Sewage Water Research Articles

Study of the extent of groundwater pollution with sewage water in the farms surrounding the well (laqoun) from the chemical and microbiological perspective in the Anjila - Janzour area"

This study was conducted in the Anjila-Janzour area west of Tripoli, with the aim of studying the extent of groundwater pollution with sewage, whether sewage, agricultural or industrial, where (28) samples were taken from groundwater wells of a number of farms near and far from the well (Al-Laquon), where the nearest farm was 550 meters away from the well, and the farthest farm was 4 kilometers away, and chemical and microbiological analyses and heavy elements analysis were conducted for all samples, and through the results obtained, the concentrations (pH) were within the permissible limit (6 - 8), while the total dissolved salts (TDS) were mostly more than the permissible limit, which is (ppm 1000) according to the specification adopted in the study [2], and from the chemical point of view, it was found that there was a variation in the concentrations of both iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), and all results were within the permissible limits, which is (ppm 0.31.0 ppm -), as for the elements sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), there was pollution and the results were more than the permissible limit (ppm 200 - 250 ppm) respectively, and it was also found that there was an increase in the concentration of nitrates (No₃) and it was more than the permissible limit (45 ppm) ,As for the microbiological aspect, it was proven that there was microbial pollution with E.coli bacteria in the groundwater samples of most farms, and this indicates the presence of sewage leakage into the groundwater wells. As for the analyses of heavy elements, pollution with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was found in most samples.Through the results of this study, it can be said that most of the farms in the study area suffer from microbial contamination with E.coli bacteria due to the presence of the cesspool (lagoon), and chemical contamination with some elements such as sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) was also found, and nitrate contamination (No₃) was also found due to the excessive use of pesticides for nitrogen fertilizers, and also it was proven through the analysis that there is contamination with heavy elements (Pb - Cd) and the reason is likely to be the presence of some industrial activities in the study area. Keywords: Microbiology, Heavy Elements, Cemetery (lagoon), Wastewater, Groundwater Wells, Water Pollution.

Report on high density population of a Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa and their gut microbes in anoxic sewage water: a potential bio-indicator of aquatic pollution

Report on high density population of a Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa and their gut microbes in anoxic sewage water: a potential bio-indicator of aquatic pollution

Predicting the spread of contamination in water distribution networks laid on sloping terrains

Contamination in domestic and drinking water during the conveyance process is one of the biggest health risks of all time. This is a very common hazard that is expected in the areas where water, sewer, and drainage pipes are laid in trenches near each other. The extent of the contamination spread in the case of intrusion through a pipe leak for water distribution networks (WDNs) laid on sloping terrain is not known. This article deals with the simulation and hydraulic analysis of organic contaminant intrusion in WDNs with significant consideration of the slope of the laid pipes. The source of organic contamination is considered to be the nearby leaking sewer water. The effects of sloping terrain on contaminant spread in the pipe network are studied in detail by injecting contaminant concentrations at eight different critical locations in the network. The results of contamination spread after a particular time at all nodes are compiled, and by using statistical techniques, a relation between the contaminant spread and pipe slope is proposed. The presented model is validated by comparing the actual values of the contaminant in water samples obtained at the site with the calculated ones, and it shows that the values deviate within the range of ±2% only, which is considered a good match. The research proves to be beneficial for the management of water distribution through pipe networks against contaminants to maintaining water quality and public health.

Synthesis of Copper-Doped Metal Nanoferrites for Efficient Removal of Pharmaceutical Wastewater Pollutants in Membrane Bioreactor System

