Severe Thermal Stress Research Articles

Assessing of monthly surface water changes impact on thermal human discomfort in Baghdad

In urban areas, surface water bodies play an important role in mitigating thermal discomfort, which is mainly caused by increasing air temperatures. Based on daily temperature and relative humidity data recorded by the Baghdad weather station for the two years 2018 and 2021, the monthly human discomfort index was calculated and then combined with monthly surface water areas extracted by a modified normalized difference water index using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery for the same period. The results show that the winter and most spring months of these years have no discomfort, and the summer months (July and August) in 2021 have the highest discomfort with severe thermal stress due to the large deficit in rainfall events. The monthly relationship between urban water surfaces and the level of the discomfort index was also studied, which was non-linear and followed the exponential decay function. This means that as the amount of surface water increased, the levels of the discomfort index decreased exponentially until no discomfort conditions existed.

Degradation mechanism for epoxy resins under combined electric, thermal and compressive stresses

Epoxy resins are widely used in equipment such as ultra-high voltage dry-type bushings, which are subjected to severe electric, thermal, and compressive stresses. Some physical mechanisms have already been proposed to explain the degradations generated by these different stresses, however their effects have not yet been quantified.. The degradation characteristics of epoxy resin under combined stresses of 8 kV/mm, 40 °C-120 °C, and 0–60 MPa were investigated in experiments. The results showed that the degradation characteristics turned significantly with the increase of compressive stress. With the increase in compressive stress, initially the partial discharge initiation voltage, tree initiation voltage and time to breakdown increased, and fractal dimension decreased. While the compressive stress exceeded the turning point, the characteristics were reversed. It can be suggested that opposing mechanisms exist. The free volume and phase field theories dominate at lower and higher stresses, respectively. A novel degradation model of the epoxy resin was proposed based on the theories above. When the compressive stress was low, the reduction of free volume played a dominant role in slowing down the degradation. When the compressive stress was high, the partial energy density concentration accelerated the degradation and played a dominant role. The molecular dynamics and finite element simulation of degradation process stress was carried out and proved consistent with experiments. It confirmed the proposed degradation model reliable and valid.

Comprehensive evaluation of solder joint integrity in power semiconductors: Exploring multiple failure mechanisms and cumulative impact

Investigating the impact of solder joint degradation in power semiconductors is crucial given their widespread use. Solder joints, being the weakest link, are prone to multiple failure mechanisms, exacerbating degradation under normal operation. This paper presents a novel approach for assessing solder joint degradation, particularly in electric vehicles, where severe thermal and vibration stresses are prevalent. Our method categorizes solder joint conditions into discrete states, from fully perfect to fully damaged, integrating both thermal and vibration-induced failures. By considering cumulative effects, our approach yields more precise reliability estimates. Moreover, it offers a versatile framework applicable across various failure scenarios and readily deployable in the design phase.

Prolonged exposure to elevated temperature leads to severe thermal stress in the broad-nosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle

ABSTRACT Changes in water temperature may have profound effects on physiology, metabolism, and fish behaviour. However, much of the existing research is based on relatively short-term experiments. In the context of climate change, where water temperatures are increasing seasonally, and the frequency and duration of extreme heatwave events are rising, incorporating longer exposure periods will provide a better understanding of the potential effects of warming on marine species. Here, we tested the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated temperature on broad-nosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle. Fish were exposed to ambient (20ºC) and high (24ºC) temperatures for a four-month period, during which activity levels, growth and survival were monitored. Fish under high temperature were less active when compared to fish under ambient temperature, grew less, and survival was dramatically decreased. These findings have significant implications for the long-term sustainability of broad-nosed pipefish populations, as the species may struggle to adapt to future ocean conditions.

