Remediation of fenitrothion pesticide from the aquatic environment by porous Graphitized 3D carbon material: Their antimicrobial activity

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This work sought to optimize the elimination of organophosphate from the watery surroundings by a Porous Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon material (NDC) derived from freeze-dried sponge-based hydrogel, employing response surface methodology using Box-Behnken architecture (BBA). The Porous Graphitized 3D Nitrogen-Doped Carbon materials were prepared at 500 °C (NDC-500) and 900 °C (NDC-900) carbonization temperatures; among these, NDC-900 was found to be micropore rich and can be used as a potential adsorbent for effective remediation of organophosphate fenitrothion pesticide from the aquatic environment. Various characterization techniques include Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms studies (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the NDC-900. It revealed that the surface area of NDC-900 is appreciably large,2346.54 m2/g, and has a considerable pore volume of 1.59 cm3/g. Furthermore, the synthesized porous carbon-based material depicted acceptable profitable benefits with a remuneration of 600 $t−1. The as-prepared material undergoes a hydrothermal reaction with silver nitrate to form silver-doped carbon material, which displays excellent antimicrobial activity. The impact of four critical parameters, including initialfenitrothion(FE) concentration, NDC-900 mass, pH, and temperature, were maximized by a quadratic model. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the findings were trustworthy. According to the Pareto analysis, preliminary FE concentration had the most impact on eliminating FE among the four chosen parameters. The optimum variables for FE remediation were 40.01 mg L−1 preliminary FE concentration, 14.99 mgL−1 NDC-900 dosage, 35.62 °C temperature, and solution pH 7.91. The predicted FE remediation effectiveness of 99.91 % is in excellent accord with the experimental result of 99.88 % under ideal circumstances. The effectiveness of FE adsorption on NDC was comprehensively assessed by employing kinetic models, particularly those that follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Additionally, the Langmuir isotherm model was used to match the adsorption process precisely. A physisorption mechanism was shown to be involved in the entire process. Furthermore, the study was done to understand better how NDC-900 and FE interact. The interplay might transpire via many pathways, such as H-bonding and pore filling. There has never been evidence of how well NDC-900 works as an adsorbent to eliminate FE from sewer water samples. However, our research is the first to accomplish this. The findings show that the optimum adsorption capacity of FE onto NDC, 616 mg. g−1, can only be attained at a pH of 7. The derived values of (ΔH°), (ΔS°), and (ΔG°) for FE suggested that the process was exothermic and spontaneous when employing NDC-900 as an adsorbent. Furthermore, NDC-900, in combination with Ag (silver), shows excellent antibacterial and antifungal activity. The regeneration outcomes showed that FE remediation effectiveness efficiency was still sustained at 80 % during five iterations of the adsorption–desorption process. Consequently, NDC-900 is a viable adsorbent for the effective and quick adsorption of FE from water.