Pharmaceuticals present in the aquatic environment can poison aquatic species and humans through drinking water and cause harmful bacteria to become resistant. The role of transition metal doped metal nanoferrites for the enhanced efficiency of degradation process is widely achieved. In this work, copper doped magnesium ferrite (Cu-MgFe2O4) and copper doped zinc ferrite (Cu-ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the spinel structure for both samples, with crystal sizes of 16.72 nm and 59.05 nm, respectively. The magnetic properties of the samples were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), which revealed that the addition of Cu2+ ions has a significant impact on the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The saturation magnetisation (Ms), retentivity (Mr) and coercivity value (Hc) for the Cu-MgFe2O4 sample were found to be 0.18453 emu, 39.584 × 10-3 emu and 139.61 Oe, respectively, while for the Cu-ZnFe2O4 sample, the values were 0.21271 emu, 71.022 × 10-3 emu and 285.91 Oe, respectively. The impact of copper doped nanoferrites on pollutant removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using the membrane Bioreactor (MBR) system has also been accomplished. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of ferrites in reducing concentrations of heavy metals, including lead and cadmium, within acceptable ranges for inland surface water and public sewers. Furthermore, the MBR system with ferrites exhibited efficient removal of fluoride, sulphide and radioactivity, ensuring compliance with the specified standards. Although the study exhibited the potential of ferrites in pollutants removal, further optimization is necessary to achieve complete compliance with water quality standards.

Public health implications of antibiotic resistance in sewage water: an epidemiological perspective

The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance pose a major threat to global health, attributing to misuse and overuse of antibiotics resulting in antibiotics-resistant bacteria through natural mutation or transfer of resistance genes. A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which a total of 36 samples were systematically collected; of these, 26 were derived from the wastewater efflux and 10 from the receiving waters at several critical junctures along the Sutlej River. Herein, this study elucidated elevated levels of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates sourced from urban wastewater. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the highest at 90% among the isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) at 58%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) at 55%, and Salmonella spp. at 53%. Many antibiotics were found to be more resistant including Ciproflaxacin, Co-Trimaxazole, Ampicillin and Tetracycline. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were found in isolated bacterial spp., such as Aminoglycosides (aadA), Sulfonamides (Sul1, Sul3), Tetracyclines (Tet (A/B/D)) and Cephalosporins (Bla_CTM X) at 41%, 35%, 29% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, the development of innovative wastewater treatment models and surveillance programs are crucial to counteract the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. To investigate the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, molecular analysis was performed, including DNA isolation, PCR amplification, and sequence analysis. The study helps investigate a diverse range of ARBs and ARGs in wastewater, which highlights the need of better laws for antibiotic usage and wastewater treatment processes. This investigation also stresses on regular monitoring of ARBs and ARGs in sewage wastewater. Through proactive interventions and sustained scientific inquiry, we can strive toward preserving environmental integrity and public health for successive generations.Graphical

Ternary‐Grafted Starch‐Based Hydrogel with Improved Adsorption Capacity for Dyes

AbstractBiomass‐based hydrogels can be used as the adsorbents in sewage water, as they have good adsorption capacity for heavy ions and dyes. A ternary‐grafted starch‐based hydrogel, St1.0/CMC0.5/P(AM3.0‐AA5.0‐AMPS1.0), was prepared using cornstarch (St) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as raw materials, with acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) as graft monomers. Due to the introduction of CMC and AMPS, the number and type of effective adsorption functional groups in the St1.0/CMC0.5/P(AM3.0‐AA5.0‐AMPS1.0) hydrogel increased, leading to an improved adsorption capacity and removal rate for methylene blue (MB). The maximum adsorption capacity and removal rate for MB could be 1624.49 mg/g and 91.8 %, respectively, at 25 °C. According to the adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics, the MB adsorption process on the hydrogel occurs according to the Langmuir isotherm model and quasi‐second‐order kinetics via a chemisorption process occurring on the adsorbent monolayer. Moreover, the St1.0/CMC0.5/P(AM3.0‐AA5.0‐AMPS1.0) hydrogel displayed good regeneration performance. The removal rate for MB could still achieve 84.3 % after the hydrogel was reused four times.

Colonisation by multidrug-resistant organisms in health workers in primary care: narrow spectrum oral antimicrobials are a risk factor.

