Apnea-hypopnea Index Severity Research Articles

Associations of polysomnographic measures of obstructive sleep apnea, and nocturnal oxygen saturation with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged and older men.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, few prospective epidemiological studies have accounted for important T2DM predictors including pre-diabetes status and testosterone. Participants in the longitudinal Men Androgens Inflammation Lifestyles Environment and Stress (MAILES) study, who underwent eight-channel home-based polysomnography (PSG) in 2010-2011 (n = 824) and were free of diabetes at baseline were included in the analysis (n = 682). From 2015 to 2021, 78.6% (n = 536) completed at least one follow-up assessment. Incident T2DM was determined by self-reported doctor diagnosis, diabetes medications, plasma glucose (fasting ≥7.0 mmol/L or random ≥11.0 mmol/L) or glycated haemoglobin ≥6.5%. Conservative hierarchical Poisson regression models adjusted associations of PSG metrics (categorical and continuous) for age, waist circumference, baseline fasting glucose and testosterone concentrations. In all, 52 men (9.7%) developed T2DM over a mean (range) of 8.3 (3.5-10.5) years. Significant age- and waist circumference-adjusted association of incident T2DM with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥20 events/h (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-2.8; p = 0.23] and highest quartile of delta index (IRR 2.1, 95% CI 0.95-4.6; p = 0.066) were attenuated after adjustment for baseline glucose and testosterone, and the association with the lowest quartile of mean oxygen saturation persisted (IRR 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-10.3; p = 0.029). Categorical measures of AHI severity, oxygen desaturation index, and hypoxia burden index (HBI) were not independently associated with incident T2DM. Associations with T2DM were similar when continuous PSG variables were used; however, HBI was significant (IRR 1.015, 95% CI 1.006-1.024; p = 0.007). In a sub-sample with OSA treatment data (n = 479), these significant associations persisted after excluding adequately treated OSA (n = 32). Understanding underlying OSA endotypes generating hypoxaemia may identify opportunities for diabetes prevention.

Assessment of airflow limitation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep breathing disorder affecting 9–25% of the general adult population.AimTo assess airflow limitation by spirometric indices in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Patients and methodsThis observational case–control study was conducted on 60 subjects who were divided into four groups: Group I (control group), included 20 subjects chosen from other departments, who had no respiratory complaints with apnea–hypopnea index (AHI < 5); Group II (mild group), included 11 patients with mild sleep apnea, 5 ≤ AHI < 15; Group III (moderate group), included 17 patients with moderate sleep apnea, 15 ≤ AHI < 30; and Group IV (severe group), included 12 patients with severe sleep apnea, AHI ≥ 30 at the Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, from August 2021 until June 2022.ResultsThere was no statistically significant relation found between the severity of AHI and all the previous pulmonary function parameters except a statistically significant decrease in FEF (25–75%) in the moderate group than the mild group and also in the severe group than the moderate group (p-value < 0.001). There was a statistically significant positive correlation found between AHI and BMI and NC and a negative correlation found between AHI and FEF (25–75%) while no statistically significant correlation was found between AHI and the other studied parameters.ConclusionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with airflow limitation by spirometric indices, although this association is statistically insignificant. On the other hand, the severity of obstructive sleep apnea is directly proportional to the seriousness of the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). Strong correlations were found between the severity of AHI and body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, and FEF (25–75%).

Detection and Classification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Audio Spectrogram Analysis

