Sex Tourism Research Articles

Attitudes towards Slum Tourism in Mumbai, India: Analysis of Positive and Negative Impacts

Tourism has grown exponentially in the 21st century and continues to be one of the rapidly growing industries in the world in terms of revenue generation and employment opportunities. It covers not only travel services and boarding-lodging activities but a wide range of independent but related sectors like transport, accommodation, food and beverage, and entertainment, among others. Modern tourism is diversified and includes several odd types of tourism, like slum tourism, dark tourism, and sex tourism. This paper analyzes the case of slum tourism to Dharavi, India’s commercial capital and largest city as well as the benefits and disadvantages that such kind of tourism has. It also attempts to understand the opinion of the common people and slum dwellers on slum tourism, while observing if the ten principles of the “Global Code of Ethics for Tourism” (GCET) have been fulfilled in the country. The results show that overall, the principles of GCET are fulfilled but much is still left to be done. On the other side, most of the slum residents accept slum tourism as a reality that brings more benefits than damage to their living environment and are of the opinion that tourism brings prosperity to them and to the country.

Tourists' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism: an exploratory qualitative investigation

PurposeUsing a qualitative approach, this cross-disciplinary study integrating modern slavery, tourism and marketing expertise outlines Chinese outbound tourists' perceptions of and reactions to issues related to child sex tourism.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 27 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data were analysed. Manual coding was chosen as an efficient method to process qualitative interview data given the relatively small sample size in this study.FindingsThree main themes emerged from analysis: (1) tourists' negative perceptions of child sex tourism; (2) tourist boycotts against child sex tourism destinations and activities as reactions to this socially deviant and illegal phenomenon and (3) tourist advocacy to enhance public awareness of child sex tourism. These themes suggest that tourists, as key tourism stakeholders, have difficulty accepting that child sex tourism occurs and would like to identify solutions to end illegal activities. Tourist boycotts would positively affect sustainable tourism development by eliminating illegal businesses, including those involving child prostitution, from the tourism industry. The qualitative method is applied here to develop a conceptual framework explaining tourists' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism.Practical implicationsA conceptual framework of Chinese individuals' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism has been devised using a qualitative approach. Although this framework takes child sex tourism as its focus, it can also be applied to better understand tourists' perspectives of other socially deviant or illegal behaviours within the tourism industry. The findings of this study provide valuable implications for various tourism stakeholders.Originality/valueThe current study makes significant theoretical and practical contributions to an under-researched topic – child sex tourism. A conceptual framework of Chinese individuals' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism has been devised using a qualitative approach. Findings from this study may inspire campaigns to protect children from being drawn into sex tourism. Efforts should also be undertaken to rescue children who have already been victimised by illegal businesses.

COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN: A MENACE

What is the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? The Indian Penal Code defines sexual exploitation of children as: forced or unwanted sexual behaviour towards children, Inclusive of outraging the modesty of a child, rape, sodomy etc. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is mostly element of trafficking. Child trafficking can be defined as any person under 18 who is illegally recruited, transported, transferred, harboured or received by threats, force, and coercion or inducing fear for the purpose of exploitation, either within or outside a country. Child trafficking is a common malpractice in India and also in many parts of world. Child exploitation is done for several reasons. Some of the primary reasons are Sexual exploitation. Children, especially girl children are lured into moving to another city and are forced into prostitution, sex tourism and pornography.

An Analysis of Australia’s Foreign Policy through its Domestic Factors to Combat Child Sex Tourism in Project Childhood

2010 was the year Australia initiated and signed Project Childhood, a grant and partnership to protect children from sexual exploitation due to travel and tourism. Four countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, are in a sub-region where child sex tourism occurs a lot. The phenomenon of transnational borders will involve sending country as the country of traveling child sex offenders, and receiving country for victims coordinates to make serious law enforcement regarding this issue. In formulating foreign policy, domestic factors are one way of looking at why Australia provides funding, assistance, and initiate international cooperation to combat child sex tourism in GMS. Through this research, the authors will explain the domestic factors that influence Australia in initiating Project Childhood as its foreign policy, using domestic determinants as the level of analysis. Then, it will be divided into 3 sub-determinants, they are; highly stable, demonstrating an Australian responsibility for TCSO originating in the country. This is related to one of the demographic components that cause migration problems. Moderately stable, in relation to the domestic reforms that are actively being carried out in the context of enforcing the extraterritoriality. The last, unstable, the factor of public opinion which also has played an important role so that the government gives attention to this phenomenon

