Sex Language Research Articles

105 Gender-Diverse Inclusion: The Language of Sex and Gender in PrEP Clinical Trials

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To construct an assessment scale capable of evaluating a trial’s gender literacy or the extent to which biologically assigned “sex” is understood as separate from culturally defined and personally embodied “gender”. This scale in tandem with a policy brief will outline recommendations for inclusive medical nomenclature in the clinical space. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using clinicaltrials.gov, inclusion/exclusion criteria was recorded for PrEP interventional trials (i.e., Truvada, Descovy). To evaluate these trials, an assessment scale for “gender literacy” is necessary. This scale relies on the fact that sex and gender are distinct elements to one’s identity and ought to be reported as such. As a form of content analysis, where literary information (eligibility criteria) is evaluated based on set rubric, this scale will require validation through inter-coder agreement. Evaluated in a group of 5 college-age students, this scale was used on selected PrEP clinical trials to verify if there was high agreement in the scores given. After validation, the dataset from clinicaltrials.gov underwent evaluation using the proposed assessment scale for gender literacy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The student coders had a Kalpha of 0.4 in the first round of grading. After retraining, their Kalpha increased to 0.68. The grading involved a subjective language rating (LIR), evaluating the usage of inclusive language, and a numerical score (GR) for the demographics of inclusion in a trial. After this inter-coder agreement validation, 216 active PrEP clinical trials (as of March 2023) were downloaded from clinicaltrials.gov. Grading of these trials showed that cisgender males represented 40% of participants, while 28% represented both transgender men and women, and less than 1% represented non-binary individuals. Moreover, more than half of the trials (52%) exhibited cisgender-oriented language or made no reference to gender identity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: It is a scientific imperative for clinical trials to have representative participant bases in order to derive data that is generalizable to afflicted populations. Especially for PrEP clinical trials, where gender-diverse individuals need visibility, trial design must be carefully crafted so as not to exclude through dated or exclusionary language.

Identifying Strategies for the Use of Gender and Sex Language in Clinical One-Liners.

Purpose: The "one-liner," commonly used in clinical communications, summarizes a patient's identity, presenting condition, medical history, and clinical findings. Imprecise, inconsistent use of gender and sex information in one-liners threatens the provision of affirming care to transgender, nonbinary, gender-expansive, and intersex patients and may exacerbate health care disparities. This study aimed to generate guidance for communicating gender and sex information in one-liners. Methods: This is an explanatory sequential, equal status mixed methods study of transgender, nonbinary, gender-expansive, and intersex people and clinicians caring for this population. Survey participants rated one-liners on a five-point Likert-type scale of appropriateness, considering affirmation and clinical utility, and provided open-ended comments. We conducted two focus groups with survey respondents to explore survey results and performed a thematic analysis of survey comments and focus group transcripts. Results: Survey respondents included 57 clinicians and 80 nonclinicians. One-liners containing patient pronouns were rated most appropriate, and appropriate patient descriptors included self-described gender identity or gender-neutral terms. In scenarios where patient sex information was not pertinent to the chief concern (CC), one-liners containing no sex information were rated most appropriate. Four themes were identified: inclusion of sex information based on relevance to the CC, accurate patient representation, influence of clinical setting, and risk of harm from inaccurate one-liners. Conclusion: This study generated data to support the appropriate use of gender and sex language in one-liners. Clinicians, educators, and trainees may use these findings to compose one-liners that are affirming and clinically useful for patients of diverse gender and sex identities.

Chaucerotics: Uncloaking the Language of Sex in The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde

Chaucerotics: Uncloaking the Language of Sex in <i>The Canterbury Tales</i> and <i>Troilus and Criseyde</i>

Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time by Jeffrey Masten

Reviewed by: Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time by Jeffrey Masten Caitlyn McLoughlin Masten, Jeffrey, Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016; cloth; pp. 368; 51 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. US $65.00; ISBN 9780812247862. Medieval and early modern scholars frequently reflect on their disciplinarity, yet only relatively recently have they begun to consider how various normative and powerful social systems have influenced the generation and fruition of their fields. Over the past two hundred years, these fields have operated under fairly homogenous and exclusive academic structures that value and uphold white, Eurocentric, and heteronormative systems of critical engagement and historical e/valuation. Contributing to a contemporary reckoning with just such an exclusionary pedigree, Jeffrey Masten considers the ways that exclusions have been enforced within philological considerations of early modern texts. In Queer Philologies: Sex, Language, and Affect in Shakespeare's Time, Masten explores the relationship between writing and sexuality, offering queer readings not only of particular philological practices and early modern modes of textual production, but, perhaps most notably, of letters themselves (the introductory material takes as a specific and convincing subject the letter Q). Masten argues that 'the study of sex and gender in historically distant cultures is necessarily a philological investigation' (p. 15), directly contributing to what he identifies as a re-emergence of scholastic engagement with premodern sexual identities. By coining the term 'queer philology', Masten necessarily aligns philology with 'sexual practices, the positioning of bodies and body parts, and "identities" that seem nonnormative, whether in their own time or, especially, from this historical distance' (p. 15), bringing welcome nuance to the established connection between language and identity. Masten's queer philology successfully attempts a self-reflection with the aim of highlighting how 'philology's manifold methods and rhetorics of [End Page 236] investigation are often themselves thoroughly implicated in the languages of sex, gender, and the body' (p. 18), and how often writing about language is itself inflected with and reliant upon language of heteronormative reproduction and familial systems. This work then, is of particular interest and use to scholars working on kinship systems, queer or otherwise. In addition to focusing on 'the implication of philological modes of analysis in discourses of sex/gender' (p. 32), the introduction and first chapter focus on early modern standardization practices that were only in their infancy in seventeenth-century Europe, and the various ways that compositors and editors hid or even erased instances of queerness, in premodern acts of straightwashing. The monograph's final section 'advocates explicitly for a more active engagement of editorial practice with philologies of sex, sexuality, and gender', but not before Masten's presentation of three lexicons in the body of the work (focused friendship, boy-desire, and sodomy) that concentrate on 'discourses that have become integral to historical analyses of especially male same-sex relations in early modern England' (p. 32). In these sections, Masten takes as his focus several works by and concerning Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Kyd, among others. While many scholarly texts that operate under the 'queer theory' academic umbrella acknowledge and engage the importance of language in the construction—or more often, deconstruction—of identity, Masten moves beyond a fleeting or cursory concession, engaging the professional practices and scholastic enterprises that determine so completely contemporary conceptions of history and historical texts. Since its release in 2016, Queer Philologies has been overwhelmingly well reviewed, with most writers acknowledging its important contribution to new efforts in 'doing' early modern queer theory. The work's broader impact on the field of early modern drama studies was recognized in 2018 when Masten received the Elizabeth Dietz Memorial Award (Rice University). In 2021, Queer Philologies reminds of the continuing need to examine the often subtle but manifold ways that marginal experiences are embedded in language technologies and systemic culture more broadly. In this way, and although Masten primarily focuses on sexual identities, his study of queer philologies also illuminates the various ways that white, Western assumptions about language and culture dictate critical engagement with premodern history at large. Towards the end of the book, Masten specifically turns his attention to...

An Analysis in Encouraging and Promoting Women to turn into Entrepreneurs by Developing their Entrepreneurial Skills in Abu Dhabi (U.A.E)