Sleep disorders are steadily increasing in the population and can significantly affect daily life. Low-cost and noninvasive systems that can assist the diagnostic process will become increasingly widespread in the coming years. This work aims to investigate and compare the performance of machine learning-based classifiers for the identification of obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea (OSAH) events, including apnea/non-apnea status classification, apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) prediction, and AHI severity classification. The dataset considered contains recordings from 192 patients. It is derived from a recently released dataset which contains, amongst others, audio signals recorded with an ambient microphone placed ∼1 m above the studied subjects and apnea/hypopnea accurate events annotations performed by specialized medical doctors. We employ mel spectrogram images extracted from the environmental audio signals as input of a machine-learning-based classifier for apnea/hypopnea events classification. The proposed approach involves a stacked model which utilizes a combination of a pretrained VGG-like audio classification (VGGish) network and a bidirectional long short-term memory (bi-LSTM) network. Performance analysis was conducted using a 5-fold cross-validation approach, leaving out patients used for training and validation of the models in the testing step. Comparative evaluations with recently presented methods from the literature demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach. The proposed architecture can be considered a useful tool for supporting OSAHS diagnoses by means of low-cost devices such as smartphones.

Performance of a commercial smart watch compared to polysomnography reference for overnight continuous oximetry measurement and sleep apnea evaluation.

We evaluated the accuracy and precision of continuous overnight oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement by a commercial wrist device (WD) incorporating high-grade sensors and investigated WD estimation of sleep-disordered breathing by quantifying overnight oxygen desaturation index compared to polysomnography (PSG) oxygen desaturation index and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) with and without sleep questionnaire data to assess the WD's ability to detect obstructive sleep apnea and determine its severity. Participants completed sleep questionnaires, had a WD (Samsung Galaxy Watch 4) placed on their wrist, and underwent attended, in-laboratory overnight PSG (Nihon Kohden) with a pulse oximetry probe secured either to a finger or an ear lobe. PSG data were scored by a single experienced registered PSG technologist. Statistical analysis included demographic characteristics, continuous SpO2 measurement WD vs PSG root-mean-square error with Bland-Altman plot and linear regression associations. Predictive models for PSG oxygen desaturation index and AHI severity were built using logistic regression with probability cutoffs determined via receiver operating curve characteristics. The 51 participants analyzed had a median age of 49 (range, 22-78) years; 66.7% were male, with median body mass index of 28.1 (range, 20.1-47.3) kg/m2 with a race/ethnicity distribution of 49.0% Caucasian, 25.5% Hispanic, 9.8% African American, 9.8% Asian, and 5.9% Middle Eastern. WD vs PSG continuous SpO2 measurement in percentage points demonstrated a bias of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.38, 1.45), standard deviation of 2.37 (95% confidence interval, 2.36, 2.38), and root-mean-square error of 2.54 (95% confidence interval, 2.34, 2.73). WD area under the curve receiver operating curve characteristics for predicting PSG were 0.882 oxygen desaturation index > 15 events/h, 0.894 AHI > 30 events/h, 0.800 AHI > 15 events/h, and 0.803 AHI > 5 events/h. WD plus select sleep questionnaire areas under the curve for predicting PSG were 0.943 AHI > 30 events/h, 0.868 AHI > 15 events/h, and 0.863 AHI > 5 events/h. The WD conducted reliable overnight continuous SpO2 monitoring with root-mean-square error < 3% vs PSG. Predictive models of PSG AHI based on WD measurements alone, or plus sleep questionnaires, demonstrated excellent to outstanding discrimination for obstructive sleep apnea identification and severity. Longitudinal WD use should be evaluated promptly based on the WD's potential to improve accessibility and accuracy of obstructive sleep apnea testing, as well as support treatment follow-up. Browne SH, Vaida F, Umlauf A, Kim J, DeYoung P, Owens RL. Performance of a commercial smart watch compared to polysomnography reference for overnight continuous oximetry measurement and sleep apnea evaluation. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(9):1479-1488.