The Geopolitics of Sex Tourism in Havana: Landscapes of Gender and Race in One Transnational Film and Two Songs of Despair

The Geopolitics of Sex Tourism in Havana: Landscapes of Gender and Race in One Transnational Film and Two Songs of Despair

Thailand's halal gastrodiplomacy to Indonesia: A study from the glocalisation perspective

This article describes how globalisation paves a way toward Thailand's decision to develop its gastrodiplomacy strategy. In more detail, the practice that the author will examine is the practice of Thai gastrodiplomacy with Indonesia, which is directed explicitly to promoting their halal products. This research is descriptive and uses a case study approach, which may provide a deeper picture of a phenomenon in social sciences. Through the Thailand case study, we can see that so far, countries that have a comparative advantage in the culinary field can also respond to globalisation in their way. Responding to the high demand from the global trend of halal tourism, Thailand has slightly adjusted its gastrodiplomacy strategy towards the halal aspect. This also improves the image of those already popular with sex tourism. Uniquely, this halal gastrodiplomacy has also made them successful in gaining markets in other countries despite not being a Muslim-majority country. This research highlights that the practice of gastrodiplomacy can be viewed from various perspectives. One of them is the perspective of globalisation, which investigates how interactions between people can change our perception of objective and subjective needs and how linking these two needs creates new modes of activity.

Is Sex Tourism Intention Uncontrollable? The Moderating Effects of Ethics and Law

This study explores one of the biggest social issues in South Korea, that is, sex tourism, which is illegal but remains in high demand. The study recruited a total of 1,003 respondents, whose responses were analyzed to understand their intentions for sex tourism. Study 1 revealed that sex tourism intention was largely influenced by subjective norms and moderated by ethical awareness and knowledge of illegality. In Study 2, sex tourism intention non-significantly differed across three scenarios of traveling, namely, to a general destination; to an area where prostitution is legal by local law; and with companions with positive opinions about sex tourism. However, Studies 3 and 4 found that the extent to which reminders and warnings about ethics and illegality reduced sex tourism intention differed according to the scenario. The results suggest that sex tourism intention is conditional and controllable, and, thus, government interventions are justified.

An Ethnographic Assessment of COVID-19‒Related Changes to the Risk Environment for People Who Use Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.

Objectives. To characterize the effects of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on the risk environment of people who use drugs (PWUD) in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods. We used intensive participant-observation ethnography among street-based PWUD and key informants, such as frontline physicians and harm reductionists. Results. PWUD described an unprecedented cessation of police violence and extortion during the initial pandemic-related lockdown, though this quickly reversed and police violence worsened. Government-provided housing and medical treatment with methadone were temporarily provided to PWUD in a dedicated clinic, yet only for PWUD with COVID-19 symptoms. Concurrently, non‒COVID-19‒related hospital care became virtually inaccessible, and many PWUD died of untreated, chronic illnesses, such as hepatitis C, and soft-tissue infections. Border closures, decreases in social interaction, and reduced drug and sex tourism resulted in worsening food, income, and housing insecurity for many PWUD. By contrast, potent illicit drugs remained easily accessible in open-air drug markets. Conclusions. The pandemic exacerbated health risks for PWUD but also offered profound glimpses of beneficial structural changes. Efforts are needed in Tijuana and elsewhere to institutionalize positive pandemic-related shifts and ameliorate novel harms for PWUD. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S2):S199-S202. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306796).

Gringo Love Stories of Sex Tourism in Brazil, by Marie-Eve Carrier-Moisan

Gringo Love Stories of Sex Tourism in Brazil, by Marie-Eve Carrier-Moisan

Child Sex Tourism: A Case Study in Surabaya, Indonesia

This article provides a case study of child sex tourism (CST) in Surabaya, Indonesia. CST cases are difficult to surface because the victims of CST are such vulnerable human beings. Victims of CST need a variety of forms of support for their recovery and reintegration. This article contends that social, economic, political, technological, and individual factors cause CST. It examines the negative impacts of CST, which are medical, social, psychological, and physical in nature. It also reveals that the techniques used for CST recruitment are fake promises, debt bondage, emotional abuse, counterfeit love, drug addiction, physical abuse, gifts and favors. The elimination of CST calls for ending certain depraved cultural practices and beliefs, rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims, proactive anti-CST government policies and programs, enactment and effective enforcement of tough laws prohibiting CST, prosecution of the offenders, raising public awareness about the ills of CST, providing education for all children, the provision of national identification documents to all children, and strict border controls to prevent the trafficking of children for sex tourism.

