrospectively. All procedures were completed successfully. The mean operative time was 264.82 ± 33.81 min, and the average intraoperative blood loss was 128 ± 18.19 mL. All patients had negative pathological margins and no lymph node metastases. The average hospital stay was 10.72 days. The single J ureteral stent and catheter were usually removed 3 - 4 weeks after the procedure. The FIFS assessment of postoperative sexual function showed that the patients were relatively satisfied. ELRC with pelvic organ preservation and ONB technology was a safe and feasible surgical strategy for the selected female patients. Preserving organs and vascular nerve bundles seemed to be safe in oncological and produced encouraging functional results. Further rigorous prospective studies with more patients and long-term follow-up data are needed to assess the oncologic and functional results.

Associations between social network characteristics and sexual minority disclosure concern among Black men who have sex with men living with and without HIV.

In addition to the pervasive anti-Black racism faced by Black people in the United States, Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) face sexual minority stigma and, among BMSM living with HIV, HIV-related stigma. These multilevel social forces shape social networks, which are important sources of resources, support, and behavior regulation. This study quantitatively examined the relationship between social network characteristics and sexual minority stigma (e.g., homophobia, biphobia), assessed by reported concerns around disclosing one's sexual minority status, among BMSM in Baltimore, Maryland in 2014 (N = 336). A majority of participants (63.7%) reported experiencing medium or high levels of sexual minority disclosure concern. In a multiple linear regression model, participants with higher sexual minority disclosure concern reported lower network density and having fewer good friends who are gay or bisexual men. Stratifying the same multiple linear regression model by HIV status supports the importance of an intersectional understanding of sexual minority and HIV-related stigma. These findings can help health-related programs address the complex relationships between sexual minority stigma, social networks, and HIV status within this multiply-marginalized and high-priority population.

Self-esteem only goes so far: the moderating effect of social media screen time on self-esteem and depressive symptoms

ABSTRACT This study assessed the independent association of self-esteem and social media screen time on depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating role of social media screen time in the relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms. The Mobile Screen Time Project was a cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted from March to May of 2019. 437 U.S. college students were recruited via social networks from two institutions of higher education. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the associations between self-esteem and average daily social media time with depressive symptoms; an interaction effect was explored. Self-esteem had an inverse association (AOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.94) and daily social media time had a significant association with depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.22) after adjusting for sexual and gender status, race/ethnicity, age, social status, and insomnia. We found a significant moderating effect (p = 0.016) of daily social media time. The more time spent on social media, the less protective self-esteem was against depressive symptoms. Those suffering from depressive symptoms or low self-esteem may benefit from reducing their social media use, intentionally exposing themselves to positive content and leveraging peer-to-peer social support through social media to create a sense of belonging.

Not just for males: Flehmen as a tool for detection of reproductive status and individual recognition across sexes in four African equid species

Flehmen is frequently explained as part of male sexual behaviour, but it can also be associated with overmarking behaviour and thus individual recognition. We tested three explanatory hypotheses of flehmen behaviour: to detect sexual status of a female, to decide whether to overmark an individual, and to improve individual recognition. Additionally, we examined interspecific flehmen differences in the African equids. We observed 130 individuals of all 4 species among 15 groups in 5 zoos. We recorded 4445 eliminations: 142 were accompanied by flehmen and 1648 were inspected by another animal and followed by flehmen (n = 147 cases). As males of all age categories flehmened more often than females we conclude that flehmen serves to detect reproductive status of a female. However, this is not an exclusive explanation as animals of all sex and age categories flehmened when inspecting an elimination. Flehmen was not the predictor of overmarking. Nevertheless, we suggest that foals could use it for individual recognition. We found large interspecific differences with the highest rate of flehmen in African wild ass and least in mountain zebra. Thus, while the main function of flehmen is to detect female reproductive status, inter-individual and inter-species differences also play a role.

