Sex Role Identity Research Articles

(039) Social Support Significantly Mediates the Relationship Between Gender Role Nonconformity and Sexual Dysfunction

Abstract Introduction Uncertainty remains about the psychological and sexual implications of gender role nonconformity (GRNC), generally defined as men endorsing or performing femininity, and women endorsing or performing masculinity. Previous studies have demonstrated that variance in gender presentation is associated with negative psychological consequences. Homophobic stigmatization and internalized homophobia partially mediate this association, suggesting it is not the practice of GRNC that causes distress, but internal or external reactions to it. Objective Here, we test the hypothesis that people reporting higher levels of GRNC will have more sexual dysfunction, and that social support will mediate this relationship. Methods We analyzed data from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. The sample we selected includes 781 subjects (age= 48.99 ± 17.42, sex= 67% female). All subjects completed the Sex Role Identity Scale (SRIS) and the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-40). GRNC was quantified by SRIS questions-subjective GRNC was assessed using the question “How feminine/masculine do you think you are?”, behavioral GRNC was assessed with “How feminine/masculine do you act or behave?”, and perceived GRNC with “How feminine/masculine do you think you appear and come across to others?” A composite variable was created to assess overall GRNC. Sexual dysfunction was measured with the relevant TSC-40 subscale. Because the distribution of GRNC scores were not normally distributed, we performed a quantile regression analysis using the quantreg and mediation packages in R to understand the mediation effect of social support on the relationship between GRNC and sexual dysfunction, while controlling for sex, age, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. Results In the quantile regression model, GRNC significantly predicted sexual dysfunction (β = 0.86, 95%CI [0.52, 1.20]) and social support significantly predicted sexual dysfunction (β = -3.63, 95%CI [-4.30, -2.42]). In the mediation analysis, there was a significant mediation effect of social support on the relationship between GRNC and sexual dysfunction (β = 0.17, 95%CI [0.04, 0.31], p<0.001), controlling for sex, age, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. The mediation effect accounted for 16.56% (95%CI [0.05-0.28], p<0.001) of the variance in sexual dysfunction. Conclusions GRNC significantly predicts sexual dysfunction, and social support significantly mediates this relationship, accounting for a substantial percentage of its variance. These results suggest that although GRNC can be associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences, the impacts are significantly mediated by the quality and strength of social relationships. This supports previous literature suggesting that negative reactions to nonconformity, both personal and systemic, may account for decreased well-being in people exhibiting GRNC. Although the findings are limited by the nature of secondary analyses, these results highlight the clinical significance of understanding GRNC to better treat patients with sexual dysfunction and promote healthy sexual functioning for all individuals. Disclosure No

Meat-eating justification when gender identity is threatened – The association between meat and male masculinity

Identifying psychological barriers that prevent individuals from adopting a meat-free diet is a key to success for environmentalists. The current study experimentally investigates the relation between sex, sex role identification, and meat-eating justification by exposing participants to a gender identity threat or affirmation. In the threat condition, participants received the information that they had below-average levels of masculinity/femininity, whereas in the affirmation group they were told to be above average with regard to their masculinity/femininity. Two-hundred female and 132 male participants were randomly assigned to these conditions. The findings suggest that men and women rationalize their meat consumption differently: While men directly and unapologetically defend their behavior, women tend to avoid recognizing their own responsibility. Moreover, masculinity was associated with direct meat-eating justifications among male, but not among female participants. The experimental manipulation did not affect direct or indirect meat-eating justification. However, further exploratory analyses suggest that how threatening the manipulated feedback was perceived was not primarily dependent on the participant’s sex, but rather the individual identification with sex roles. Therefore, simply basing gender identity threats on participant’s sex might be outdated. The results highlight the association between meat and male masculinity and encourage future studies to take a more nuanced approach to gender identity threats.