Evaluation of the bioclimate of the Piatra-Neamț tourist resort

Abstract: Background: The study responds to real needs of knowing the bioclimate of some tourist resorts in order to develop different types of tourism, in which the bioclimate plays a significant role. In Romania, a similar study was carried out for the resort towns of Vatra Dornei and Tg. Ocna. Methods: The research is based on time series of weather elements from 1961-2021. These series were used for the calculation of the bioclimatic index of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) which allows the analysis of the temporal peculiarities of the bioclimate. In order to highlight in a new perspective the relationship between biocli-mate and tourism in the Piatra Neamț resort, we created climate-tourism schemes (CTIS). Results: PET values ranged between a maximum of 35.7°C (severe thermal stress due to heating) and a minimum of - 29.3°C (extreme thermal stress due to cooling). The mean PET value was 8.8°C (indicating moderate cold stress). The period of the year with biocli-matic comfort, for hiking, visiting, outdoor sports, climatotherapy, balneotherapy cor-re-sponds to the interval April (3rd decade) - October (1st decade). Conclusions: Tourists who want to plan their vacation in Piatra Neamț will benefit from non-restrictive bioclimatic conditions from the end of April to the beginning of October. During the cold season, with a layer of snow, winter sports can be practiced.

Friction Evolution of Graphite Bearing Impregnated with Polymer Subjected to Vibration Fretting at High Temperature

To address friction and wear challenges in dry contacts, manufacturers often employ self-lubricating materials. Graphite and its derivatives stand out as particularly suitable due to their exceptional tribological properties. However, under intense friction conditions, graphite can experience a decline in lubricating efficiency due to severe abrasive wear. This abrasive damage results in elevated activated carbon surfaces with increased surface energy, fostering greater adhesion between sliding surfaces. The low friction coefficient of graphite is not an inherent property but rather a consequence of water vapor adsorption by the material. Beyond 150 °C, desorption of the vapor occurs, leading to a transition in the friction coefficient from µ = 0.1 to µ = 0.6. To address this issue, impregnation solutions for self-lubricating materials have been developed, with various compositions tailored to specific objectives. Common types include molybdenum disulfide, soft metals and polymers. In this predominantly experimental study, the impact of polymer impregnation on the evolution of friction force and wear rate in graphite material bearings subjected to a dry fretting contact under severe thermal stresses at 270 °C was investigated. Additionally, the mechanical stresses in the bearings throughout different phases of our tests were analyzed using a numerical model.

System-Level Performance Degradation Prediction for Power Converters Based on SSA–Elman NN and Empirical Knowledge

The degradation of power converter perfor-mance is one of the most critical issues of complex system with the improvement of power capacity and density. Power converter bears severe electrical and thermal stress, resulting in an increase in the probability of failure and significant economic losses. Most research addresses performance evaluation either through reliability theory without physical understanding or through data-driven methods requiring high experimental cost. Few studies focus on predicting system-level performance degradation, which is technically difficult as many components degrade randomly. Identifying the parameters of electronic com-ponents based on sensor data has become possible with the development of neural networks and computational power. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel system-level power degradation predicting framework, which combines the advantages of neural networks in nonlinear fitting and empirical knowledge to predict the degradation of power converter. In addition, a comprehensive and improved feature parameter screening method is proposed to iden-tify the most critical feature parameters of the power con-verter systems. Furthermore, the neural network parameter identification method based on SSA-Elman NN (Sparrow Search Algorithm - Elman Neural Network) is introduced to improve prediction accuracy. Finally, the result shows that the proposed method can accurately predict the degrada-tion of the system by using a DC-DC converter as an ex-ample.

Thermoregulatory response in juvenile Hippocampus erectus: Effect of magnitude and rate of thermal increase on metabolism and antioxidative defence.

Behavioural, physiological and biochemical mechanisms constitute the adaptive capacities that allow marine ectotherms to explore the environment beyond their thermal optimal. Limitations to the efficiency of these mechanisms define the transition from moderate to severe thermal stress, and serve to characterise the thermoregulatory response in the zone of thermal tolerance. We selected a tropical population of Hippocampus erectus to describe the timing of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in response to the following increments in water temperature: (i) 4°C abrupt (26-30°C in <5 min); (ii) 7°C abrupt (26-33°C); (iii) 4°C gradual (1°C every 3 h) and (iv) 7°C gradual (1.5°C every 3 h). The routine metabolic rate (Rrout) of juvenile H. erectus was measured immediately before and after 0.5, 12 and 28 h of being exposed to each thermal treatment. Samples of muscle and abdominal organs were taken to quantify indicators of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress at each moment throughout exposure. Results showed a full thermoregulatory response within 0.5 h: Rrout increased in direct correspondence with both the magnitude and rate of thermal increase; peroxidised lipids rapidly accumulated before the antioxidant defence was activated and early lactate concentrations suggested an immediate, yet temporary, reduction in aerobic scope. After 12 h, Rrout had decreased in sea horses exposed to 30°C, but not to 33°C, where Rrout continued high until the end of trials. Within 28 h of thermal exposure, all metabolite and antioxidant defence indicators had been restored to control levels (26°C). These findings testify to the outstanding thermal plasticity of H. erectus and explain their adjustment to rapid fluctuations in ambient temperature. Such features, however, do not protect this tropical population from the deleterious effects of chronic exposure to temperatures that have been predicted for the future.