The main aim of this study is to examine the Female entrepreneurship skills which motivate them to turn into a successful female entrepreneur. United Arab Emirates has always welcomed Women's no matter what color, religion, language sex or nationalities. Being the safest place on earth United Arab Emirates has always given special respect and place for Women in all sectors The main functions of a women entrepreneurs is to explore the prospects of starting a new venture, Undertake risks, handle the risks and economic uncertainty which happens in business, innovate new ideas and technologies, Coordinate administer, control Supervise and possess to be a good leader. At present United Arab Emirates is welcoming and opening new opportunities for Women's to explore their ideas here. United Arab Emirates is a welcoming landscape for startups. United Arab Emirates has a diverse economy which is a very huge opportunity for an entrepreneur. In Abu Dhabi, Last decade Women Entrepreneurs have been recognized as the untapped source of economic growth. However they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Many authors have examined the Women entrepreneurs but up to date no studies has been conducted in Promoting Women entrepreneurship skills in United Arab Emirates. This may be because of the lack of information's. The research aims to focus in encouraging and promoting Women Entrepreneurs by developing their entrepreneurial skills which will turn them to become a successful. This research study will adopt ethnological nature of design. This study is predominantly based on primary data. This study collected information from primary data and secondary data also for the best effective way to make the study convenient personal interview or structured and unstructured interview will be framed for the collection of data from the sample women entrepreneurs. The collected data will be arranged, classified and organized as per the logic, similarities, uniqueness and methodology. The collected data will be analyzed using statistical package for social science software (SPSS). It's a software to manage the data and calculate a wide statistical data's. A pilot test will also be carried out to check the feasibility and reliability of the structured interview. The study adopted statistical tool Chi Square Test. The study also uses Correlation and ANOVA tool for analysis. The study further discusses the ways to improve the skills by Development, motivation and training programs. Women entrepreneur has been observed as a major source of knowledge about women's entrepreneurship and they are increasingly recognized as a valuable tool for its development and promotion. Women entrepreneur is related to both women's position in society and role of entrepreneurship in the same society. Women entrepreneurs must be taken seriously at individual level( the choice of becoming self-employed) and at the firm level( the performance of women owned and managed firms).The study also discussed about the training programs, in which models are considered to study into the relationship between the Women entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship skills, and the market. This study concluded that if the women is motivated more and encouraged will surely lead to become a successful women entrepreneur in United Arab Emirates, promoting the economic growth of the country and increasing employment opportunities and setting up example showing the women are no lesser than man and se. Noting is impossible for women also. The author thus submitting a theoretical study of Encouraging and promoting women entrepreneurs by developing their skills in United Arab Emirates .Only if the Entrepreneurial Skills are developed and focused on, the Women entrepreneurs can develop into a successful Entrepreneurs.

Michalina Wis\u0142ocka\u2019s The Art of Loving and the Legacy of Polish Sexology

This article discusses the development of Polish sexology as well as the challenges of sex education in Poland in general and the implications of Michalina Wisłocka’s work within the field of adult sex education in particular, both from a historical perspective and against the background of sociopolitical circumstances and the backlash in the sexual politics of today’s Poland. Michalina Wisłocka (1921–2005) is the author of Sztuka kochania [The Art of Loving] from 1978—the most widely read Polish handbook on sex, sexuality and eroticism. Although there has not been a sexual revolution in Poland, the success of the book may be considered revolutionary as it had an enormous impact on sexual awareness among the Poles at least for two decades after its publication. Nowadays, the book is considered groundbreaking as regards its normalizing effect on the language of sex, despite the omnipresence of gender role stereotypes. Even so, the revival of Wisłocka that has been seen in Poland in recent years is quite remarkable because the book appears traditional and largely outdated from today’s perspective. In the context of the postsocialist retraditionalization of sexual politics in Poland, however, the revived interest in Wisłocka seems less ambiguous since it can be perceived both as a sign of backlash and a sign of renewed demand for sexual knowledge and education.

Sex in language: Euphemistic and dysphemistic metaphors in internet forums

Sex in language: Euphemistic and dysphemistic metaphors in internet forums

Entrepreneurial Skills Assessment of Expatriates in Abu Dhabi (U.A.E)