Evaluation of airway responsiveness and pulmonary function test results among obese and non-obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

In this research, we aimed to elucidate the effect of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and obesity on pulmonary volumes and bronchial hyperreactivity, and particularly the effect of supine position on pulmonary volume and functions. This was a prospective, cross-sectional study with a total of 96 patients (age range, 20-65 years). Based on the body mass index (BMI) and Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) scores, the patients were divided into four groups: Group 1: AHI≥15/h, BMI≥30 kg/m2 (n=24), Group 2: AHI≥15/h, BMI<30 kg/m2 (n=24), Group 3: AHI<15/h, BMI≥30 kg/m2 (n=24), and Group 4: AHI<15/h, BMI<30 kg/m2 (n=24). All patients first had static and dynamic pulmonary function tests and carbon monoxide diffusion tests (TLco and Kco) in the sitting and supine positions. A bronchial provocation test with methacholine was applied to all patients in the sitting position one day later. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate linear regression was used in the statistical analysis. Airway responsiveness was observed in 4 of the patients included in the study, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. A statistically significant decrease was observed in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), total lung capacity (TLC) and functional residual capacity (FRC), especially in Group 1 in sitting position compared to Group 4 (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.025, p=0.043, and p=0.001, respectively). Changes in pulmonary functions in the transition from sitting to a supine position did not show any significant difference in the study groups (p<0.05). We observed no difference in the diffusion capacity in the sitting and supine positions among the groups (p<0.05). The severity of AHI and BMI particularly affect the lower airway, but changes in the position did not show any significant difference in the study groups.

Brain Rhythm Waves Pattern before Waking Up in Children: A Single-Center Study

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background and Objective: After going through the alpha wave before waking, a person usually enters the conscious phase physiologically by opening the eyes and communicating with the environment. We conducted the present study to investigate the brain rhythm wave pattern before waking up among the children admitted to the sleep clinic at Ghods Children's Hospital, Qazvin, Iran.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we investigated 42 children without physical or acute respiratory diseases for brain rhythm wave patterns, 15 seconds before waking up. Data were analyzed manually from the poly- somnography (PSG) recorded during sleep. Then, we divided the children into two groups based on the results of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), i.e., mild to moderate and severe AHI. The frequency of brain waves before waking up on epochs 30s, 10s, and 1s were checked between the two groups statistically.&#x0D; Results: Alpha waves appeared before waking up as the principal brain waves. The frequency of alpha waves went through a decreasing rate until they reached 10 Hz, and then the child woke up. We observed three repetitions of 10 Hz frequencies before waking up for both groups of low-moderate and high AHI.&#x0D; Conclusion: Awakening happens with a specific trigger of alpha waves in the occipital lobe in the N2 phase at a 10 Hz frequency.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Nocturnal oxygen therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterised by recurrent reduction of airflow during sleep leading to intermittent hypoxia. Continuous positive airway pressure is the first-line treatment but is limited by poor adherence. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be an alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea but its effects remain unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates the effects of nocturnal oxygen therapy on both obstructive sleep apnoea severity and blood pressure.A literature search was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. Peer-reviewed, randomised studies that compared the effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy to sham in obstructive sleep apnoea patients were included. The main outcomes were the apnoea-hypopnoea index and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.The search strategy yielded 1295 citations. Nine studies with 502 participants were included. When nocturnal oxygen therapy was compared to sham/air, it significantly reduced the apnoea-hypopnoea index (mean difference (MD) -15.17 events·h-1, 95% CI -19.95- -10.38 events·h-1, p<0.00001). Nocturnal oxygen therapy had no significant effect on blood pressure at follow-up without adjustment for baseline values, but did, where available, significantly attenuate the change in blood pressure from baseline to follow-up for both systolic blood pressure (MD -2.79 mmHg, 95% CI -5.45- -0.14 mmHg, p=0.040) and diastolic blood pressure (MD -2.20 mmHg, 95% CI -3.83- -0.57 mmHg, p=0.008).Nocturnal oxygen therapy reduced the apnoea-hypopnoea index severity and the change in (but not absolute) systolic and diastolic blood pressure, compared to sham. This suggests that nocturnal oxygen therapy may be a treatment option for obstructive sleep apnoea. Further studies with longer-term follow-up and standardised measurements are needed.

Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea and its relation to disease severity.