Effect of marine heatwaves on juvenile greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration in recent years causing significant impacts on marine organisms and fisheries. This study explores the physiological changes of juvenile greater amberjacks (Seriola dumerili) that cope with MHWs. Results showed that physiological parameters were significantly affected by the intensity, duration of MHWs or interaction of two factors (P < 0.05). Repeated MHWs in which water temperatures were increased (24 °C to 28 °C and 32 °C) resulted in changes in enzyme activity levels (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH)), as well as the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) for antioxidant defense, immune function (acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lysozyme (LYZ)), and energy metabolism (including triglycerides (TG), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)). The activities of enzymes, including those associated with antioxidant defense, immune function, and energy metabolism, changed significantly in relation to short-term MHWs, indicating a thermal stress response. When S. dumerili were exposed to repeated-MHWs, thermal stress responses increased at 28 °C (T28) and decreased at 32 °C (T32). These results exhibited the inability of S. dumerili to acclimate to severe thermal stress from MHWs. This study examined S. dumerili responses to MHWs and assessed the physiological adaptation of juvenile greater amberjacks to MHWs.

Thermal Stress Associated Serum Factors and the Influence of Weather Parameters in Crossbred Dairy Cows Under Humid Tropics

Assessment of the level of thermal stress (TS) in animals exposed to adverse weather helps to formulate and implement alleviation measures. Present study was to identify the presence and seasonal pattern of serum factors to be used as biological indicators for early detection of TS in animals. The year-round study involved eight cows each at a time, belonging 28 to 91 days postpartum, and replaced two cows every month. Analyzed the levels of Heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and cortisol in serum samples collected at weekly intervals and assessed the seasonal pattern and correlation with weather parameters. While minimum temperature (MnT) of the region varied significantly (P&lt;0.01) between seasons (lowest mean 22.09±1.19 ºC), maximum temperature (MxT) was consistently high across seasons (yearly mean 33.64±0.77 ºC). Moderate to high (66 to 85 %) relative humidity (RH) was prevalent year-round, mainly contributed by the extended rainy season. Temperature-humidity index (THI) of the locality exceeded 78, exposing the animals to moderate to severe TS throughout the year. HSP 70 levels varied significantly (P&lt;0.01) between seasons, with a significant hike (6.24±0.51 ng/mL) during summer (THI 83.20±0.53) and lesser elevation during other seasons of moderate THI, indicating its association with TS. Cortisol levels varied significantly (P&lt;0.01) between seasons, however there was no significant correlation with THI and other weather parameters. To conclude, while cortisol forms a general indicator of physiological stress, HSP 70 appears more specific to TS, and its usefulness for early detection of TS needs further studies.

Thermal stresses of large-dimension lithium hydride ceramics during the sintering process and strength analysis based on process-based failure assessment diagram

Lithium hydride (LiH) is an important hydrogen storage, heat storage and neutron shielding material. When used in neutron shielding structure, its size and strength have certain requirements, which would be met by LiH ceramics. However, it fails easily during sintering due to severe thermal stress and high brittleness. In this study, the influences of the dimension, furnace temperature cooling rate, and convection condition on the mechanical behavior were systematically examined. The results indicated that larger dimensions and faster furnace temperature cooling rates resulted in higher maximum stresses. Furthermore, convection was beneficial for reducing the thermal stress. Accordingly, a process-based failure assessment diagram method was proposed to evaluate the safety of LiH ceramics, and a bilinear precise temperature control approach was proposed. Based on this method, the tube thickness was increased by 25 % and the cooling time was reduced by 32 % compared to those using linear temperature control in an example. The conclusion and method could be applied to optimize the temperature control for more practical large-dimension sintering.