Limited information exists on carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) by health workers (HWs) in primary care settings. This study aims to determine the prevalence of MDRO carriage among HWs in primary care and to identify associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted across all 12 primary care units in São Caetano do Sul-SP, Brazil, from October to December 2023. Self-collected samples (nasal, oropharyngeal, and inguinal) were obtained. Environment cultures (potable water, sewage and stream water) were evaluated. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates (human and environmental) were typed. The study included 265/288 (92%) of HWs in primary care teams, mostly women with a median age of 47years (IQR 38-57); 78% had no comorbidities. MDRO colonisation was found in 8.7% (23 HWs). The following bacteria were found: S. maltophilia (n = 9; 3.4%) in inguinal swabs; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 8; 3%) from all sites; extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing bacteria (n = 5; 2%) in inguinal swabs; and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an inguinal swab (n = 1; 0.4%). Previous antibiotic use was significantly associated with MDRO colonisation (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.19-7.09, p = 0.018), mainly narrow spectrum oral beta-lactams and macrolides. S. malthophilia was polyclonal and human and environmental isolates differed. Colonisation by MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producing bacteria was low; however, 4% were surprisingly colonized by polyclonal S. maltophilia. This pathogen may also suggest using narrow-spectrum rather than the expected broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Antibiotic use was the only risk factor found, mainly with oral narrow-spectrum drugs.

Accumulation of Cd and Pb in soils irrigated with sewage and non-sewage water in Prayagraj, India

Unmanaged agricultural fields and the extended usage of sewage irrigation water can raise the concentration of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in the soil, turning it into barren soil. The study was conducted during 2022-23 at four sewage and non-sewage irrigated sites in Prayagraj namely Naini, Baxibandh, Rasulabad and Draupadi Ghat. The representative soil samples were taken at depths of 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm. Di-acid mixture method was used for the estimation of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in the soil sample by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) (AAnalyst600, Perkin Elmer Inc., MA, USA). Contamination factor (CF) and enrichment factor % (EF) of different sites showed various results which fulfill the basic criteria of present and future prospective of research. The highest concentration of Cd and Pb was found in the surface layer (0-15 cm) of sewage and non-sewage irrigated sites at Naini i.e., Cd (4.46±0.42 and 1.05±0.08 mg/kg) and Pb (6.53±0.62 and 1.18±0.12 mg/kg) respectively. The lowest concentration of Cd and Pb was found in the sub-surface layer (45-60 cm) of sewage and non-sewage irrigated sites at Draupadi Ghat i.e., Cd (1.02±0.09 and 0.16±0.01 mg/kg) and Pb (1.68±0.12 and 0.18±0.01 mg/kg) respectively. The concentration of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) declined with soil profile depth in both sewage and non-sewage irrigated soils. The long-term persistence of heavy metal contamination in soil can lead to severe issues; therefore, regular monitoring of sewage-irrigated soils is necessary to minimize heavy metal pollution.

Remediation of fenitrothion pesticide from the aquatic environment by porous Graphitized 3D carbon material: Their antimicrobial activity

This work sought to optimize the elimination of organophosphate from the watery surroundings by a Porous Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon material (NDC) derived from freeze-dried sponge-based hydrogel, employing response surface methodology using Box-Behnken architecture (BBA). The Porous Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon materials were prepared at 500 °C (NDC-500) and 900 °C (NDC-900) carbonization temperatures; among these, NDC-900 was found to be micropore rich and can be used as a potential adsorbent for effective remediation of organophosphate fenitrothion pesticide from the aquatic environment. Various characterization techniques include Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms studies (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the NDC-900. It revealed that the surface area of NDC-900 is appreciably large,2346.54 m2/g, and has a considerable pore volume of 1.59 cm3/g. Furthermore, the synthesized porous carbon-based material depicted acceptable profitable benefits with a remuneration of 600 $t−1. The as-prepared material undergoes a hydrothermal reaction with silver nitrate to form silver-doped carbon material, which displays excellent antimicrobial activity. The impact of four critical parameters, including initialfenitrothion(FE) concentration, NDC-900 mass, pH, and temperature, were maximized by a quadratic model. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the findings were trustworthy. According to the Pareto analysis, preliminary FE concentration had the most impact on eliminating FE among the four chosen parameters. The optimum variables for FE remediation were 40.01 mg L−1 preliminary FE concentration, 14.99 mgL−1 NDC-900 dosage, 35.62 °C temperature, and solution pH 7.91. The predicted FE remediation effectiveness of 99.91 % is in excellent accord with the experimental result of 99.88 % under ideal circumstances. The effectiveness of FE adsorption on NDC was comprehensively assessed by employing kinetic models, particularly those that follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Additionally, the Langmuir isotherm model was used to match the adsorption process precisely. A physisorption mechanism was shown to be involved in the entire process. Furthermore, the study was done to understand better how NDC-900 and FE interact. The interplay might transpire via many pathways, such as H-bonding and pore filling. There has never been evidence of how well NDC-900 works as an adsorbent to eliminate FE from sewer water samples. However, our research is the first to accomplish this. The findings show that the optimum adsorption capacity of FE onto NDC, 616 mg. g−1, can only be attained at a pH of 7. The derived values of (ΔH°), (ΔS°), and (ΔG°) for FE suggested that the process was exothermic and spontaneous when employing NDC-900 as an adsorbent. Furthermore, NDC-900, in combination with Ag (silver), shows excellent antibacterial and antifungal activity. The regeneration outcomes showed that FE remediation effectiveness efficiency was still sustained at 80 % during five iterations of the adsorption–desorption process. Consequently, NDC-900 is a viable adsorbent for the effective and quick adsorption of FE from water.