The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters and to examine ECHO findings as they relate to severity of OSA. A retrospective cohort study of patients with OSA undergoing polysomnogram and ECHO within 30 days of each other, between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, was performed, excluding cardiac disease. ECHO evidence of PHTN was defined as ≥ 2 of the following: tricuspid regurgitation velocity > 3.0 m/s, pulmonary acceleration/ejection time ratio < 0.3, left ventricular eccentricity index > 1.5, and right ventricular dysfunction or abnormal geometry. ECHO parameters were compared to OSA severity using obstructive apnea-hypopnea index, percent of time with oxygen saturation < 90%, and percent of time with end-tidal carbon dioxide > 50 mmHg. Odds ratios were calculated for each comorbidity to evaluate for risk factors. Of 509 patients, 4.3% were found to have echocardiographic evidence of PHTN. Neither obstructive apnea-hypopnea index severity nor worsening hypoxemia or hypercarbia correlated with worsening ECHO parameters. Comorbidities including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (odds ratio, 5.22, 2.01-13.53), prematurity (odds ratio, 3.10, 1.28-7.47), and autism (odds ratio, 3.69, 1.01-13.49) were associated with increased odds of PHTN. Significant echocardiographic evidence of PHTN was seen in 4.3% of children with OSA. ECHO findings of PHTN did not correlate with polysomnogram parameters. Comorbidities, particularly bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prematurity, and autism, appear to be a risk factor for developing PHTN in patients with OSA. Milligan I, Shaw AK, Leu R, Kanaan U, Michelfelder E. Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea and its relation to disease severity. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(5):675-680.

Can intraoral and facial photos predict obstructive sleep apnea in the general and clinical population?

This study aimed to evaluate and compare measurements of standardized craniofacial and intraoral photographs between clinical and general population samples, between groups of individuals with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 and AHI < 15, and their interaction, as well as the relationship with the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We used data from 929 participants from Sleep Apnea Global Interdisciplinary Consortium, in which 309 patients from a clinical setting and 620 volunteers from a general population. AHI ≥ 15 were observed in 30.3% of the total sample and there were some interactions between facial/intraoral measures with OSA and both samples. Mandibular volume (p < 0.01) and lateral face height (p = 0.04) were higher in the AHI ≥ 15 group in the clinical sample compared to the AHI ≥ 15 group in the general population and AHI < 15 group in the clinical sample. When adjusted for sex and age, greater mandible width (p < 0.01) differed both in the clinical and in the general population samples, reflecting AHI severity and the likelihood of OSA. The measure of smaller tongue curvature (p < 0.01) reflected the severity and probability of OSA in the clinical sample and the higher posterior mandibular height (p = 0.04) showed a relationship with higher AHI and higher risk of OSA in the general population. When adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index, only smaller tongue curvature (p < 0.01) was associated with moderate/severe OSA. Measures of greater tongue and mandible were associated with increased OSA risk in the clinical sample and craniofacial measurement was associated in the general population sample.

Effect of Obesity on the Respiratory Parameters in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

The study analyzes 56 Caucasian children and adolescents aged 11 ± 2.79 years with a BMI > 5th percentiles and a PSQ value ≥ 0.33. Children were divided into Obesity Group (OG) with BMI ≥ 95th and Control Group (CG) with 5th < BMI > 95th percentile. All selected children underwent PG. Respiratory parameters AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index), SaO2 (Saturation of Oxygen), ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index), and Nadir (the lowest value of SaO2 registered during PG) were extracted from the PG. AHI was used to divide the severity of OSAS into four levels: snoring (AHI ≤ 1), mild (AHI > 1 and ≤5), moderate (AHI > 5 and <10), and severe (AHI ≥ 10). The comparison analysis between the OG and CG showed a statistical significance only for ODI (p = 0.02). A statistically significant correlation between BMI and AHI (r = 0.02), SaO2 (r = 0.01), and Nadir O2 (r = 0.02) was found. There was no strong correlation between obesity and OSAS, but a positive association was found between BMI and AHI severity.