A Novel Method to Improve the Residual Life of Switchgear by Reducing the Impact Caused by Thermal and Mechanical Stresses Produced Due to SLG Cable Faults in Electrical Substations

From the studies carried out in the field of power systems, it is found that the single line to ground fault is more common and produces severe electro-mechanical and thermal stress on the connected equipment. In urban areas, power utilities are replacing the overhead conductors with underground cables due to low availability of space for new lines or ROW issues. With the increase in the number of power cables, it is becoming difficult for the utilities to maintain and test the healthiness of the cables. On the other side, due to advances in computational capabilities, the manufacturers are providing an optimized solution which is reducing the fault feeding capability of the equipment and equipment are failed frequently. In this paper, a new advanced method of protecting the power transformers from SLG faults using both conventional and automated techniques is proposed. A combined solution using conventional and automation provides a redundant and robust approach to improve the residual life of equipment. To limit the fault current due to SLG faults neutral grounding reactor (NGR) is proposed, and GOOSE technique is used to isolate the equipment from the fault as soon as possible. The proposed method is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and results obtained are satisfactory.

Challenges to the integrity of calandria, the CANDU PHWR moderator vessel, under serious accident loads and consequences of its failure

This paper summarizes the technical and analytical basis for a more advanced examination of structural integrity of a CANDU PHWR Calandria vessel under certain reactor accident conditions. Of foremost interest is the early Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosions (BLEVEs) induced challenge to vessel structural integrity following a spontaneous in-core rupture of a fuel channel. A sudden, flashing jet discharge of over 100 kg/s of the 10 MPa, 300 °C saturated primary coolant into its 70 °C subcooled near atmospheric pressure moderator water inventory will cause an explosive, shock wave impact. This results from rapid nucleation and vaporization of the discharged superheated liquid. Consequential pressure pulse, pipe-whip and bundle debris impact will induce damage to adjacent channels and cause widespread failure of fuel channel calandria tube rolled joints. These thin tubes inevitably deform to create serious challenges to vessel integrity. On the other extreme of reactor accidents, is the matter of an in-vessel-retention (IVR) of high temperature molten fuel debris in the reactor vessel after a severe core damage accident, such as one caused by an unmitigated station blackout. This scenario has understandably drawn greater attention after Fukushima and potential IVR in the > 200 mm thick PWR vessels when partly submerged in water is viable.It is highly unlikely that we will see reactor debris melt retention in this 19 to 29 mm thick, stepped shell with a tapestry of welds. This is because partial shell melting, diminished strength beyond 650 °C across 2/3 of the thin shell thickness and severe thermal stresses adds to underlying residual stresses near the welded seams. The result is inevitable catastrophic off-site consequences as energetic interactions upon vessel breach of water with hot debris can cause additional steam & hydrogen explosions, containment failures, and large off-site releases.This paper presents technical arguments to illustrate the problem in accepting faulty assumptions conveniently made in licensing safety assessments to simplistically claim survival of the thin-walled welded structure under these two illustrative accidents. I propose pathways to further investigations. Therefore, the issue of Calandria vessel survival under a wide range of accident conditions must be given a second, thoughtful look. Extending boundaries of a safe operating envelope as pressure tubes age needs to be avoided. We need to be more realistic in our severe accident analysis and consequence assessments. Fukushima taught us that the consequences of continuing to rely on convenient but technically faulty rationale, along with hype of eternal safety, can be very unforgiving.