An empirical investigation of the roles of biological, relational, cognitive, and emotional factors in explaining sex differences in dyadic sexual desire

One challenge many marital couples face is that they experience discrepant levels of sexual desire for one another. Such discrepancies are particularly likely to arise in mixed-sex relationships because, at least in long-term relationships, men tend to have higher levels of sexual desire for their partner than do women. But what underlies this sex difference? We used a dyadic study of 100 mixed-sex community-based newlywed spouses to investigate the role of biological, relational, cognitive, and emotional factors in explaining sex differences in dyadic sexual desire for a long-term partner. Consistent with predictions, wives on average reported lower daily sexual desire for their spouse than did husbands. Moreover, individual differences in men’s and women’s levels of circulating testosterone explained this sex difference whereas relational (marital satisfaction, commitment), cognitive (sex-role identification, stress, self-esteem), and emotional (mood, depressive symptoms) factors did not. These findings advance our knowledge of factors that influence dyadic sexual desire and may have practical implications for treating relationship distress in mixed-sex marriages.

Gender Differences in Self-Estimated Intelligence: Exploring the Male Hubris, Female Humility Problem.

Despite evidence from cognitive psychology that men and women are equal in measured intelligence, gender differences in self-estimated intelligence (SEI) are widely reported with males providing systematically higher estimates than females. This has been termed the male hubris, female humility effect. The present study explored personality factors that might explain this. Participants (N = 228; 103 male, 125 female) provided self-estimates of their general IQ and for Gardner’s multiple intelligences, before completing the Cattell Culture Fair IQ test as an objective measure of intelligence. They also completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) as a measure of sex-role identification, and measures of general and academic self-esteem. Both gender and sex-role differences were observed for SEI, with males and participants of both genders who scored high in masculinity offering higher self-estimates. By comparing estimated and observed IQ, we were able to rule out gender differences in overall accuracy but observed a pattern of systematic underestimation in females. An hierarchical multiple regression showed significant independent effects of gender, masculinity, and self-esteem. Mixed evidence was observed for gender differences in the estimation of multiple intelligences, though moderately sized sex-role differences were observed. The results offer a far more nuanced explanation for the male hubris, female humility effect that includes the contribution of sex role identification to individual and group differences.

Concepts of Posttraumatic Growth by Cultural Dispositions and Sex-Role Identities

목적 본 연구는 개인의 문화 성향과 성 정체감이 개인의 외상 후 성장 개념에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 탐색하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 개인주의⋅집단주의, 여성성⋅남성성과 외상 후 성장 개념간의 관련성을 확인하였다. 방법 외상 경험이 있는 만 18세 이상의 성인 총 484명의 참가자들을 대상으로 외상 후 성장 척도(PTGI)의 각 문항이 ‘본인이 생각하는 성장의 개념’을 잘 표현하고 있는지 평가하도록 하고, 이를 다음의 두 단계로 분석하였다. 먼저, 한국 문화권에서 상대적으로 중요하게 지각되는 외상 후 성장 개념 하위 요인 간 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 일원분산분석을 실시하였다. 다음으로 성별의 효과를 통제한 후, 문화 성향으로 개인주의⋅집단주의가 그리고 성 정체감으로는 여성성⋅남성성이 외상 후 성장 개념을 예측하는지 알아보기 위해 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과 외상 후 성장 개념 하위 요인 간 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 참가자들은 개인 개념, 가능성 개념과 감사 개념, 대인 개념, 영적 개념 순으로 중요하게 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 개인주의⋅집단주의, 여성성⋅남성성이 외상 후 성장 개념의 하위요인을 예측하는 정도가 다르게 나타났다. 결론 한국 문화권에서는 상대적으로 개인 강점의 발견이 가장 중요한 성장 개념으로 인식되었다. 또한 개인이 가지고 있는 문화적 요인(문화 성향, 성 정체감)에 따라 각자 중요하게 생각하는 외상 후 성장 개념이 달라질 수 있다.