Association between obstructive sleep apnea and vascular injury in hypertensive patients

Objective: To investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and vascular injury in hypertensive patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled patients admitted to the Hypertension Department of TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital from April 2020 to April 2023, who finished portable sleep monitoring. Sleep monitoring indicators, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), carotid artery ultrasound, carotid intima-media thickness, cervical and femoral pulse wave conduction velocity (cfPWV), brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (baPWV) were analyzed. OSA was classified into mild (5 times/h≤AHI<15 times/h), moderate (15≤AHI<30 times/h), and severe (AHI≥30 times/h) based on AHI levels. FMD<6.0% was defined as vascular endothelial injury, and cfPWV>10 m/s and/or baPWV>18 m/s was defined as arterial stiffness. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the correlation between AHI, OSA severity and vascular injury, and subgroup analysis was performed in young (age≤45 years) and middle-to-old patients (age>45 years). Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding patients with diabetes, cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease. The correlation between AHI and vascular injury index was analyzed by restricted cubic spline. Results: A total of 555 adult hypertensive patients were included, the mean age was (39.7±9.2) years, 422 were males (76.0%), and the prevalence of OSA was 66.7% (370/555). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate OSA (OR=2.83, P=0.019) and severe OSA (OR=3.40, P=0.016) were positively correlated with vascular endothelial injury after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and mean arterial pressure. Subgroup analysis showed that log AHI (OR=1.99, P=0.035), moderate OSA (OR=4.83, P=0.010) and severe OSA (OR=4.64, P=0.015) were associated with vascular endothelial injury in young hypertensive patients. The results of sensitivity analysis were similar to the above results. The results of restricted cubic spline analysis showed that AHI was correlated with FMD (P=0.022), and the slope of the curve was the largest when AHI was between 0 and 10 times/h. There was no correlation between log AHI and OSA severity and carotid intima-media thickening and arterial stiffness (all P<0.05). Conclusions: OSA is associated with vascular endothelial injury in hypertensive patients, especially in young patients.

Association between nasal airway minimal cross-sectional areas and obstructive sleep apnoea.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) frequently present with some form of upper airway anatomical impairment. Considerable research has been conducted on the role of the structures of the jaw and pharynx in the pathogenesis of OSA; however, the significance of the nose is somewhat unclear. Computed tomography is a widely used imaging modality for assessing the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, but only a small amount of the acquired data is used. Our aim was to ascertain whether the size of the cross-sectional areas of the nasal airway, measured from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, is associated with OSA severity. A total of 58 patients with OSA, without any major paranasal sinus inflammatory pathology, were included in this register-based study. Patients had previously undergone ambulatory polysomnography and CBCT. The cross-sectional areas of the nasal cavity were measured in CBCT coronal sections. Statistical analyses were performed to determine any correlation between the cross-sectional area measurements and apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) or any significant difference in cross-sectional areas between AHI severity groups. No correlation was found between AHI and the smallest, total, or sum of the anterior cross-sectional areas of the nasal airway. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the cross-sectional areas between patients with the highest and lowest AHI. The small cross-sectional area of the anterior nasal cavity in patients without any major nasal pathology does not appear to be associated with OSA severity.

Facial Contour Features Measured on CT Reflects Upper Airway Morphology in Patients With OSA.

To determine facial contour features, measured on computed tomography (CT), related to upper airway morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); certain phenotype of facial abnormalities implying restriction of craniofacial skeleton and adipose tissue nimiety has predicted the value of the severity of OSA. Sixty-four male patients with OSA [apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥10/h] who had upper airway CT were randomly selected to quantitatively measure indicators of facial contour and upper airway structures. Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Partial correlation procedure was used to examine correlations while controlling body mass index (BMI). Upper airway anatomy can nearly all be reflected in the face, except retroglossal airway. Upper face width can be measured to assess the overall skeletal structures of the airway. Lower face width can be used to represent how much adipose tissue deposited. Hard palate, retropalatal, and hypopharyngeal airways have corresponding face indicators respectively. Midface width is a better predictor of AHI severity and minimum blood oxygen even than neck circumference because it contains the most anatomical information about the airway, including RP airway condition, soft palate length, tongue volume, etc. These correlations persisted even after correction for BMI. All anatomical features of the upper airway except retroglossal airway can be reflected in the face, and midface width is the best predictor of AHI severity and minimum blood oxygen, even better than neck circumference and BMI.