Failure analysis of Al2O3–C–SiO2 slide gate plates during continuous casting based on numerical simulation

The thermo-mechanical and failure behavior of the burning-free Al2O3 –C–SiO2 slide gate plate materials during the steel casting process are investigated. Firstly, the instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion and the Young's modulus of the slide gate plate materials with different component contents at high temperature are measured. Secondly, a material constitutive model and a concrete damage plasticity mode are established based on the experiments, and adopted to simulate the failure behavior of the burning-free Al2O3–C–SiO2 slide gate plate during casting based on Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. Results show that temperature gradient in the slide gate plate near the casting hole increased significantly and had a significant influence on cracking. The area near the casting hole of the slide gate plate is under tensile stress conditions, and then changes towards compressive stress conditions. Under those severe thermal stress conditions, crack formation is evaluated and an optimized composite structure of the slide gate plate combining advantages of reducing the risk of cracking and extending the service life is proposed. Moreover, the thermal shock test further verified that the microcrack extension was significantly alleviated due to the SiC distributed in whisker form and formed an interlocking structure in material. This work provides a reliable theoretical and experimental basis for the design and optimization of high performance Al2O3–C–SiO2 slide gate plates.

Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates.

The frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme thermal events are increasing and are projected to further increase by the end of the century1,2. Despite the considerable consequences of temperature extremes on biological systems3-8, we do not know which species and locations are most exposed worldwide. Here we provide a global assessment of land vertebrates' exposures to future extreme thermal events. We use daily maximum temperature data from 1950 to 2099 to quantify future exposure to high frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme thermal events to land vertebrates. Under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5); 4.4 °C warmer world), 41.0% of all land vertebrates (31.1% mammals, 25.8% birds, 55.5% amphibians and 51.0% reptiles) will be exposed to extreme thermal events beyond their historical levels in at least half their distribution by 2099. Under intermediate-high (SSP3-7.0; 3.6 °C warmer world) and intermediate (SSP2-4.5; 2.7 °C warmer world) emission scenarios, estimates for all vertebrates are 28.8% and 15.1%, respectively. Importantly, a low-emission future (SSP1-2.6, 1.8 °C warmer world) will greatly reduce the overall exposure of vertebrates (6.1%of species) and can fully prevent exposure in many speciesassemblages. Mid-latitude assemblages (desert, shrubland, and grassland biomes), rather than tropics9,10, will face the most severe exposure to future extreme thermal events. By 2099, under SSP5-8.5, on average3,773 species of land vertebrates (11.2%) will face extreme thermal events for more than half a year period. Overall, future extreme thermal events will force many species and assemblages into constant severe thermal stress. Deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts are urgently needed to limit species' exposure to thermal extremes.

Temperature characteristics of silicon carbide particulate filter during drop-to-idle regeneration applied to a diesel vehicle

During the active regeneration process, engine speed may drop to idle (DTI) under extreme circumstances, where the diesel particulate filter (DPF) is subjected to severe thermal stress that can cause DPF cracks. To prevent the filter thermal damage, this study investigated the temperature variation of silicon carbide (SiC) substrate with different vehicle speed, initial soot load, regeneration duration and target DTI regeneration temperature under the real vehicle road conditions. The results showed that the peak temperature and temperature gradient were greatly increased at the rear end of DPF. The radial temperature distribution in DPF was not uniform, and the heat convection in outer rings was especially significant. The maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient increased as the PM load and target DTI regeneration temperature increased, whereas vehicle speed and regeneration duration had the opposite effect. Similar results were also found in regeneration efficiency. To enable better regeneration performance and fuel economy within the DPF heat capacity, appropriate soot load threshold and target DTI regeneration temperature should be carefully selected. Finally, the linear models for predicting the maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient of DPF regeneration were developed based on experimental data, the linear models' average errors were 1.06% and 2.66%, respectively, and could be used to determine the temperature curve and the soot load threshold for safe regeneration.

Component-Level Semiconductor Loss Balancing for IGBT Based High Power MMC Through Insertion Index Modification

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is the state-of-the-art converter topology in HVdc transmission applications. The reliability and lifetime of MMCs are strongly dependent on the health of the internal power semiconductors. The operating loss of power semiconductors, which is one of the dominant factors affecting component aging, is not uniformly distributed between the top and bottom switches in the same submodule (SM) due to the dc bias in the arm current. Such loss imbalance leads to differences in lifetime of semiconductors and reduces the reliability of SM. Especially under inverter conditions, the bottom insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in SM is subjected to a severe thermal stress and has a relatively high failure rate for the thermal vulnerability of IGBT. To extend the lifetime and improve the reliability, this article proposes a component-level loss balancing method. It is achieved by insertion index modification based on a feed-forward gain controller. The proposed method can improve the loss distribution among the top and bottom semiconductors without side effects on ac and dc outputs. Its effectiveness and feasibility are validated through simulation and experimental results.