A new culture of travel? Controversial forms of tourism in the perception of Polish consumers – pilot study

Consumer needs are determined by numerous factors, hence their nature is very complex. Some of them are silent, which significantly limits the possibility of their exploration. These include the needs which exist subconsciously in the mind of an individual, who instinctively seeks to satisfy them, and the needs which an individual conceals (from the society), becoming a consumer of unusual or controversial products. The aim of this article is to assess the level of interest in selected controversial types of tourism, which make up a large part of the purchase behaviour of modern consumers. The gap in research on this subject prompts attempts to provide scientific explanations for the mechanisms associated with the demand side of the tourist sector. The research methodology was based on the use of click-tracking technology. The following three types of tourism were most frequently selected by the respondents: party tourism, extreme tourism and sex tourism. Research into the specificities of the tourism market, including controversial types of tourism, can provide vital guidance for the tourist sector as to the choices made when segmenting customers and changes in the categories of products offered to potential customers. The quantitative mapping of consumer behaviour provides a relatively clear picture of how certain controversial types of tourism are perceived.

Marginality, subversive language and sex tourism: Multilingual practices at the Kenyan coast

Marginality, subversive language and sex tourism: Multilingual practices at the Kenyan coast

As viagens de lazer de turistas LGBTQIA+ pela perspectiva do hedonismo Onfrayreano

This study aims at identifying whether the behaviour of gay tourists on leisure trips manifests categories of post‑modern hedonism as posited by the French philosopher, Michel Onfray. The methodology used was a quali‑qualitative study, based on exploratory‑descriptive research. We chose to prepare a survey‑ ‑type research, which collected 1,403 responses from gay and bisexual male tourists. The results identified a profile of gay Brazilian tourists diverging from that found in the world tourism organisation reports. Al‑ though the group analysed does not represent high income nor international travel, they are domestic tour‑ ists and show no interest in travelling to participate in LGBTQIA+ Pride Parades; and disassociate them‑ selves from the LGBTQIA+ sex tourism segment. Michel Onfray’s hedonistic behavior is thus confirmed

Защита половой неприкосновенности несовершеннолетних в сети Интернет

Protection of the sexual integrity of minors is one of the key tasks of criminal law protection. The protection of children from sexual violence is enshrined both in domestic legislation and at the level of international acts. At the same time, these crimes have always been considered one of the most dangerous criminal acts, as they lead to the loss of health and life of these children, as well as to a destroyed psyche. Not the last place in the commission of violent crimes against the sexual integrity of children is the Internet. The purpose of the study is a hypothesis about the need to increase the effectiveness of countering crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of analysis and synthesis, which make it possible to identify a causal relationship between the Internet and the growth of crimes against sexual integrity. The statistical method makes it possible to trace the dynamics of the growth of the crimes under consideration, the logical method of presenting the research material is also used, as well as the method of modeling and abstraction. We analyze the possibilities of the Internet for committing the indicated crimes. These opportunities include: a variety of special digital programs that allow you to establish contact with a large number of children, also helping to collect data on children and use them to involve minors in committing crimes against them that infringe on their sexual integrity; the widespread use of mobile devices with access to the World Wide Web allows minors themselves to distribute their images of a sexual nature, which become the property of adults who are interested in receiving them. We focus on the means of committing the indicated crimes: mass distribution, placement and promotion on the Internet of materials containing images of sexual abuse of children; direct sale and receipt of financial rewards for such materials; creation of web studios for viewing pornographic materials; organization of child sex tourism. We identify the following forms of sexual exploitation and abuse of children: Internet harassment, drawing children into viewing materials that are detrimental to their development, where alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution are demonstrated and cultivated; involvement of minors in sexual contact; cyberbullying based on real and fake images of the sexual nature of minors; trafficking in minors into sexual slavery, etc. The results of the study are aimed at improving the mechanism for counteracting crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet.