Relationship of aberrant internal carotid artery with pharyngeal wall in obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common clinical condition in which the upper airway partially or completely narrows or collapses during sleep. The objective of our research was to examine the relation between the abnormal internal carotid artery (ICA) and the pharyngeal wall among individuals suffering from OSA, and to compare it to a group of control subjects. In this retrospective study, the closest distances of the ICA to the pharyngeal walls and midlines were measured on CT images and compared between groups. The closest distance of the ICA to the right pharyngeal wall was 3.8 ± 2.4mm and the closest distance to the left pharyngeal wall was 4.1 ± 2.3mm in patients with OSA, which was significantly less than the controls (respectively, 4.4 ± 1.6mm and 14.4 ± 1.7mm) (p < 0.001). The closest distances of the ICA to the right and left pharyngeal walls (p = 0.001) and to the right and left midline (p = 0.00002) were significantly lower in patients with moderate to severe OSA compared to mild patients according to apnea / hypopnea index (AHI). In the retroglossal bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA), the closest distances of the ICA to the right (p = 0.027) and left pharyngeal walls (p = 0.018) and to the right (p = 0.01) and left midline (p = 0.012) were significantly lower than the retroepiglottic bifurcation of the CCA. We observed that the distance of the aberrant ICA to the pharyngeal wall is less in individuals with OSA than in individuals without OSA, the distance of the aberrant ICA to the pharyngeal wall decreased as the severity of AHI increased.

Orthodontic and Facial Characteristics of Craniofacial Syndromic Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder in which ventilation becomes disrupted due to a complete or partial upper airway obstruction Altered craniofacial morphology is one of the most important anatomical factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have assessed craniofacial features in the non-syndromic pediatric population. The aim of this study was to analyze the orthodontic and facial characteristic of craniofacial syndromic children referred for polysomnography (PSG) and to assess the correlation with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, consecutive syndromic patients referred for PSG were invited to participate. A systematic clinical examination including extra- and intra-oral orthodontic examination was performed by calibrated orthodontists. Standardized frontal and profile photographs with reference points were taken and analyzed using ImageJ® software to study the craniofacial morphology. PSG data were analyzed for correlation with craniofacial features. STROBE guidelines were strictly adopted during the research presentation. Results: The sample included 52 syndromic patients (50% females, mean age 9.38 ± 3.36 years) diagnosed with 17 different syndromes, of which 24 patients had craniofacial photography analysis carried out. Most of the sample (40%) had severe OSA, while only 5.8% had no OSA. Down's syndrome (DS) was the most common syndrome (40%) followed by Goldenhar syndrome (5%), Pierre Robin Sequence (5%), and other syndromes. The severity of AHI was significantly correlated with decreased midfacial height. increased thyromental angle and cervicomental angle, decreased mandibular angle, and decreased upper facial height. All patients with DS were diagnosed with OSA (57% severe OSA), and their ODI was significantly correlated with increased intercanthal distance. Obesity was not correlated to the severity of AHI for syndromic patients. Conclusions: Decreased midfacial height and obtuse thyromental angle were correlated with increased AHI for syndromic patients. Increased intercanthal distance of DS patients could be a major predictor of OSA severity. Obesity does not seem to play a major role in the severity of OSA for syndromic patients. Further studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm these findings.