The main aim of this study is to examine the Expatriate entrepreneurship skills which motivate them to turn into a successful entrepreneur. United Arab Emirates has always welcomed Different expatriates no matter what color, religion, language sex or nationalities. And at present also United Arab Emirates is welcoming all the expatriates warmly and providing very huge opportunities for the Expatriates. United Arab Emirates is a welcoming landscape for startups. United Arab Emirates has a diverse economy which is a very huge opportunity for an entrepreneur. Only very few of the expatriates truly turn into a successful entrepreneur and the rest are still struggling for their living and to turn into an entrepreneur. The concept of Entrepreneurship skills is constantly growing, more over in today’s busy and competitive schedule, proper entrepreneurship skills can contribute hugely to overall prosperity of the individual as well as the economy of United Arab Emirates. Entrepreneurship skills are classified into technical skills, Entrepreneurial skills, Managerial skills, personal maturity skills and emotional skills. An expatriate entrepreneur should equally balance these five skills in order to become successful. Many authors have examined the entrepreneurship skills but up to date no studies has been conducted in expatriate entrepreneurship skills in United Arab Emirates. This may be because of the lack of information’s. The research aims to focus on the Entrepreneurship skills of Expatriate which will turn them to become a successful one and the ways to develop them. The data is obtained from Quantitative collection method by direct interviews, which may be structured, semi- structured or unstructured. This study collected information from primary data and secondary data also. The collected data will be analyzed using statistical package for social science software (SPSS). The study adopted statistical tool Chi Square Test. The study further discusses the ways to improve the skills by Development and training programs. The study also discussed about the training programs, in which models are considered to study into the relationship between the entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship skills, and the market. This study concluded that to become a successful entrepreneur in United Arab Emirates, Expatriates should have a strong entrepreneurship skill which can be developed by undergoing training. The author thus submitting a theoretical study of expatriates entrepreneurship skills required by entrepreneurs to become a successful entrepreneurs in United Arab Emirates .Only if the Entrepreneurial Skills are developed and focused on, the Expatriates can develop into a successful Entrepreneurs. And when that expatriate turns into a successful entrepreneurs it will boost the economy of Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) and provide more opportunities for employment and growth of New Entrepreneurs.

Women and Their Bodies in the Popular Reading of 1910

This article discusses the presentation of women's bodies in popular newspapers that reflects an awareness of reproductive health and access to the knowledge and language of sex, ?on or about December 1910?. Originating in Virginia Woolf's biographical writing, diaries and letters, it uses the popular reading of the British public in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, including features and adverts in newspapers, health manuals, and commercially successful novels, to show how Woolf's isolation of a single moment of change for human character was, for most of the population, part of a longstanding social evolution in popular sexual knowledge and moral standards. Novels by H G Wells, Joseph Conrad, Una L Silberrad and Arnold Bennett are discussed, as are coded adverts for abortifacients and menstrual irregularity.