TO THE PROBLEMS OF POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES)

The article is dedicated to the study of problems of postcolonial feminism in the Philippines and revealing of reasons why they need creation of a separate program that differs from the program of pioneering theorists of postcolonial criticism (Edward Said, Gomi Bgabga, Gayatri Spivak, etc.). The problem of the article is unsufficiently studied postcolonial feminism. The example of the Philippines shows scientific limitations of local articles, however, there is an urgent need to update the whole field of acute issues in the lives of the Filipinos on whom feminist criticism is most focused today. The relevance of the article is due to the interest in development of feminism in the Philippines – postcolonial country which suffered both from colonial West policy and American domination, and had a matriarchal culture in pre‐colonial times. The aim of the article is to analyze the problems, ideas, and strategies of postcolonial feminism in the Philippines in terms of postcolonial philosophy and gender theory. Authors analyze social problems in the lives of the Filipinos, including unresolved women’s issues at all levels of society and LGBTIQ community, sex tourism and prostitution, etc. Cultural foundations of gender perceptions are analyzed in the Philippines and reasons are found for distrust of the Filipinos to Western critics of patriarchy in artificial imposition of patriarchy by Spanish conquerors in colonial times. Authors consider paradoxical situation of LGBTIQ community in the Philippines emphasizing non‐violent and non‐homophobic nature of Philippine society which is represented by the figure of babaylan – transgender woman or feminine shamanic man known even in pre‐colonial times. In addition, authors analyze in detail the problems of sex tourism, prostitution, abandoned children from “white men” who represent not only saved forms of colonialism in the East (they represent the model of symbolic relations between West and East as a relationship between the dominant and the subordinate), but also have transformed into social problems which require regulation by the authorities. The novelty of the study is in an attempt to find interdependencies between historical and cultural characteristics, gender perceptions, and strategies of postcolonial feminism in the Philippines.

Policy silences and the formation of advocacy coalitions in East European sex tourism

ABSTRACT The widening of the European Union and the emergence of budget airlines have brought a host of challenges to member states like Latvia. A result of the economic polarization and its disproportionate effect on women is the explosion of sex tourism. East European destinations such as Rīga have become more prevalent and accessible for sex tourists particularly from Western Europe. Despite this influx of sex tourists, the Latvian government has not formulated a policy response to manage sex tourism. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework from the public policy literature, this article examines how coalitions formed around Latvian sex tourism, a women’s advocacy coalition and a business advocacy coalition despite a policy silence. I find that women’s coalitions are key players in the policy subsystem that share beliefs and coordinate activities related to the victimization of women, while the business coalition prioritized creating a positive image of Latvia and generating tourism revenue over trying to regulate the tourism industry. This case study also reveals how a policy subsystem tried to emerge, but when sex tourism dissipated, coalitions pivoted to other sexual regulatory policy areas dependent on their deep core and policy core beliefs.

1355. Cluster of Multi-drug Resistance Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Reduce Ceftriaxone Susceptibility, First Report in Thailand

Abstract Background Rapid emergence of global azithromycin resistance, with ceftriaxone reduce susceptibility/resistant strains, threatens the current recommends dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin for gonorrhea to ensure effective treatment. Thailand is a major risk area for gonorrhea because it as a key destination for sex tourism industry, where antibiotic resistance gonorrhea can spread easily and quickly across the region. Here, we identified a first cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility in Thailand. Methods A 134 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected from Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic, Bangkok, during 2016–2018 were studied. Broth micro-dilution and plate dilution methods to define resistance or decreased susceptibilityaccording to CLSI guidelines. Select isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing with an Illumina MiSeq V2 instrument and analysis using CLCBio Genomics Workbench v6.5. Molecular docking studies were carried out to understand binding mode analysis and orientation of ceftriaxone in the active site of PBP2. Biofilm formation measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Among the N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates, two isolates had significant reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MICs of 0.125 mg/L), which were isolated from urethral swab in male heterosexual patients. Both were multidrug resistance and strong biofilm producers with ceftriaxone tolerance (MBEC > 128 mg/L). One isolate was resistant to azithromycin (MIC of 1 mg/L), and other one remained susceptible (MIC of 0.5 mg/L). Reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone associated with alterations in PBP2, PBP1, PorB, MtrR, and mtrR promoter region with one belonged to ST7235 and second one had new allele number of tbpB with new sequence type (ST). Ceftriaxone weakly occupy the active site of mosaic XXXIV penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) variant in both. Molecular epidemiology results reviled that both isolates display similarities with isolates from UK, USA, and Netherlands. Conclusion This first cluster of genetically related gonococcal isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility may bring threat of treatment failure in Thailand. Also highlighted the importance of maintaining surveillance for antimicrobial resistance. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Perceived constraints to sex tourism overseas: scale development and validation