A novel technique of dual modified acid-washed layered double hydroxides-biochar for adsorption and as potential catalysts for electrochemical applications

The enhanced concentration of nitrate ions in wastewater delivered from industries has led to consequential environmental issues and severe health problems for humanity. Considering the advantages to the environment and being cost-effective, adsorption techniques based on biochar materials have appeared as a remarkable strategy to adsorb nitrate. Although the porous nature of the biochar materials aids in adsorption, the stability is a significant hindrance, thus limiting nitrate adsorption. Thus, in an effort to tackle this difficulty, layered double hydroxide (LDH) modified with cationic surfactant rice husk biochar is utilized to enhance the stability and the performance of nitrate adsorption. In the current research, pristine biochar (Pure-BC), surfactant-modified biochar (BC-S), varying concentrations of iron and magnesium-modified LDH with surfactant biochar materials (FM-SL, MF-SL) were synthesized, and batch experiments were conducted in order to explore their performance of nitrate adsorption. The acid-washed biochar exhibited novel rapid adsorption within a period of 10 min and a maximum adsorption capacity of 72 mg/g at neutral pH, whose mechanism was based on both physical and chemical adsorption. Further, the pristine and modified biochar materials were analyzed for their electrochemical behavior in order to explore their chemical reactivity and electron transfer kinetics, with an overpotential value of 67 mV. Thus, the prepared biochar materials, being inexpensive, exhibit potential adsorbents for the adsorption of nitrate from industrial sewage waters and display better electrochemical characteristics.

Biosynthesis of mechanically recyclable 3D-Cu2O@megacatalyst for Fenton-like catalysis of tetracycline and the mechanistic insights

Treating sewage waters contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) presents a pressing environmental concern, mandating, affordable, implementable and sustainable remediations. Supported catalysts, wherein metal nanoparticles are grafted onto inert supports to endow porosity, reactant access, performance and catalyst re-use are emerging as sustainable catalytic platforms. Herein, size-controllable, mechanically recyclable 3D-Cu2O@megacatalyst of ∼81 ± 5 cm2, ∼37 ± 3 cm2 and ∼1 ± 0.6 cm2 were biofabricated by exploiting the innate metal binding feature of pristine eggshells. The as-fabricated Cu2O@megacatalyst was utilized for the Fenton-like treatment of POPs, with exceptional activities against diverse molecules: antibiotic (tetracycline (TC)), textile dye (methylene blue) and pharmaceutical precursor (4-nitrophenol) with the degradation efficiencies of 95.6 %, 96.8 % and 93.4 %, respectively. Optimization studies revealed that our megacatalyst can function consistently in the presence of various oxidising agents, free radical scavengers, wide pH, temperatures and inorganic and organic contaminants. The catalyst demonstrated stability and catalytic efficiency in different real-time water matrices: ultrapure water-95.6 %, tap water-84 %, lake water-86 %, and river water-91 %. Furthermore, plausible reaction mechanism and decomposition pathways for TC degradation were assessed using GC-MS, while evaluating the toxicity using ECOSAR and oxygen uptake assay, which revealed less toxic reaction intermediates and end products. Overall, our results provide new insight into the sustainable development of a generalized highly stable, scalable, ultra-efficient and mechanically recyclable Fenton-like supported catalyst for the detoxification of POPs in sewage waters.