For Love or for Money: Balzac’s Rhetorical Realism by Armine Kotin Mortimer

is Meltzer’s rendition of “Moi, je buvais, crispé comme un extravagant” (136). Most of her arguments are lucid, firmly articulated, and also persuasive. But a few do overreach. Surely, the end of the envoi in Edmond Rostand’s famous “Ballade du duel qu’en l’hôtel bourguignon / Monsieur de Bergerac eut avec un bélître” has little to do with touching a ladylove and much to do with touching the vicomte de Valvert with a blade. More generally, determining the unwitting nature of various manifestations of Baudelaire’s double vision can be problematic. Still, Seeing Double constitutes a splendid performance and will represent a significant stop for anyone interested in Baudelaire and in modernity. University of Pennsylvania Gerald Prince MORTIMER, ARMINE KOTIN. For Love or for Money: Balzac’s Rhetorical Realism. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8142-1169-4. Pp. xi + 333. $52.95. While the author specifies in her introduction that “the reader will not find here anything like a complete interpretation of La comédie humaine” (8), she does provide a very thorough and convincing roadmap of Balzac’s vast literary domain. Mortimer insists on the interaction, rather than the static dichotomy, of what she repeatedly calls the “Prime Movers” of Balzac’s realism, or “the root causes of everything” (301) in the Comédie humaine: “what Balzac invented was precisely a world in which Love needs Money and vice versa” (5). However, even though the two basic forces are inextricably intertwined, relatively few of the multitudinous Balzacian characters can aspire to both: “Happiness means either Love or Money” (133). Indeed, the interaction of the “Prime Movers” usually takes the form of a drawn-out (and most often unequal) struggle, the results of which are frequently visible under the veneer of nineteenth-century bourgeois propriety: “Everywhere Money contaminates Love: greed destroys all the possible family bonds that love might make” (148). The twenty-one chapters of this study are organized into three broad sections—“Rhetorical Forms,” “Semiotic Images,” and “Mimetic Structures” of realism—that recall (but do not mirror) the tripartite structure Balzac chose for the Comédie: “Études de mœurs,” “Études philosophiques,” and “Études analytiques.” Mortimer offers a succinct overview of the three interrelated levels of meaning that she identifies and examines: “the plot, what is being conveyed to inform the reader constitute[s] the mimesis; the semiosis concerns the methods for conveying that information; rhetoric (taken broadly) provides the tools for mimesis and semiosis and in a sense subsumes both” (11). Despite the level of sophistication of the analysis, most chapters in For Love or Money are refreshingly jargon-free. Several chapters are devoted to, or touch on, the issue of Balzac’s famously elaborate family genealogies, which not only structure the plot and adumbrate the dénouement of numerous novels, but also reflect the convoluted financial transactions that link the characters: “The circulation of money, never secondary or insignificant in Balzac, follows a complex structure analogous to the excessive complexities of the genealogy” (158). Other chapters scrutinize the variety of Balzacian character types, which, as it turns out, “are not limited to people, as there are cities, streets, dwellings, furnishings, and clothing that function as types as well” (298). Another analytical thread running through the chapters is Balzac’s notable use of “explications nécessaires”—“where he writes the instruction manual Reviews 831 for his writing” (179)—ostensibly to supply useful background and causality, thereby guiding the reader through the intricacies of the plot, but also to arrive at a sharper or more precise level of realism. One entertaining as well as perceptive chapter is devoted to Balzac’s “Language of Sex”—which, despite being euphemistic and elliptical, usually remains clear. Unsurprisingly, Mortimer illustrates her close readings by regularly supplying quotes in French, followed by English translations. A very minor quibble: one wonders why it was necessary to translate , for instance, “condottieri de l’Industrie moderne” into “condottieri of modern Industry” (95). Consistently insightful and elegantly written, For Love or for Money will likely become an incontournable text for Balzac scholars. Western Washington University Edward Ousselin REGGIANI, CHRISTELLE. L’éternel et l’éphémère: temporalités dans...

L’éternel et l’éphémère: temporalités dans l’œuvre de Georges Perec by Christelle Reggiani

for his writing” (179)—ostensibly to supply useful background and causality, thereby guiding the reader through the intricacies of the plot, but also to arrive at a sharper or more precise level of realism. One entertaining as well as perceptive chapter is devoted to Balzac’s “Language of Sex”—which, despite being euphemistic and elliptical, usually remains clear. Unsurprisingly, Mortimer illustrates her close readings by regularly supplying quotes in French, followed by English translations. A very minor quibble: one wonders why it was necessary to translate , for instance, “condottieri de l’Industrie moderne” into “condottieri of modern Industry” (95). Consistently insightful and elegantly written, For Love or for Money will likely become an incontournable text for Balzac scholars. Western Washington University Edward Ousselin REGGIANI, CHRISTELLE. L’éternel et l’éphémère: temporalités dans l’œuvre de Georges Perec. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010. ISBN 978-90-420-3224-8. Pp. 202. $54. While much recent critical work on Perec has examined the description of space, Reggiani’s analysis places temporality at the heart of Perec’s conception of literature. The book is composed of a series of studies united by a central claim: Perec understands writing as a form of ascetic experience, a quest for the suspension of time encapsulated in the phrase from Les revenentes (1972) that reappears as the epigraph to the final chapter of La vie mode d’emploi (1978): “Je cherche en même temps l’éternel et l’éphémère.” The first section of Reggiani’s book, “La langue et l’expérience du temps,” considers matters of style not from the point of view of Oulipian constraints, but at the level of diction, syntax, and punctuation. The first chapter shows that the rhetoric of proper names in Je me souviens (1978) negotiates between readability and referential opacity, community and secrecy. Chapter two considers Perec’s use of parentheses to demarcate spaces, bring into play a plurality of voices, give a grammatical frame to the syntactic ruptures produced by constraints, or mark out a discreet space for the personal. In the third chapter, an analysis of the anaphoric and deictic role of demonstratives in the opening of La vie mode d’emploi serves as a starting point for a broader reflection on fictional reference and the history of the realist novel. The second part of the book (“Temps et récit: le romanesque ”) focuses on questions of fictional form and narrative temporality in Perec’s masterwork La vie mode d’emploi (chapter four) and Un cabinet d’amateur (1979), read as Perec’s farewell to the genre of the novel (chapter five). The two chapters of the section “Le temps des images” reconsider the affinities of Perec’s writing with the temporality of the photographic and cinematic image. Turning to the historical context and reception of Perec’s work, the final section (“Mémoires littéraires”) seeks to elucidate two disparities: the gap between Perec’s Oulipian writing and other contemporary formalisms (chapter eight), and the dissymmetry between Perec’s relatively limited influence in the literary field and the reinterpretations of his work that have made a significant impact in the visual and plastic arts (chapter nine). Finally, the epilogue explores Perec’s problematic relation to lyric subjectivity via a reading of his last published poem, “L’éternité” (1981). Uniting Reggiani’s expertise as a specialist of ‘constrained writing’ with her scholarship on the place of rhetoric in the modern novel—her previous publications include Éloquence du roman (Droz, 2008)—the book skillfully combines attention 832 FRENCH REVIEW 86.4 to stylistic detail with an emphasis on larger problems of literary history. We encounter a number of the familiar themes of Perec criticism, drawn in particular from the groundbreaking work of Bernard Magné: the importance of the trace and the gap (the palindromic couple trace/écart), the tension between rupture and suture, the emphasis on the formal anchoring of autobiographical motifs (Magné’s aencrage). However, Reggiani resituates these critical topoi within a larger rhetorical perspective that brings welcome attention to modes of address and to problems of audience and reception. Readers of Perec will also appreciate Reggiani’s discussion of previously overlooked aspects of...