Psychological Androgyny and Sex-Type among Sudanese Universities’ Students

Aim: This study designed to investigate the sex type and androgynous individual among a sample of Sudanese students by applying Bem’s sex role inventory (BSRI). This study carried out in Sudan’s capital (Khartoum, Khartoum-North and Omdurman). Sex differences in terms of many aspects, femininity, masculinity or sex gender, sex role identity, and sex stereotype, the manner that each society shaped its individual. Methods: The investigator applied the Bem’s sex role inventory on 240 sample of universities students selected systematic randomly from: Omdurman Islamic University, The Ahfad University for Women and the Arts College of Khartoum University. The investigator attempts to apply the Bem’s sex role inventory on those selected sample from the three Universities. Male-female (M-F) scales were developed to measure masculine and femininity traits. Sandra Bem and others (1975) criticized those scales or tests. Then she developed another scale for measuring sex type individuals, androgynous individual has a wider range of capabilities. Results: The results showed the existence of androgynous person. Near the half of the Islamic university (45%), the Ahfad University for Women (28.8%), and more than half among Khartoum’s students (66.7%) are androgynous. The majority of the females at Ahfad and Khartoum students are sex-type in feminine direction; hence, male students are not extremely sex-type.Conclusion: Bem sex role inventory can possess feminine and masculine traits equally, this person or individual known as androgynous. In this study, the existence of androgynous person is there. Near the half of the Islamic university (45%), the Ahfad University for women (28.8%), and more than half among Khartoum’s students (66.7%) are androgynous. The majority of the females in Ahfad and Khartoum students are sex-type in feminine direction.

Sexual Role Identity and Anal Sex Positioning among Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican Immigrant Sexual Minority Men

ABSTRACT Sexual role identities for anal sex and anal sex positionings are often conflated in research. This study aimed to identify profiles of sexual minority men based on sexual role identity and anal sex positioning and determine correlates of these profiles, including individual (i.e., HIV-status identity, condom use, partner type, sexual orientation) and cultural (i.e., same-race partnering, country of birth, acculturation) factors. A sample of Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican immigrant sexual minority men (n = 480) living in New York City were surveyed about identity and positioning at the two most recent encounters. Individual and cultural factors were examined as correlates of profiles identified through latent class analysis. Four latent classes were identified: No Labels (12%), Receptive Bottoms (16%), Insertive Tops (23%), Insertive and Receptive Versatiles (49%). We found a concordance rate of ~70% between identity and behavior. A proportion (12%) of behaviorally versatile men chose not to use sexual role labels. Living with HIV was associated with receptive and versatile classes, sex with main partners was associated with versatility, and sexual orientation differed across classes. Identity and behavior should not be used interchangeably in research or applied domains, particularly given the complexities of versatility and men who prefer to not use labels.

Top, Versatile, and Bottom Identities and Sexual Behaviors in Self-Identified Bisexual MSM

There is a lack of research concerning self-identified bisexual men who have sex with men (BMSM), specifically regarding their self-identification as top, versatile, or bottom and their sexual behaviors. As a result, this study seeks to examine the use of top, versatile, and bottom identity labels among a group of self-identified BMSM and to describe their sexual behaviors, examining any possible associations between sexual positions and condomless anal sex. This study recruited 278 BMSM, who ranged in age from 21 to 69 years old (Mage=44.92, SDage=10.74). This study recruited participants via websites, e-mail, and social media. All participants self-identified as bisexual men who have sex with other men. The majority of sample participants were married to a woman (32.7%) or single (30.7%), held a university degree, and lived in urban areas. Participants indicated relatively high bisexual identity acceptance levels (8.03 on a scale from 1 to 10). The survey included three categories of questions, encompassing sociodemographic information, sex role self-identifications, and (un)protected anal sex behaviors. Regarding typical anal sex behaviors, 41.4% of BMSM self-identified as bottoms, 30.3% as tops, and 28.3% as versatiles. The study found significant differences among BMSM for all types of anal sex practices based on sex role identities. Versatile men more frequently reported condomless receptive anal sex, whereas tops were the most likely to report partaking in condomless insertive anal sex. Finally, self-identified bottom BMSM perceived themselves as having shorter penises and being younger in age than BMSM self-identifying as tops, versatiles, or as older in age. This study shows that sexual position self-labeling among BMSM is complex, as well as the need for further research.