Methanogenic Potential of Sewer Microbiomes and Its Implications for Methane Emission.

The sewer system, despite being a significant source of methane emissions, has often been overlooked in current greenhouse gas inventories due to the limited availability of quantitative data. Direct monitoring in sewers can be expensive or biased due to access limitations and internal heterogeneity of sewer networks. Fortunately, since methane is almost exclusively biogenic in sewers, we demonstrate in this study that the methanogenic potential can be estimated using known sewer microbiome data. By combining data mining techniques and bioinformatics databases, we developed the first data-driven method to analyze methanogenic potentials using a data set containing 633 observations of 53 variables obtained from literature mining. The methanogenic potential in the sewer sediment was around 250-870% higher than that in the wet biofilm on the pipe and sewage water. Additionally, k-means clustering and principal component analysis linked higher methane emission rates (9.72 ± 51.3 kgCO2eq m-3 d-1) with smaller pipe size, higher water level, and higher potentials of sulfate reduction in the wetted pipe biofilm. These findings exhibit the possibility of connecting microbiome data with biogenic greenhouse gases, further offering insights into new approaches for understanding greenhouse gas emissions from understudied sources.

LSTM-Autoencoder Based Detection of Time-Series Noise Signals for Water Supply and Sewer Pipe Leakages

The efficient management of urban water distribution networks is crucial for public health and urban development. One of the major challenges is the quick and accurate detection of leaks, which can lead to water loss, infrastructure damage, and environmental hazards. Many existing leak detection methods are ineffective, especially in complex and aging pipeline networks. If these limitations are not overcome, it can result in a chain of infrastructure failures, exacerbating damage, increasing repair costs, and causing water shortages and public health risks. The leak issue is further complicated by increasing urban water demand, climate change, and population growth. Therefore, there is an urgent need for intelligent systems that can overcome the limitations of traditional methodologies and leverage sophisticated data analysis and machine learning technologies. In this study, we propose a reliable and advanced method for detecting leaks in water pipes using a framework based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks combined with autoencoders. The framework is designed to manage the temporal dimension of time-series data and is enhanced with ensemble learning techniques, making it sensitive to subtle signals indicating leaks while robustly dealing with noise signals. Through the integration of signal processing and pattern recognition, the machine learning-based model addresses the leak detection problem, providing an intelligent system that enhances environmental protection and resource management. The proposed approach greatly enhances the accuracy and precision of leak detection, making essential contributions in the field and offering promising prospects for the future of sustainable water management strategies.

Deciphering the complete genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain Hakim RU_GHWS isolated from ladies' hall sewage water in Bangladesh.

This report details the genome sequence of Escherichia coli strain Hakim RU_GHWS, isolated from sewage water. The assembled genome comprises 5.022 Mb with 77.675× coverage, depicting an average GC content of 50.50%. This genome contains 10 CRISPR arrays, 14 prophages, 65 antibiotic resistance genes, and 28 virulence factor genes.

Occurrence characteristics, source analysis and ecological risk of PFASs in different cultivated soil at an urban scale in Yangtze River Basin

Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs) contaminates the arable soil through multiple paths, and poses a threat to both farmland ecosystems and human health. In this study, the potential sources and distribution characteristics of 12 legacy PFASs in the soil and rivers for irrigation purposes were investigated in farmland systems, and the risks posed by PFASs to earthworm and aquatic organisms were also assessed. Based on field investigations in Yangtze River Basin, we found long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were the major contaminants in arable soil and rivers for irrigation purposes, with PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic acid) being the most dominant monomer. Concentration levels of PFASs in arable soil were strongly related to land use types, the average concentration of PFASs (341.18 ± 600.19 ng/g) in the paddy fields was 100-fold higher than that of dry fields (3.79 ± 4.11 ng/g). Source apportionment revealed that PFASs detected in paddy fields were mainly associated with industrial effluents, domestic sewage, and irrigation water. In rivers for irrigation purposes, higher PFASs contamination were primarily distributed in industrial areas, such as plastic processing, paper, textile and electronics factories. The PFASs in the irrigation river water posed a low-medium risk to daphnia and fish, while the PFASs (PFOA and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA)) in soil posed a medium-high risk to earthworms. These results provided insights that sewage irrigation caused serious pollution of PFASs in the agricultural environment, should be paid more attention.

Effect of sewage water (sludge) on plant morphology of Zea maize

Effect of sewage water (sludge) on plant morphology of Zea maize

Complete genome sequence of E. coli lytic bacteriophage BAU.Micro_ELP-22, isolated from sewage water, Bangladesh.

Escherichia coli lytic bacteriophage BAU.Micro_ELP-22 was isolated from sewage wastewater as a therapeutic agent alternative to antibiotics. The phage genome is 373,488 bp in length, encoding 744 protein-coding sequences and 7 tRNAs, and contains no antibiotic resistance, virulence, or temperate marker genes, which specifies its potentiality as a compatible phage therapy candidate.

Improving the growth of pea plant by biochar–polyacrylamide association to cope with heavy metal stress under sewage water application in a greenhouse

Sewage water is extensively used for irrigation, serving as a valuable resource for plant growth to enhance agricultural productivity. However, this practice also results in a significant accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, posing potential environmental and health risks. A study was designed to evaluate the combined effect of amendments on heavy metal immobilization in soil and improved growth and yield in pea plants. For this, the soil for each treatment was mixed with biochar (BC) (1% w/w), polyacrylamide (PAM) (0.5% w/w), and also applied in combination. Pea plants were irrigated with tap water (TW), sewage water (SW), and tap + sewage water (TW + SW). A factorial design was applied to analyze data statistically. The combined application of the biochar and polymer showed a positive response by significantly enhancing the plant growth parameters (39%–84%), physiological attributes (67%–69%), and reducing Cd (56%) and Cr (65%) concentration in soil applied with SW and TW + SW. Moreover, treatment with a combined application of BC and PAM significantly reduced Cd concentrations by 43% in roots, 50% in shoots, and 91% in grains. Similarly, Cr concentrations were reduced by 51% in roots, 51% in shoots, and 94% in grains compared to the control. Overall, the study results indicate reduced bioaccumulation and health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), supporting the application of the polymer and biochar for irrigating pea plants with TW + SW. Leveraging the combined benefits of polymer and biochar amendments appears to be an effective strategy to remediate PTE-contaminated soil, thereby increasing plant growth and yield.

ِِِِِِA Study of the effect of sewage water irrigation on the elemental composition of soil and plants using neutron activation analysis

ِِِِِِA Study of the effect of sewage water irrigation on the elemental composition of soil and plants using neutron activation analysis

Characterization and genomic analysis of PA-56 Pseudomonas phage from Istanbul, Turkey: Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy alone and with antibiotics

Phages are ubiquitous in freshwater, seawater, soil, the human body, and sewage water. They are potent biopharmaceuticals against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and offer a promising alternative for treating infectious diseases. Also, combining phages with antibiotics enhances the antibiotics' efficacy. This study focused on two Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages isolated from lake and sewage water samples and one of them selected for further investigation. Isolated phages PA-56 and PA-18 infected 92 % and 86 % of the tested 25 clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, respectively. PA-56 with strong activity was chosen for detailed characterization, antimicrobial studies, and genome analysis. Combining PA-56 with ciprofloxacin or meropenem demonstrated phage-antibiotic synergism and increased antibiofilm efficacy. Genome analysis revealed a GC ratio of 54 % and a genome size of 42.761 bp, with no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. Notably, PA-56 harboured the toxin-antitoxin protein, MazG. Overall, this study suggests that PA-56 holds promise for future applications in industry or medicine.