Adherence to a “Western-type” dietary pattern is positively associated with the Apnea-Hypopnea Index in adults with obstructive sleep apnea

Dietary habits have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that adherence to dietary patterns may be associated with Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and OSA severity and that insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation may act as potential mediators of these associations. This was a cross-sectional study among 269 adult participants with polysomnography-diagnosed moderate-to-severe OSA. Dietary and physical activity habits were assessed through validated questionnaires, and biochemical, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were measured for all volunteers. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis, and mediation analyses was also performed. A “Western-type” dietary pattern (characterized by high intakes of full-fat dairy, refined grains, potatoes, red meat, sweets, salty snacks, and soft drinks and low intakes of low-fat dairy and whole grains) was positively associated with AHI. Mediation analyses also revealed that insulin resistance partially explained this association. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, smoking, socioeconomic status, obesity presence, energy intake, and physical activity level, participants in the highest quartile of adherence to the Western-type dietary pattern had ∼3.5 times higher likelihood of suffering from severe OSA, compared with participants in the lowest quartile of adherence (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.45 [1.21-9.94], P trend across quartiles: 0.024). After further adjustment for Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, this association lost significance. Higher adherence to a less healthy, Western-type dietary pattern is positively associated with AHI and OSA severity, which may partially be mediated through insulin resistance.

Functional recovery after ischemic stroke: Impact of different sleep health parameters.

Sleep disturbances after ischaemic stroke include alterations of sleep architecture, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness and insomnia. Our aim was to explore their impacts on functional outcomes at month 3 after stroke, and to assess the benefit of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Ninety patients with supra-tentorial ischaemic stroke underwent clinical screening for sleep disorders and polysomnography at day 15 ± 4 after stroke in a multisite study. Patients with severe obstructive apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30 per hr) were randomized into two groups: continuous positive airway pressure-treated and sham (1:1 ratio). Functional independence was assessed with the Barthel Index at month 3 after stroke in function of apnea-hypopnea index severity and treatment group. Secondary objectives were disability (modified Rankin score) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale according to apnea-hypopnea index. Sixty-one patients (71.8 years, 42.6% men) completed the study: 51 (83.6%) had obstructive apnea (21.3% severe apnea), 10 (16.7%) daytime sleepiness, 13 (24.1%) insomnia, 3 (5.7%) depression, and 20 (34.5%) restless legs syndrome. Barthel Index, modified Rankin score and Stroke Scale were similar at baseline and 3 months post-stroke in the different obstructive sleep apnea groups. Changes at 3 months in those three scores were similar in continuous positive airway pressure versus sham-continuous positive airway pressure patients. In patients with worse clinical outcomes at month 3, mean nocturnal oxygen saturation was lower whereas there was no association with apnea-hypopnea index. Poorer outcomes at 3 months were also associated with insomnia, restless legs syndrome, depressive symptoms, and decreased total sleep time and rapid eye movement sleep.

Sleep disturbance and depressive tendency in bed partners of patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Background: Snoring, apnea, and arousal are commonly observed during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and these nocturnal symptoms frequently disturb their bed partners. We aimed to evaluate the sleep disturbance and depressive tendency in the bed partners of patients with OSA. Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted. A total of 136 patients with OSA and their bed partners were recruited. We analyzed the demographic data of both patients with OSA and bed partners and the polysomnography parameters of patients with OSA. The sleep quality of bed partners was assessed using the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: The mean apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was 43.5/h among all participants. Among bed partners, the mean PSQI score was 7.8 and the mean CES-D score was 15.4. The prevalence of chronic disease was significantly higher in bed partners with sleep disturbance (PSQI &gt; 5) and depressive tendency (CES-D ≥ 16). The AHI and snore index of patients with OSA were not associated with bed partners’ sleep disturbance and depressive tendency respectively. The CES-D score was positively correlated with the PSQI score in the bed partners of patients with OSA (r = 0.426, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Bed partners tended to have sleep disturbance, which was unrelated to the severity of AHI and snoring in patients with OSA. Poor sleep quality may cause depressive tendency and chronic disease in the bed partners of patients with OSA.