Eminent Outlaws: The Gay Writers Who Changed America

SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2012 75 Rachel Polonsky Molotov’s Magic Lantern Farrar, Straus & Giroux Upon returning to Moscow, Polonsky discovers the forgotten library of the ruthless Soviet politician Vyacheslav Molotov. This launches a journey across Russia to visit the landscapes found in his collection. Polonsky weaves politics, history, and culture in this tribute to Russian literature. Of Gentle Wolves Martin Woodside, ed. and tr. Calypso Editions In this anthology of Romanian poetry, Woodside offers a snapshot of a nation struggling to shed the baggage of its past. Featuring fourteen poets and side-by-side Romanian and English translations, the collection expresses a variety of themes and styles that in their unity and contradiction offer a decidedly Romanian perspective. Nota Bene The scene in “Day Return,” of Sebald pulling out of Liverpool Street station , reading Samuel Pepys’s diary, is one we will revisit in the closing pages of his novel Vertigo. Galbraith’s copious endnotes, at over forty pages, reveal the textual sources from which his translations are drawn. They also throw considerable light on Sebald’s large and complex web of allusions to landscapes, place names, art and literature, and to other important points of historical relevance. Across the Land and the Water is a book of genuine substance. Not only is it an invaluable addition to Sebald’s existing corpus, it is, for those as yet unfamiliar with his work, a perfect point of entry. George Messo Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia Miscellaneous Christopher Bram. Eminent Outlaws: The Gay Writers Who Changed America. New York. Twelve / Grand Central. 2012. isbn 9780446563130 Deftly written and refreshingly nonacademic , Eminent Outlaws spans fifty years of gay fiction, drama, and poetry from Gore Vidal, Truman Capote, Allen Ginsberg, and James Baldwin to Edmund White, Michael Cunningham , Thom Gunn, and Tony Kushner. Something unusual occurred in American fiction around 1948: the love that dared not speak its name found its voice—soft at the beginning but growing increasingly louder. Gore Vidal’s The City and the Pillar (1948) appeared the same year as Leslie Fiedler’s influential essay, “Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey,” illustrating Fiedler’s thesis that in American fiction the female is an impediment to deep friendship between males. That year, Truman Capote’s Other Voices, Other Rooms also arrived, dreamily poetic and sexually ambiguous, except to those who understood that the kimono-wearing Cousin Randolph was not a typical male. Even earlier, gay-themed plays made their way to the stage. The main characters in Dorothy Baker’s Trio (1945) were a lesbian professor, her enthralled protégé, and a young man who tries to free her from thralldom . Today Trio seems as genteel as Henry James’s The Bostonians (1886) and as easily decoded. Shakespeare did not have to equivocate. In Troilus and Cressida, Thersites openly refers to Patroclus as “Achilles’ male varlet” and “his masculine whore.” Theatergoers in the 1950s saw two radically different approaches to homosexuality: the 1952 revival of Lillian Hellman’s The Children’s Hour, in which Martha confesses her lesbianism and then commits suicide, as if she were punishing herself for her sexual orientation; and Tennessee Williams ’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955), in which Brick’s beloved friend, Skipper , an unseen character, does the same after Brick’s wife, Maggie, forces him to confront his gayness. Although Brick insists that he and Skipper were just best friends, Brick doth protest too much, and Williams hoped audiences would realize it. Allen Ginsberg did not have to resort to subterfuge or euphemism. In Howl (1956), he celebrates gay sex in language that makes Walt Whitman seem quaint by comparison. Gradually, writers began to drop the mask. In Edward Albee’s The Zoo 76 WORLD LITERATURE TODAY reviews Story (1960), Jerry reveals that he had been “homosexual” and, from his actions, still is. All but one of the characters in Mart Crowley’s The Boys in the Band (1968) are gay—and the one who claims he isn’t probably is. In the AIDS era, there was Thom Gunn’s collection, The Man with Night Sweats (1992), a threnody for the plague victims that can only be read with pauses for reflection...