A novel flow field design with flow re-distribution for advanced thermal management in Solid oxide fuel cell

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an alternative for future energy conversion systems with great potential. Long-term operation in SOFC mainly obstructs its further development. Stratification and fission can be occurred in Positive electrolyte negative (PEN) structure by severe thermal stress. By improving the temperature uniformity, localized hot spots and thermal stresses can be eliminated significantly. This study proposed a novel rotary l-type main flow field for SOFC and the thermal and flow characteristics are investigated. The temperature distribution (TD) is estimated by the temperature uniformity index. The results show that the temperature uniformity index increased at least by 40%. The largest TG of the rotary l-type flow field is 20% lower than that of co-flow and cross-flow arrangements. The average TG is 32.72% lower than the counter-flow arrangement. This flow field design provides an effective solution for the long-term operation of SOFC.

Thermal Stress Influence and Seasonal Pattern of Ovarian Follicular Growth Assessed through Ultrasonography in Sunandhini Cows under A Humid Tropical Climate

The impact of thermal stress (TS) on reproductive processes starts early and persists more extended than the influence on other physiological manifestations. Since the cyclical reproductive activity begins with the growth of ovarian follicles, the present study focused on the effect of TS and its seasonal variations on the growth of ovarian follicles in ‘Sunandhini’ cows reared under the tropical climate. The year-round study was performed on 60 postpartum cows between days 28 to 91, involving eight cows at a time. The cows were replaced sequentially so that the study animals were of almost similar postpartum period throughout the year and formed a continuously changing study group. The ovarian follicular activity of each cow was monitored (nine to ten times) at weekly intervals using B mode ultrasonography. Serum samples collected during the scanning were subjected to ELISA for heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and Cortisol. A comparison of the follicle types, stress indicators, and weather parameters to assess their correlations and seasonal pattern using SPSS software. The maximum temperature of the locality was around 33ºC without significant variation between seasons. Further, the extended rainy season caused moderate to high (66 to 85 %) relative humidity (RH), contributing to a temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeding 78 and putting the animals under moderate to severe TS throughout the year. HSP 70 level showed significant (P&lt;0.001) elevation during summer (6.24 ng/mL), associated with high THI (r=0.701, P&lt;0.001), while serum cortisol had no significant correlation with weather parameters. Only large follicles (9-14 mm) manifested the influence of TS as an increase in number (P&lt;0.05) and size (P&lt;0.01) together with a positive correlation (P&lt;0.01) of HSP 70 and THI. It is inferred that TS causes stagnation of the large follicles from attaining the largest size and functional capability for ovulation. In contrast, other follicle types are unaffected even under moderate to severe TS.

Solid oxide electrolysis cell under real fluctuating power supply with a focus on thermal stress analysis

Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) can efficiently utilize electricity for fuel generation through high-temperature electrochemical reaction. When directly using renewable powers, SOEC will frequently deviate from the optimal operating conditions and generate severe thermal stress, leading to cracks or even thermomechanical failure. To investigate the thermomechanical behavior of SOEC with fluctuating power supply, we develop 2D dynamical models by fully considering the electrochemical reaction, electron/ion/molecular transport, heat/momentum transfer and thermal-mechanical interaction. The distribution of thermal stress is detailly analyzed and the inlet gas temperature is identified as a key factor, where the maximum thermal stress can be decreased from 305 to 135 MPa with the inlet gas temperature increasing from 973 to 1073 K. We also dynamically optimized the anode gas flow rate by following fluctuating applied voltages, where a power function of voltage V5 is found to be an optimum choice. Compared with a constant flow rate of 400 SCCM, the maximum temperature and thermal stress with dynamically controlled flow rate can be decreased by 98.7 K and 65.3 MPa, respectively. This paper presents an implementation approach for the peak temperature reduction and thermal stress optimization in SOECs.