Sex Differences in the Relationships between Sex Role Identity, Relationship Problems, and Relationship Satisfaction among College Students

Sex Differences in the Relationships between Sex Role Identity, Relationship Problems, and Relationship Satisfaction among College Students

Gender identification as a subjective, social and psychological reality in the period of adulthood

The article deals with a holistic analysis of the problem of gender identification as a subjective, social and psychological reality in the period of adulthood. In the context of the personal-egalitarian paradigm it is stated that sex-role identification is the leading mechanism of gender identity as a process and results of motivational and value dispositions of the person during period of adulthood. Gender identification plays an important role in the formation of gender self-consciousness of a person, in formation of her/his self-image, and acquiring the requirements for gender-role behavior. Gender identity characterized as being marked by awareness of gender-role cultural standards as well as social and psychological instructions, accepting the traditional or egalitarian modes of behavior, formation of ego-structures in the continuum of masculinity and femininity, by representation of the individual experience of self-knowledge and attitudes to evaluating oneself and others, by agreement and balancing between the real and ideal gender Self. The author’s model of sex-role identification of personality in adulthood is shown. The content of psychological mechanisms and the patterns of functioning of personal gender identity as a subjective, social and psychological reality in adulthood in the context of humanistic, genetic and cognitive psychology are defined. Masculinity and femininity as individual’s attributes are the basic categories in the analysis of sex-role «I» formation. In addition, gender orientations (traditional or egalitarian) are important indicators of individual’s self-identification. Although the practical aspect of the gender identity question is quite «open», however it has a profound inner layer, as it encompasses a lot of unrevealed psychological mechanisms of personal and spiritual development of a human.

A Study on Teacher Efficacy and Happiness in Relation to the Sex-Role Identity of Early Childhood Teachers

A Study on Teacher Efficacy and Happiness in Relation to the Sex-Role Identity of Early Childhood Teachers

Exploring Emotional Intelligence of Managers Through the Lens of Sex and Gender Role Identity

Exploring Emotional Intelligence of Managers Through the Lens of Sex and Gender Role Identity

Relações entre não Maternidade e Sexualidade Feminina: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura Científica

A sexualidade feminina ancorou-se, por décadas, nos estereótipos culturais de que a vida sexual conjugal era desnecessária assim que a mulher cumprisse a função de procriar. Este estudo objetivou apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica acerca de como a não maternidade interfere na sexualidade feminina. O método baseou-se na busca por artigos completos nas bases/bibliotecas LILACS, PePSIC e SciELO, publicados em português no período de janeiro de 2012 a novembro de 2017. Os artigos tinham que contribuir para responder à pergunta norteadora: Como a não maternidade interfere na sexualidade feminina? Foram recuperados para análise 19 artigos e os resultados mostram que 15 são estudos empíricos que utilizaram enfoques quantitativos e qualitativos. A literatura aponta que parece haver uma identidade de papel sexual menos tradicional nas mulheres voluntariamente sem filhos. Dar visibilidade à maternidade e a não maternidade é um movimento igualmente importante, abrindo possibilidades de leitura e construção de roteiros sexuais e afetivos menos conservadores e engessados em uma lógica restritiva, punitiva e inflexível, o que deve ser permanentemente capturado pela literatura da área.

Success Factors for Marital Satisfaction of Women in South Korea: Focusing on Interaction Factors

This study investigated the association of marital satisfaction with spouse interaction factors as well as affecting factors among married women in South Korea. A survey of 209 married women was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The findings showed that women’s marital satisfaction was higher when basic psychological needs, including autonomy, competence, and relatedness, were met. Marital satisfaction was also higher when respondents felt that they had good communication with their spouses and when they spent an average of 30 minutes to 1 hour per day in conversation with their spouses. In addition, marital satisfaction was higher when women’s economic status was higher and when they had an androgynous sex role identity. Based on the results of this study, a marriage adaptation program suitable for Korean culture should be developed so that spouse interaction factors experienced by married women can positively affect their marital satisfaction.