Safer Sex Practices (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Safer Sex Practices (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

A double disparity: Rural sexual minorities and tobacco use among U.S. adults

BackgroundMarginalized groups continue to face an uneven distribution of the risks and consequences of smoking cigarettes, with rural/urban geography and sexual orientation status examined independently. However, little is known about the intersection of rural/urban geography and sexual orientation regarding tobacco use disparities. This study examined rural–urban sexual minority differences in tobacco use in the United States. MethodsData came from the 2018–2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey System (N = 675,221). We estimated cigarette smoking prevalence for each year of survey data by rural/urban status and sexual orientation. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess associations of rural/urban location and sexual orientation status with cigarette use. Additional Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted, including stratified analyses by sex on multiple sexual orientation categories. FindingsCigarette smoking was higher among participants who lived in rural areas and identified as lesbian or gay and bisexual. Furthermore, the disparities in smoking rates were significantly different, with 38 % higher odds of smoking among rural sexual minorities than urban sexual minorities (aOR = 1.38, 95 % CI = 1.19, 1.60). Stronger odds of cigarette smoking were found among rural gays or lesbians (aOR = 1.83, 95 % CI = 1.47, 2.28) and rural bisexuals (aOR = 2.40, 95 % CI = 2.03, 2.84) compared to urban straight counterparts. ConclusionFindings highlight rural populations, particularly sexual minorities, might have an elevated risk of cigarette use. Prevention and cessation efforts that help these especially disadvantaged groups will be beneficial in addressing tobacco use disparities.

HIV prevalence among transmasculine individuals at a New York City Community Health Centre: a cross-sectional study.

IntroductionMultiple studies have demonstrated elevated incidence and prevalence of HIV among transgender women; however, few studies have been conducted among transmasculine individuals. HIV prevalence among transgender men in the United States is estimated to be 0–4%; however, there have not been any US studies examining HIV prevalence that stratify by the gender of sexual partners. The aim of this research was to examine HIV prevalence and its association with socio‐demographic and other factors, including the gender of sexual partners and receipt of gender‐affirming care (hormones/surgery), among transmasculine individuals at the Callen‐Lorde Community Health Center in New York City.MethodsThe Transgender Data Project was an Institutional Review Board‐approved retrospective chart review of all transgender and gender diverse clients at the clinic, ages 18+, between 1 January 2009 and 12 December 2010. Charts were reviewed manually. Data included birth sex, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment, housing, insurance status, gender of sexual partners, HIV screening and status, and receipt of gender‐affirming care. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between HIV status and other variables.Results and discussionFive hundred and seventy‐seven transmasculine individuals, mean age 32.1 years (18.3–70.5), were included in this analysis. A small majority were White (55% White, 13.9% Black and 11.7% Hispanic). The majority, 78.9%, had received hormones (testosterone) and 41.6% had received at least one gender‐affirming surgery. The HIV screening rate was 43.4%. HIV prevalence was 2.8%, (95% CI: 1.13%, 5.68%) among those screened, notably higher than the US population prevalence. HIV prevalence was highest among transmasculine individuals who had sex exclusively with cisgender men (11.1%). In the multivariable model (age, education and gender of sexual partners), the adjusted odds ratio of HIV for those who had sex exclusively with cisgender male partners compared to no cisgender male partners was 10.58 (95% CI: 1.33, 84.17).ConclusionsAlthough HIV prevalence has been estimated to be low among transgender men, the analysis found heterogeneous results when stratified by gender of sexual partners. The results underscore the need to understand sexual risk among transmasculine individuals and to disaggregate HIV data for those having sex with cisgender men, thus also allowing for better inclusion in HIV prevention efforts.