PurposeThe relationship between sex and tourism remains ambiguous in the tourism literature. Few studies have examined the underlying motivations behind sex-driven travel, and little is known about factors inhibiting tourists' procurement of commercial sex when traveling. Therefore, this study explored male Chinese tourists' perceived constraints during decision-making and developed a comprehensive scale to assess constraints to commercial sex consumption overseas.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from male Chinese tourists purchasing commercial sex while traveling overseas. This study involved a four-stage process as recommended by Churchill (1979) for scale development research. In Stage 1, preliminary items were generated through a comprehensive review of the constraints literature and in-depth interviews with 16 sex tourists, which generated an initial 26 items. During the second stage to purify the measurement items, six items were eliminated, resulting in 20 items. Stage 3 involved exploratory factor analysis (N = 275) to extract the scale's underlying factor structure. Results revealed a five-factor structure with sufficient evidence of internal reliability given Cronbach's alpha coefficients between 0.722 and 0.843. The final stage included confirmatory factor analysis (N = 259) to verify the scale's reliability and validity.FindingsUltimately, 20 items were developed to measure sex tourists' perceived constraints toward engaging in commercial sex services overseas based on five factors: structural constraints, intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints, value conflicts and service supply–related constraints.Originality/valueThis study advances the scope of sex tourism research by verifying how these five constraints are independent, generalized and can influence the procurement of sexual services overseas. This study is the first in sex tourism research to explore the difficulties facing sex tourists. Results offer marketers important insight on how to better address these constraints while providing a safe and legal sex tourism experience.

Men's sexual behavior during sports tourism

ABSTRACT Although Both sport and sex tourism have been studied extensively in recent decades, until now, no research has been devoted to the sexual behavior of sports tourists. This article seeks to present an initial perspective on the phenomenon and to examine the behavior and characteristics of sports tourists’ sexual behavior when vacationing abroad. To this end, the research adopted a qualitative approach that entailed interviewing 22 young Israeli sports fans who traveled overseas with friends to attend competitive sporting events. Three main themes emerge from the findings of the study: the dynamics of being on vacation as a catalyst for sexual behavior; the individual tourist’s circumstances and his willingness to take an active role in the group’s activities; and the attitude of the tourists toward women and the sex industry. Two main conclusions emerge from the findings. The first is that group dynamics and free time beyond attending sporting events constitute a key component in shaping the tourist’s sexual behavior. The second is the perceived legitimacy of attending sporting events as a trigger for gender-based tourism.

Web-based psychosocial interventions for survivors of child sex tourism and their families: a rethink of counselling

Daily, in almost every part of the world, series of maltreatment are meted on the children. Because of their vulnerability, the time has come to take serious actions and unreserved measures to end this inhumane treatment and support the victims and their communities. Children are innocent beings and are the last hope of every community and nation and deserve a decent and safe environment to grow to the fullest. This is a fundamental human right as capsulated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), an international legal instrument of universal significance. A systematic review of the works of literature using information collected from different sources was actuated. Google search engine, google scholar, web of science, and Scopus database were used to search for these articles. During the search, combinations of words and phrases were used to ensure articles reflected the most current knowledge and scholarly works. The systematic searches beget varied and voluminous articles that had to be sieved not only to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria but also to ensure the fundamental objectives of the study are wrangled. In summary, the potentials of web-counseling include but are not restricted to unlimited access and improved seeking behavior, affordability, convenience, limited pressure, permanent record availability, anonymity, independence and autonomy, empowerment, geographical barriers elimination, less feeling shy, freedom of expression, confidentiality, and privacy, efficiency and effectiveness improvement, all-time access to multiple therapists, resources with no transport cost and hassle, and client-driven therapy sessions