0428 Area Deprivation Index, Sleep Disordered Breathing and Incident Major Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in a Large Cohort

Abstract Introduction Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, however, to date, the variation of SDB across the socioeconomic spectrum and how this variation is associated with major cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality is unknown. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Cleveland Clinic Sleep Laboratory Registry and included MACE-naïve adults who underwent polysomnography or home sleep apnea test. Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a biomarker of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, was calculated by national rank, i.e. 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles; higher quartiles reflecting greater deprivation (ADI-Q1,2,3,4). ANOVA with pairwise testing was used to compare variables across ADI quartiles. Composite of MACE included heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation and myocardial Infarction or death. Cox proportional hazard regression models tested the association between ADI and SDB-measures of apnea hypopnea Index (AHI) and sleep-related hypoxia (total sleep time spent&amp;lt; 90%SaO2, T90) with MACE. Covariates included demographics, medications, smoking status, Elixhauser Comorbidity Score, and comorbidities. Censoring was sleep study date or last encounter in the electronic medical record. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance after pairwise testing. Interaction testing used competing risk (Fine &amp; Gray method). Results Of 72,443 patients, those living in ADI-Q4, compared to those living in ADI-Q1, were more likely to be younger (*48.9± 3.9 vs 50.4±14.2), female (*59.9% vs 40.1%), African American (*49% vs 4.9%), with lower AHI (*13.5[5.4, 34.1]vs15.1[6.2,33.1]) and lower degree of hypoxia (T90:*2.9[0.40,19.01] vs 4.4[0.50, 25.6]). Model adjusted risk for MACE or death for those in ADI-Q4 was 79% greater than ADI-Q1 (HR=1.79,95%CI:1.51-2.12,p&amp;lt; 0.0001). Likewise, increased AHI severity and T90 above median were associated with 13% and 21% increased risk of MACE or death (HR=1.13,95%CI:1.07-1.19,p&amp;lt; 0.0001; HR=1.21,95%CI:1.51-1.27,p&amp;lt; 0.001) respectively. Interactions were observed between T90 and ADI with the risk of MACE (p=0.0016) or death (p=0.0051). Conclusion Living in areas of increasing socioeconomic deprivation confers an increased risk for MACE or death. Moreover, sleep-related hypoxia seems to modify this association. ADI appears to be useful to identify populations at risk for worse cardiovascular outcomes and to inform risk stratification for targeted interventions to decreased sleep-health disparities. Support (if any)

Are the severity of obstruction and the apnea-hypopnea index related to orofacial anatomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea? a kinetic MRI study.

The proportionality between anatomical characteristics and disease severity in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been well characterized. The present study investigated the relationship between the dentoskeletal and oropharyngeal features of young patients with OSA and either the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) or the amount of upper airway obstruction. MRI of 25 patients (8- to 18-year-old) with OSA (mean AHI = 4.3 events/h) was retrospectively analyzed. Sleep kinetic MRI (kMRI) was used to assess airway obstruction, and static MRI (sMRI) was used to assess dentoskeletal, soft tissue, and airway parameters. Factors related to AHI and obstruction severity were identified with multiple linear regression (significance level α = 0.05). As evidenced by kMRI, circumferential obstruction was present in 44% of patients, while laterolateral and anteroposterior was present in 28%; as evidenced by kMRI, obstructions were retropalatal in 64% of cases and retroglossal in 36% (no nasopharyngeal obstructions); kMRI showed a higher prevalence of retroglossal obstructions compared to sMRI(p = 0.037); the main obstruction airway area was not related to AHI; the maxillary skeletal width was related to AHI (β = -0.512, p = 0.007) and obstruction severity (β = 0.625, p = 0.002); and the retropalatal width was related to AHI (β = -0.384, p = 0.024) and obstruction severity (β = 0.519, p = 0.006). In children and adolescents, the severity of OSA and obstruction were inversely proportional to the maxillary basal width and retropalatal airway width. Further studies are needed to assess the benefits of targeted clinical treatments widening the transverse dimension of these structures.