食物宏量营养素组成调控哺乳动物寿命的研究进展

<p indent="0mm">The aging population is one of the world’s most momentous challenges and causes prodigious economic burdens to individuals, families, and a country. As the average lifespan has dramatically increased globally, more people are paying particularly close attention to what/how dietary composition has the potential to extend a healthy lifespan. People have been interested in looking for the elixir of youth, yet studies on molecular mechanisms of aging are relatively new and are far from being understood. Recent work has shown that nutrients, small molecules, genetic modifications, and other factors can substantially extend the lifespan of multispecies, ranging from yeast to mammals. Among these longevity factors, nutrient balance has emerged as an important factor in extending lifespan. Yet, the effect of many nutrient factors on longevity is not well investigated. Most anti-aging studies focus on dietary restriction (DR) or calorie restriction (CR), the mere reduction of food intake without malnutrition, which has become a gold standard in biological aging studies. DR was found to extend the average and maximum lifespan from yeast to primates. It also protects against age-related pathologies, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in humans. However, studies have shown that changing the dietary components could eliminate lifespan extension by DR, suggesting that nutrient balance other than DR plays a pivotal role in regulating longevity. Notably, mammalian models, mainly rats and mice, have been influential in advancing aging research. Here, we reviewed studies published since 1935 that demonstrated that changing the composition of food macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein or amino acids, and fat) altered lifespan in mouse and rat models. Carbohydrate research has primarily focused on early DR studies, in which researchers used carbohydrates in food to control animal growth and energy intake. Protein/amino acids may significantly impact lifespan more than carbohydrates and fats because growth and development depend more on protein intake in the early stages of life. However, protein requirement decreases in mature animals, and excessive protein consumption stimulates growth and differentiation, which may accelerate aging. In mammals, reducing protein intake reduces body weight, increases physical activity, and prolongs lifespan. On the other hand, studies primarily focused on essential amino acids such as methionine, glycine, tryptophan, BCAA, and the non-essential amino acid arginine that alter mammalian metabolism and aging through various mechanisms that influence lifespan. The type of fat, the sexual activities, genetics, environment, and health status of the study subjects all influence whether and how changes in dietary fat content affect lifespan. Recently, dietary supplementation of P꞉C has become an emerging research topic, with most studies concluding that a diet low in P꞉C benefits longevity. Likewise, the ketogenic diet (KD) is a brand-new diet that has only recently emerged and is frequently used as an alternative for treating epilepsy and other diseases. Although it may increase patient survival time, it has not been known to extend life expectancy in healthy populations effectively. Moreover, the effect of these nutrients on lifespan may be generally influenced by the subjects’ age and health status. In conclusion, the three macronutrients significantly impact mammalian longevity and may eventually replace DR as the key to dietary recommendations for human longevity. Therefore, a key focus of future research on longevity is needed to thoroughly and meticulously reveal the molecular mechanisms by which macronutrients affect lifespan. These dietary composition-related longevity interventions and the associated tools could provide new insights into studying healthy longevity.

281 The Relationship between Postnatal Hormone Concentrations and the Development of Boar Taint at Puberty

Abstract The development of boar taint is dependent on the balance between the rate of androstenone synthesis and metabolism, which regulates the quantity of androstenone available for accumulation in the fat. The pubertal production of androstenone and other sex steroids is influenced by sexual maturity status and preceded by a significant period of hormone production during postnatal development that occurs from 14 to 35 days of age (DOA). However, the relationship between postnatal and pubertal hormone production is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if postnatal hormone concentrations can be used to predict sexual maturity status and boar taint development at puberty. Crossbred [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] boars (n=90)] were housed in groups of 10. Blood samples were taken at 14, 21, 28, and 35 DOA and again at 120, 130, and 140kg live weights (LWs) along with backfat samples. Plasma and fat androstenone concentrations were quantified using an androstenone-specific ELISA. Plasma estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were determined by RIA and used as an indicator of sexual maturity status. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman correlation. Several nonlinear monotonic relationships were identified between postnatal and pubertal hormone concentrations and are presented in Table 1. A moderate positive correlation was identified between plasma androstenone concentrations at 21 and 28 DOA and fat androstenone concentrations at 120, 130, and 140kg LWs, and between E1S concentrations at 21 DOA and E1S concentrations at 120, 130, 140kg LWs. However, the strength of the relationship between postnatal and pubertal hormone concentrations was insufficient for accurately predicting sexual maturity status or boar taint at puberty. These results suggest that additional factors regulating the development of boar taint, such as the rate of metabolism or accumulation, should be considered in future efforts to develop a predictive model using postnatal hormone concentrations.