Media and Sex

Little is known about Hispanic teens' sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors and their relationship to media influences. Information about this relationship could contribute to an understanding of the early onset of sexual behavior and early teen pregnancy. This paper reports preliminary findings from a pilot project conducted to determine local Hispanic adolescents' use of media and describe their perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding sexual activity. Five focus groups were conducted (n = 24); ages ranged from 14 to18. The focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed to identify emergent themes. Analyses revealed that participants received an inordinate amount of sexual information from television, music, and magazines. The teens admitted that sex in the media desensitized them to risks of, and increased their perceived pressure for participating in sexual activity. To create more effective sexuality education programs, media influences, the language of sex, and ethnic- and gender-specific perceptions of sex need to be considered.

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France Around 1200 (review)

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France Around 1200 (review)

‘It’s a man’s world’: Recent Studies of Male Representation of the Female in the Middle Ages

Blamires, Alcuin (ed.) Woman Defamed and Woman Defended. An Anthology of Medieval TextsBaldwin, John W. The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200Kay, Sarah and Rubin, Miri (eds) Framing Medieval BodiesLomperis, Linda and Stanbury, Sarah (eds) Feminist Approaches to the Body in Medieval LiteratureBurns, E. Jane Bodytalk: When Women Speak in Old French LiteratureKrueger, Roberta L. Women Readers and the Ideology of Gender in Old French Verse RomanceCazelles, Brigitte The Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth CenturyMeale, Carol M. (ed.) Women and Literature in Britain, 1150–1500Cherewatuk, Karen and Wiethaus, Ulrike (eds) Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistology Genre

The Language of Sex: Five Voices From Northern France Around 1200 by John W. Baldwin (review)

The Language of Sex: Five Voices From Northern France Around 1200 by John W. Baldwin (review)

The language of sex. Five voices from northern France around 1200. By John W. Baldwin. (Chicago Series on Sexuality, History and Society.) Pp. xxviii + 331. Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press, 1994. £29.95. 0 226 03613 8

The language of sex. Five voices from northern France around 1200. By John W. Baldwin. (Chicago Series on Sexuality, History and Society.) Pp. xxviii + 331. Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press, 1994. £29.95. 0 226 03613 8 - Volume 47 Issue 2

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200

The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200

The Language of Sex. Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 by John W. Baldwin, and: Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe by John Boswell

The Language of Sex. Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 by John W. Baldwin, and: Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe by John Boswell