BULLFIGHTING AND MASCULINITY IN JORGE GUTIERREZ’S THE BOOK OF LIFE

This study is conducted to analyse the masculinity in Jorge Gutierrez’s The Book of Life. The study is also conducted to discuss the variety of masculine characteristics within The Book of Life. The film takes place in a little Mexican town called San Angel where the protagonist, Manolo Sanchez, must choose between his family heritage to become the next Sanchez bullfighter or to become himself in his own image. The main objectives of this study are to explore the characters’ environmental structure, to distinguish the different characteristics of masculinity between them, and to relate masculinity with bullfighting in The Book of Life. This study uses gender and film approach. Gender approach is used particularly on masculinity since it is the primary discussion in this thesis while film approach is used to aid the researcher to determine where the masculinity is shown in The Book of Life. The method of this research is conducted through film and script analysis. Specific shots and lines from the script are analysed then discussed with the theories regarding masculinity and film. The result shows that Manolo’s masculine characteristics predominantly lies on Male Sex Role Strain, homosexual masculinity, and imposed environment. Meanwhile, Joaquin and Carlos shares the same masculine characteristics; they dominate the Male Sex Role Identity in all four themes and have the same hegemonic masculinity. Though their environment is nothing alike, Joaquin’s selected environment and Carlos’s constructed environment proved to be more masculine than Manolo. From these, the relations between the masculine characteristics particularly on Pleck’s Male Sex Role Identity and bullfighting shows that the various mise-en-scene displays the facial expressions of Manolo and Carlos frequently on scenes where the activity of bullfighting occurred. The framing language is dominated between MS (Medium Shot) and ECU (Extreme Close-Up) shot. Lastly, the continuity editing in The Book of Life is more dominant in the 180o Rule and Shot/Reverse Shot. Keywords: masculinity, gender study, film study _________________________________________ DOI > https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.2018.180111

Bullfighting and Masculinity in Jorge Gutierrez�s The Book of Life

This study is conducted to analyse the masculinity in Jorge Gutierrezs The Book of Life. The study is also conducted to discuss the variety of masculine characteristics within The Book of Life. The film takes place in a little Mexican town called San Angel where the protagonist, Manolo Sanchez, must choose between his family heritage to become the next Sanchez bullfighter or to become himself in his own image. The main objectives of this study are to explore the characters environmental structure, to distinguish the different characteristics of masculinity between them, and to relate masculinity with bullfighting in The Book of Life. This study uses gender and film approach. Gender approach is used particularly on masculinity since it is the primary discussion in this thesis while film approach is used to aid the researcher to determine where the masculinity is shown in The Book of Life. The method of this research is conducted through film and script analysis. Specific shots and lines from the script are analysed then discussed with the theories regarding masculinity and film.The result shows that Manolos masculine characteristics predominantly lies on Male Sex Role Strain, homosexual masculinity, and imposed environment. Meanwhile, Joaquin and Carlos shares the same masculine characteristics; they dominate the Male Sex Role Identity in all four themes and have the same hegemonic masculinity. Though their environment is nothing alike, Joaquins selected environment and Carloss constructed environment proved to be more masculine than Manolo. From these, the relations between the masculine characteristics particularly on Plecks Male Sex Role Identity and bullfighting shows that the various mise-en-scne displays the facial expressions of Manolo and Carlos frequently on scenes where the activity of bullfighting occurred. The framing language is dominated between MS (Medium Shot) and ECU (Extreme Close-Up) shot. Lastly, the continuity editing in The Book of Life is more dominant in the 180o Rule and Shot/Reverse Shot.Keywords: masculinity, gender study, film study

青少年情感忽视与心理弹性—性别角色认同的中介作用

青少年情感忽视与心理弹性—性别角色认同的中介作用

성별과 Holland 유형의 관계 : 공감하기-체계화하기 유형과 성역할정체성의 역할

본 연구는 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 차이와 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계에서 E-S 유형, 성역할정체성의 역할을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 다음과 같은 연구문제를 설정하였다. 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 차이는 있는가? 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계는 E-S 유형으로 설명되는가? 성별에 따른 Holland 유형의 관계는 성역할정체성에 의해 설명되는가? 성별, E-S 유형, 성역할정체성, Holland 유형간의 관계는 어떠한가? 연구대상은 고등학생과 대학생 650명(남학생 288명, 여학생 362명)이었다. 연구도구는 Holland 적성탐색검사, 공감하기-체계화하기 척도, 성역할정체성 척도를 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과와 논의를 통해 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, Holland 유형은 성차가 존재했으며, 특히 실재형, 예술형, 사회형, 관습형의 빈도는 성차가 있었다. 실재형은 남학생이 예술형, 사회형, 관습형은 여학생의 빈도가 더 높았다. 각 유형별 척도점수에서도 성차가 있었으며 기업형 척도점수를 제외한 모든 유형의 척도점수에서 성차가 나타났다. 실재형과 탐구형의 척도점수에서 남학생이 높았고, 예술형, 사회형과 관습형의 척도점수에서는 여학생이 더 높았다. 두 번째, 성별과 Holland 유형의 관계에서 E(Emphathizing)-S(Systemizing)유형에 의해 설명되어지는 부분이 있었지만(E-S유형을 경유하는 경로 존재), E-S 유형의 효과를 통제하여도 성별은 여전히 Holland 유형의 설명변인이었다. Holland 유형의 각 척도점수의 경우, E-S유형은 성별과 탐구형 척도점수사이를 완전매개 하였으며, 성별과 실재형, 사회형, 관습형 척도점수사이를 부분매개하였다. 관습형의 경우는 E-S 유형과 성별과의 관계에서 억압변인이었다. 세 번째, 성별과 Holland 유형의 관계에서 성역할정체성에 의해 설명되어지는 부분이 있었지만(성역할정체성을 경유하는 경로 존재), 성역할정체성의 효과를 통제하여도 성별은 여전히 Holland 유형의 설명변인이었다. Holland 유형의 각 척도점수의 경우, 성역할정체성은 성별과 탐구형 척도점수사이를 완전매개 하였으며 성별과 실재형, 예술형, 사회형 척도점수사이를 부분매개 하였다. 네 번째, E-S 유형의 효과와 성역할정체성의 효과를 모두 통제하여도 Holland 유형의 성별에 따른 차이가 나타났다. 척도점수에 있어서 성별은 E-S 유형 및 성역할정체성 효과를 통제하여도 실재형, 예술형, 사회형, 관습형 척도점수를 유의미하게 예측해줄 수 있는 변인이었다. 탐구형 척도점수는 E-S 유형 및 성역할정체성 효과를 통제하여도 성별에 의해 설명되는 부분은 없으나 성차는 존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

Sex Role Identity, Communication Skills, and Group Popularity

Using two groups of undergraduate students (N = 71) the present paper argues about the importance of sex role identity (Bem, 1981) as a potential predictor of group popularity. The results show that participants with psychological androgine identity tend to use better their communication skills and become popular among their peers. Contray to previous studies (e.g. Hall, 1984; Saarni, 1999) focused on gender gap in communication skills, the current study emphasis on the importance of the sex role identity (Bem, 1974, 1975) in undestanding the relation between communication skills and likeability.

Smashing back Doors in: Negative Attitudes toward Bottoms within the Gay Community

<p><em>In the current study, we examined the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and negative attitudes toward effeminacy with prejudice toward sex-role identities in the gay community. Participants recruited from LGBTQA+ student groups from across the United States, completed measures related to their adherence toward hegemonic masculinity, attitudes toward effeminacy, and opinions about bottoms (men who prefer to be penetrated during anal intercourse). The results showed, first,</em><em> </em><em>established evidence that a prejudice toward bottoms does exist. Second, anti-effeminacy attitudes, hostile and benevolent sexism, and male toughness norms predicted prejudice toward bottoms. Taken together, the results illuminate both the importance of sex-role identities within the gay community, and marginalization within the community directed toward men who identify as bottoms. </em></p>